scholarly journals Genetic and Molecular Factors Determining Grain Weight in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Chen ◽  
Andrzej Łyskowski ◽  
Łukasz Jaremko ◽  
Mariusz Jaremko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Breeding ◽  
Plant Molecular Biology ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Major Factors

Grain weight is one of the major factors determining single plant yield production of rice and other cereal crops. Research has begun to reveal the regulatory mechanisms underlying grain weight as well as grain size, highlighting the importance of this research for plant molecular biology. The developmental trait of grain weight is affected by multiple molecular and genetic aspects that lead to dynamic changes in cell division, expansion and differentiation. Additionally, several important biological pathways contribute to grain weight, such as ubiquitination, phytohormones, G-proteins, photosynthesis, epigenetic modifications and microRNAs. Our review integrates early and more recent findings, and provides future perspectives for how a more complete understanding of grain weight can optimize strategies for improving yield production. It is surprising that the acquired wealth of knowledge has not revealed more insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. To accelerating molecular breeding of rice and other cereals is becoming an emergent and critical task for agronomists. Lastly, we highlighted the importance of leveraging gene editing technologies as well as structural studies for future rice breeding applications.

scholarly journals Advances in Cereal Crop Genomics for Resilience under Climate Change

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Tinashe Zenda ◽  
Songtao Liu ◽  
Anyi Dong ◽  
Huijun Duan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Plant Genomics ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Underutilized Species ◽  
Recent Developments

Adapting to climate change, providing sufficient human food and nutritional needs, and securing sufficient energy supplies will call for a radical transformation from the current conventional adaptation approaches to more broad-based and transformative alternatives. This entails diversifying the agricultural system and boosting productivity of major cereal crops through development of climate-resilient cultivars that can sustainably maintain higher yields under climate change conditions, expanding our focus to crop wild relatives, and better exploitation of underutilized crop species. This is facilitated by the recent developments in plant genomics, such as advances in genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation, as well as gene editing technologies, which have increased the availability of high-quality reference genomes for various model and non-model plant species. This has necessitated genomics-assisted breeding of crops, including underutilized species, consequently broadening genetic variation of the available germplasm; improving the discovery of novel alleles controlling important agronomic traits; and enhancing creation of new crop cultivars with improved tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses and superior nutritive quality. Here, therefore, we summarize these recent developments in plant genomics and their application, with particular reference to cereal crops (including underutilized species). Particularly, we discuss genome sequencing approaches, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies, directed mutagenesis, plant non-coding RNAs, precise gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, and complementation of crop genotyping by crop phenotyping. We then conclude by providing an outlook that, as we step into the future, high-throughput phenotyping, pan-genomics, transposable elements analysis, and machine learning hold much promise for crop improvements related to climate resilience and nutritional superiority.

scholarly journals Reference genome assemblies reveal the origin and evolution of allohexaploid oat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanying Peng ◽  
Honghai Yan ◽  
Laichun Guo ◽  
Cao Deng ◽  
Lipeng Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Avena Species ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Reference Genomes

Abstract Common oat (Avena sativa) is one of the most important cereal crops serving as a valuable source of forage and human food. While reference genomes of many important crops have been generated, such work in oat has lagged behind, primarily owing to its large, repeat-rich, polyploid genome. By using Oxford Nanopore ultralong sequencing and Hi-C technologies, we have generated the first reference-quality genome assembly of hulless common oat with a contig N50 of 93 Mb. We also assembled the genomes of diploid and tetraploid Avena ancestors, which enabled us to identify oat subgenome, large-scale structural rearrangements, and preferential gene loss in the C subgenome after hexaploidization. Phylogenomic analyses of cereal crops indicated that the oat lineage descended before wheat, offering oat as a unique window into the early evolution of polyploid plants. The origin and evolution of hexaploid oat is deduced from whole-genome sequencing, plastid genome and transcriptomes assemblies of numerous Avena species. The high-quality reference genomes of Avena species with different ploidies and the studies of their polyploidization history will facilitate the full use of crop gene resources and provide a reference for the molecular mechanisms underlying the polyploidization of higher plants, helping us to overcome food security challenges.

