scholarly journals The Pathological Mechanisms of Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis: Current Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zu ◽  
Jinyu Yang ◽  
Chengliang Zhang ◽  
Dong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cell Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid

Estrogens are steroid hormones with a wide range of biological activities. The excess of estrogens can lead to decreased bile flow, toxic bile acid (BA) accumulation, subsequently causing intrahepatic cholestasis. Estrogen-induced cholestasis (EIC) may have increased incidence during pregnancy, and within women taking oral contraception and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy, and result in liver injury, preterm birth, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and intrauterine fetal death in pregnant women. The main pathogenic mechanisms of EIC may include deregulation of BA synthetic or metabolic enzymes, and BA transporters. In addition, impaired cell membrane fluidity, inflammatory responses and change of hepatocyte tight junctions are also involved in the pathogenesis of EIC. In this article, we review the role of estrogens in intrahepatic cholestasis, and outlined the mechanisms of EIC, providing a greater understanding of this disease.

Recent Advancement of Pyrazole Scaffold Based Neuroprotective Agents: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subham Das ◽  
Saleem Akbar ◽  
Bahar Ahmed ◽  
Rikeshwar Prasad Dewangan ◽  
Mohammad Kashif Iqubal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Structural Activity Relationship ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

: As a source of therapeutic agents, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds and their derivatives are still interesting and essential. Pyrazole, a five-member heteroaromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms, has a major impact on chemical industries as well as pharmaceutical industries. Due to its wide range of biological activities against various diseases, it has been identified as a biologically important heterocyclic scaffold. The treatment of neurological disorders has always been a difficult task. Therefore, identifying therapeutically effective molecules for neurological conditions remains an open challenge in biomedical research and development. For developing novel entities as neuroprotective agents, recently, pyrazole scaffold has attracted medicinal chemists worldwide. The major focus of research in this area is to discover novel molecules as neuroprotective agents with minimal adverse effects and better effectiveness in improving the neurological condition. This review mainly covers recent developments in the neuropharmacological role of pyrazole incorporated compounds, including their structural-activity relationship (SAR), which also further includes IC50 values (in mM as well as in μM), recent patents, and a brief history as neuroprotective agents.

Role of the Perinatal Autopsy in Evaluating Unusual Sonographic Findings of Intrauterine Fetal Death

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 331-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndon Hill ◽  
Trevor Macpherson ◽  
Hanae Belfar ◽  
Sandra Kislak
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Death ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Perinatal Autopsy

scholarly journals Biological and pathophysiological role of adiponectin

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Yury V. Petrenko ◽  
Ksenia S. Gerasimova ◽  
Valeria P. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Adipoq Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Adipose tissue is now recognized as an important endocrine organ that secretes numerous protein hormones, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. Adiponectin is a hormone that is produced by white adipose tissue. Adiponectin has been isolated independently by several groups of scientists. In humans, this protein is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene. Adiponectin receptors are widely distributed in many organs and tissues including liver, heart, pancreas, kidneys, muscles and many other cell types. A serum concentration of adipocin correlates with body mass index (BMI). Decreased level of adiponectin leads to obesity, the development of gestational complications in pregnant women, as well as a high risk of diabetes mellitus development and atherosclerosis. A high concentration of this hormone has anti-inflammatory, antiatherogenic, antiproliferative and cancer-defense mechanisms. Adiponectin strongly suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis by inhibiting genes involved in glucose production. Obese people have lower blood levels of adiponectin than normal weight individuals. Adiponectin’s anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties result in protection of the blood vessels, heart, lungs, and colon. Adiponectin, an abundant adipocyte-secreted factor with a wide-range of biological activities, improves insulin sensitivity in insulin target tissues, modulates inflammatory responses, and plays a crucial role in the regulation of energy metabolism.

Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Activities of Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus (Amaryllidaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo R. Cole ◽  
Jean P. de Andrade ◽  
João F. Allochio Filho ◽  
Elisângela F. P. Schmitt ◽  
Anderson Alves-Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Docking Studies ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Amaryllidaceae plants are known to be a great source of alkaloids, which are considered an extensive group of compounds encompassing a wide range of biological activities. The remarkable cytotoxic activities observed in most of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids derivatives have prompt the chemical and biological investigations in unexplored species from Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of alkaloids of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus bulbs and study the role of caspase-3 as a molecular apoptosis mediator. Methods: Methanolic crude extracts of Griffinia gardneriana and Habranthus itaobinus bulbs were submitted to acid-base extraction to obtain alkaloid-enriched fractions. The obtained fractions were fractionated using chromatographic techniques leading to isolation and identification of some alkaloids accomplished via HPLC and 1H-NMR, respectively. Molecular docking studies assessed the amount of free binding energy between the isolated alkaloids with the caspase-3 protein and also calculated the theoretical value of Ki. Studies have also been developed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in such alkaloids and apoptosis activation via the caspase pathway using both tumor and normal cell lines. Results: Seven alkaloids were isolated and identified. Among these, 11-hydroxyvittatine and 2-α-7- dimethoxyhomolycorine were not cytotoxic, whereas tazettine, trisphaeridine, and sanguinine only showed activity against the fibroblast lineage. Lycorine and pretazettine were 10 to 30 folds more cytotoxic than the other alkaloids, including cancerous lines, and were genotoxic and capable of promoting apoptosis via the caspase-3 pathway. This result supports data obtained in docking studies wherein these two compounds exhibited the highest free energy values. Conclusion: The cytotoxicity assay revealed that, among the seven alkaloids isolated, only lycorine and pretazettine were active against different cell lines, exhibiting concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic actions alongside genotoxic action and the ability to induce apoptosis by caspase-3, a result consistent with those obtained in docking studies.

