scholarly journals Broad Anti-Viral Capacities of Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen Capsule and Jin-Hua-Qing-Gan Granule and Rational use Against COVID-19 Based on Literature Mining

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfei Shi ◽  
Bo Peng ◽  
An Li ◽  
Ziyun Li ◽  
Ping Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Literature Mining ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a matter of international concern as the disease is spreading exponentially. Statistics showed that infected patients in China who received combined treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern medicine exhibited lower fatality rate and relatively better clinical outcomes. Both Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen Capsule (LHQWC) and Jin-Hua-Qing-Gan Granule (JHQGG) have been recommended by China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of COVID-19 and have played a vital role in the prevention of a variety of viral infections. Here, we desired to analyze the broad-spectrum anti-viral capacities of LHQWC and JHQGG, and to compare their pharmacological functions for rational clinical applications. Based on literature mining, we found that both LHQWC and JHQGG were endowed with multiple antiviral activities by both targeting viral life cycle and regulating host immune responses and inflammation. In addition, from literature analyzed, JHQGG is more potent in modulating viral life cycle, whereas LHQWC exhibits better efficacies in regulating host anti-viral responses. When translating into clinical applications, oral administration of LHQWC could be more beneficial for patients with insufficient immune functions or for patients with alleviated symptoms after treatment with JHQGG.

scholarly journals Sex and Age Differences in Telomere Length and Susceptibility to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
Manar Ahmed Kamal ◽  
Kareem Reda Alamiry ◽  
Mahmoud Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Dna Polymerase ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Telomere Shortening ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Telomeres are the ends of a chromosome and play a fundamental role as vanguards contra the chromosomal decay. Due to the inability of DNA polymerase to replicate chromosomal ends, a reduction in telomeres length happens after each cell division. The existence of shorter telomeres in older people is related to diminish immune functions. Viral infections able to stimulate remodeling of cells, stress responses, and telomere shortening. Moreover, telomere shortening can be caused by extrinsic environmental variables which induce oxidative stress under conditions of inflammation. Aim: To identify the correlation between telomere shortening and susceptibility to Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition to clarifying changes in telomere length according to the viral infection, the effect of sex and age differences in telomere length in confirmed positive COVID-19 cases are also reviewed. Conclusion: There is a correlation between telomere length and COVID-19 infection with higher susceptibly of elderly patients and males due to shortening in their telomere length. Approximately 53% of (111,428) infected cases (≥ 50) years old are males, and 47% of (111,428) infected cases (≥ 50) years old are females.

scholarly journals Viral Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Deconjugases—Swiss Army Knives for Infection

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Masucci
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Growing Body

Posttranslational modifications of cellular proteins by covalent conjugation of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like polypeptides regulate numerous cellular processes that are captured by viruses to promote infection, replication, and spreading. The importance of these protein modifications for the viral life cycle is underscored by the discovery that many viruses encode deconjugases that reverse their functions. The structural and functional characterization of these viral enzymes and the identification of their viral and cellular substrates is providing valuable insights into the biology of viral infections and the host’s antiviral defense. Given the growing body of evidence demonstrating their key contribution to pathogenesis, the viral deconjugases are now recognized as attractive targets for the design of novel antiviral therapeutics.

scholarly journals When MARCH family proteins meet viral infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfu Zheng ◽  
Yan-Dong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligases ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Ring Finger Domain ◽  
E3 Ligases

AbstractMembrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) ubiquitin ligases belong to a RING finger domain E3 ligases family. Recent studies have demonstrated that MARCH proteins play critical roles during various viral infections. MARCH proteins can directly antagonize different steps of the viral life cycle and promote individual viral infection. This mini-review will focus on the latest advances of MARCH family proteins' emerging roles during viral infections.

scholarly journals Ceramide and Related Molecules in Viral Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5676
Author(s):  
Nadine Beckmann ◽  
Katrin Anne Becker
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Endosomal Escape ◽  
Sphingolipid Metabolism ◽  
Cell Surface Expression ◽  
Membrane Microdomains

Ceramide is a lipid messenger at the heart of sphingolipid metabolism. In concert with its metabolizing enzymes, particularly sphingomyelinases, it has key roles in regulating the physical properties of biological membranes, including the formation of membrane microdomains. Thus, ceramide and its related molecules have been attributed significant roles in nearly all steps of the viral life cycle: they may serve directly as receptors or co-receptors for viral entry, form microdomains that cluster entry receptors and/or enable them to adopt the required conformation or regulate their cell surface expression. Sphingolipids can regulate all forms of viral uptake, often through sphingomyelinase activation, and mediate endosomal escape and intracellular trafficking. Ceramide can be key for the formation of viral replication sites. Sphingomyelinases often mediate the release of new virions from infected cells. Moreover, sphingolipids can contribute to viral-induced apoptosis and morbidity in viral diseases, as well as virus immune evasion. Alpha-galactosylceramide, in particular, also plays a significant role in immune modulation in response to viral infections. This review will discuss the roles of ceramide and its related molecules in the different steps of the viral life cycle. We will also discuss how novel strategies could exploit these for therapeutic benefit.

scholarly journals Global Pandemic as a Result of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Outbreak: A Biomedical Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Arvind Sethuraman Vairavan ◽  
Devarani Rameshnathan ◽  
Nagaraja Suryadevara ◽  
Gnanendra Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus had emerged in Wuhan city, China that led to an outbreak resulting in a global pandemic, taking thousands of lives. The infectious virus was later classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Individuals infected by this novel virus initially exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as dry cough, fever, dizziness and many more bodily complications. From the “public health emergency of international concern” declaration by the World Health Organisation (WHO), several countries have taken steps in controlling the transmission and many researchers share their knowledge on the SARS-COV-2 characteristics and viral life cycle, that may aid in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and antiviral drugs that interfere with the viral life cycle. In this literature review the origin, classification, aetiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis and treatment are all reviewed.

Recent Discovery for Inhibitors Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 and Developed anti-NCP

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd. Faheem ◽  
Vinay K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Inhibitory Receptor ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The current emergency in China causes by the spreading 2019-nCoV is to create a very critical condition in human society known as COVID-19. This virus is very complex, transfer human-to-human, belonging to the family coronaviridea and genera betacoronavirus. By the infection, common symptoms have been observed like a sudden high fever in between 1 to 9 days and some of the problem in the neck region with starting infection day and then this infection spread into the lungs causes novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) and kidney failure. At this time, to find a solution to the problem, a lot of researchers is working together to solve this problem. According to the WHO, more than 3588773 cases were confirmed around globally by the infected COVID-19. Many of the receptor protein of the SARS-CoV-2 and target proteins of the human cell is responsible for endocytosis like Mpro or 3CLpro, RNA polymerase, spike protein etc. These proteins play a vital role in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. As anti-COVID-19 drugs, many compounds were designed by computational methods to inactive of the receptor protein has been reported. Some of the drugs are ongoing under trail, and these drugs will be shows strong potent activity against this virus in the future. In this study represent about the synthetic and computational designed approach drugs and compounds for the inhibit receptor of SARS-CoV-2. This review will be helpful to find a new approach drug as an inhibitory receptor of SARS-CoV-2 structure and their life cycle, and also be helpful to identify and synthesis of effective drug and vaccine candidates for anti-novel coronavirus. We will be able to fight this coronavirus with our new time in this world.

scholarly journals Nucleic Acid-Based Treatments Against COVID-19: Potential Efficacy of Aptamers and siRNAs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javad Khanali ◽  
Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy ◽  
Yasaman Asaadi ◽  
Monire Jamalkhah ◽  
Jafar Kiani
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Antiviral Therapy ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Subgenomic Rnas ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Delivery Approach

Despite significant efforts, there are currently no approved treatments for COVID-19. However, biotechnological approaches appear to be promising in the treatment of the disease. Accordingly, nucleic acid-based treatments including aptamers and siRNAs are candidates that might be effective in COVID-19 treatment. Aptamers can hamper entry and replication stages of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, while siRNAs can cleave the viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs to inhibit the viral life cycle and reduce viral loads. As a conjugated molecule, aptamer–siRNA chimeras have proven to be dual-functioning antiviral therapy, acting both as virus-neutralizing and replication-interfering agents as well as being a siRNA targeted delivery approach. Previous successful applications of these compounds against various stages of the pathogenesis of diseases and viral infections, besides their advantages over other alternatives, might provide sufficient rationale for the application of these nucleic acid-based drugs against the SARS-CoV-2. However, none of them are devoid of limitations. Here, the literature was reviewed to assess the plausibility of using aptamers, siRNAs, and aptamer–siRNA chimeras against the SARS-CoV-2 based on their previously established effectiveness, and discussing challenges lie in applying these molecules.

Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed RG
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Perinatal Management ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

scholarly journals Nucleosome Positioning on Episomal Human Papillomavirus DNA in Cultured Cells

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 772
Author(s):  
Isao Murakami ◽  
Takashi Iwata ◽  
Tohru Morisada ◽  
Kyoko Tanaka ◽  
Daisuke Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Nucleosome Positioning ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Micrococcal Nuclease ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Dna Replication And Repair

Several human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with the development of cervical carcinoma. HPV DNA synthesis is increased during the differentiation of infected host keratinocytes as they migrate from the basal layer of the epithelium to the spinous layer, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Nucleosome positioning affects various cellular processes such as DNA replication and repair by permitting the access of transcription factors to promoters to initiate transcription. In this study, nucleosome positioning on virus chromatin was investigated in normal immortalized keratinocytes (NIKS) stably transfected with HPV16 or HPV18 genomes to determine if there is an association with the viral life cycle. Micrococcal nuclease-treated DNA analyzed by Southern blotting using probes against HPV16 and HPV18 and quantified by nucleosome scanning analysis using real-time PCR revealed mononucleosomal-sized fragments of 140–200 base pairs that varied in their location within the viral genome according to whether the cells were undergoing proliferation or differentiation. Notably, changes in the regions around nucleotide 110 in proliferating and differentiating host cells were common to HPV16 and HPV18. Our findings suggest that changes in nucleosome positions on viral DNA during host cell differentiation is an important regulatory event in the viral life cycle.

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