scholarly journals A retrospective analytical study of caesarean section in intrauterine foetal death cases in a rural medical college

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2583
Author(s):  
Kajal Patra ◽  
Shibram Chattopadhyay ◽  
Poulami Samanta ◽  
Chandrakanta Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Maternal Morbidity ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Given ◽  
Death Cases

Background: Intrauterine fetal death(IUFD) is an unhappy reality, a lamentable incidence for both the family and the caregiver. It is an important indicator of both maternal and perinatal health in a population. The study of fetal death is crucial in promoting actions for maternal and child health. Aim of this study was to determine the incidence, indications and maternal morbidity and maternal mortality associated with caesarean section in patients with IUFD and to establish the place of caesarean section in present day scenario.Methods: The study was a retrospective analysis of all caesarean section carried out in a case of IUFD in last 5 years (2013-2017). The indications, incidence, maternal morbidity, mortality was studied well in this time period in a rural medical college of West Bengal.Results: Total 108425 deliveries occurred in the hospital in last 5 years, out of which 31800 were caesarean section. 56 cases were done in case of diagnosed IUFD. There was 2489 number of IUFDs in the given period. The incidence of IUFD was 22.96 per 1000 deliveries. Induction was done in 2489 cases; 56 cases underwent caesarean section (2.25%) and rest was delivered vaginally.Conclusions: Early diagnosis, early referral and proper antenatal checkup can reduce the chances of IUFD and number of caesarean deliveries in IUFD. The role of cesarean deliveries in previous caesarean deliveries having IUFDs has been emphasized.

scholarly journals The Health Benefits of Emodin, a Natural Anthraquinone Derived from Rhubarb—A Summary Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9522
Author(s):  
Monika Stompor–Gorący
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Rheum Palmatum ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Resistance To Chemotherapy

Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative found in roots and leaves of various plants, fungi and lichens. For a long time it has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an active ingredient in herbs. Among other sources, it is isolated from the rhubarb Rheum palmatum or tuber fleece-flower Polygonam multiflorum. Emodin has a wide range of biological activities, including diuretic, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antinociceptive. According to the most recent studies, emodin acts as an antimalarial and antiallergic agent, and can also reverse resistance to chemotherapy. In the present work the potential therapeutic role of emodin in treatment of inflammatory diseases, cancers and microbial infections is analysed.

scholarly journals Forensic medical evaluation of the role of the formation of ascending amniotic infection in the event of intrauterine fetal death

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Zlata V. Davydova ◽  
Olga V. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Unfavorable Outcome ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Death ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Expert Practice

The analysis of expert practice and scientific research conducted during the last decade show that the greatest number of claims to the correctness of the provision of medical care are made by doctors of surgical specialties, including obstetrician-gynecologists, and, at the same time, inspections for “medical cases”, including profile “obstetrics and gynecology” are complex and time-consuming. The article considers the problem of the unfavorable outcome of medical care in obstetric practice. The questions of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis of intrauterine infection (VUI), which largely determines the frequency of perinatal morbidity and mortality, are also analyzed and analyzed questions of the prescription of the pathological process in the amniotic membranes, its role in the formation of fetal death. On a concrete example, expert practice shows how the forensic medical commission, taking into account the data of medical documents, as well as the results of macroscopic and microscopic studies, solves the problem of the immediate cause of antenatal death and establishes the role of intrauterine infection in the death of the fetus, the timing and causes of its formation. The information that is relevant to the practice of forensic medical examinations is presented, which allows us to formulate objective and scientifically substantiated conclusions about the existence of cause-effect relationships between the defects in the provision of medical care and the onset of an unfavorable outcome of medical care in similar cases.

scholarly journals Plausible role of Arq Ajīb in combating COVID-19: A multi-faceted review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Noman Anwar ◽  
N. Zaheer Ahmed ◽  
Shehnaz Begum
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Massive Change ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to a massive change in every aspect of our lives. It has grossly affected the healthcare system, business and world trade, disruption of movement and supply of essential goods and has crippled the global economy. Although few vaccines have been approved for the control of disease, targeted therapy options for this virulent disease still remain limited and elusive. Exhaustive search for potent therapeutic candidate is in progress, for which herbal armory are also being explored. Medicinal plants and their products play a vital role in alleviating various diseases and have been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Plant-based drugs with antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulotry activities were hypothetically considered as potential drugs to prevent and mitigate the prevailing situation caused by SARS-CoV-2. Arq Ajīb ‘a Unani formulation’ presents compelling approach in treating numerous diseases. The ingredients of Arq Ajīb and their phytocompounds have been reported for wide-ranging pharmaco-biological activities including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulotry, anti-allergic, antitussive and bronchodilatory activities. Scientific data available on the formulation ingredients and their phytocompounds indicates that the formulation may have a significant role in augmenting the immune status of individual, protecting them from infection and providing symptomatic relief to patients affected with COVID-19. Hence, it may be considered as a potential drug for the development of novel therapeutic candidate for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This multi-faceted review highlights the therapeutic significance and pharmacological actions of Arq Ajīb and its ingredients to demonstrate the plausible role of the formulation in combating COVID-19. Keywords: Arq Ajīb, COVID-19, Pudina, Ajwain, Camphor, Unani formulation

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