Template-induced nucleation for controlling crystal polymorphism: from molecular mechanisms to applications in pharmaceutical processing

CrystEngComm ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (28) ◽  
pp. 4122-4135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose V. Parambil ◽  
Sendhil K. Poornachary ◽  
Jerry Y. Y. Heng ◽  
Reginald B. H. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Crystals ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Crystal Nucleation ◽  
Crystal Polymorphism ◽  
Pharmaceutical Processing ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Templating Effect

The major factors governing template-induced nucleation of molecular crystals are assessed, highlighting applications in pharmaceutical manufacturing and formulation processes where the templating effect is used to promote crystal nucleation and for controlling crystal polymorphism.

scholarly journals Effects of obesity and estradiol on Na+/K+-ATPase and their relevance to cardiovascular diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 218 (3) ◽  
pp. R13-R23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Obradovic ◽  
Predrag Bjelogrlic ◽  
Manfredi Rizzo ◽  
Niki Katsiki ◽  
Mohamed Haidara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Cardiac Insufficiency ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
New Strategies

Obesity is associated with aberrant sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) activity, apparently linked to hyperglycemic hyperinsulinemia, which may repress or inactivate the enzyme. The reduction of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in cardiac tissue induces myocyte death and cardiac dysfunction, leading to the development of myocardial dilation in animal models; this has also been documented in patients with heart failure (HF). During several pathological situations (cardiac insufficiency and HF) and in experimental models (obesity), the heart becomes more sensitive to the effect of cardiac glycosides, due to a decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase levels. The primary female sex steroid estradiol has long been recognized to be important in a wide variety of physiological processes. Numerous studies, including ours, have shown that estradiol is one of the major factors controlling the activity and expression of Na+/K+-ATPase in the cardiovascular (CV) system. However, the effects of estradiol on Na+/K+-ATPase in both normal and pathological conditions, such as obesity, remain unclear. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which estradiol mediates its effects on Na+/K+-ATPase function may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of CV diseases. Herein, we discuss the latest data from animal and clinical studies that have examined how pathophysiological conditions such as obesity and the action of estradiol regulate Na+/K+-ATPase activity.

scholarly journals Peritubular Capillary Rarefaction: An Underappreciated Regulator of CKD Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8255
Author(s):  
Yujiro Kida
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Peritubular Capillary ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis ◽  
Capillary Rarefaction ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Peritubular capillary (PTC) rarefaction is commonly detected in chronic kidney disease (CKD) such as hypertensive nephrosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Moreover, PTC rarefaction prominently correlates with impaired kidney function and predicts the future development of end-stage renal disease in patients with CKD. However, it is still underappreciated that PTC rarefaction is a pivotal regulator of CKD progression, primarily because the molecular mechanisms of PTC rarefaction have not been well-elucidated. In addition to the established mechanisms (reduced proangiogenic factors and increased anti-angiogenic factors), recent studies discovered significant contribution of the following elements to PTC loss: (1) prompt susceptibility of PTC to injury, (2) impaired proliferation of PTC, (3) apoptosis/senescence of PTC, and (4) pericyte detachment from PTC. Mainly based on the recent and novel findings in basic research and clinical study, this review describes the roles of the above-mentioned elements in PTC loss and focuses on the major factors regulating PTC angiogenesis, the assessment of PTC rarefaction and its surrogate markers, and an overview of the possible therapeutic agents to mitigate PTC rarefaction during CKD progression. PTC rarefaction is not only a prominent histological characteristic of CKD but also a central driving force of CKD progression.

scholarly journals Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Virulence to Combat MDR inCandida albicans

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Hameed ◽  
Zeeshan Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Signaling Networks ◽  
Antifungal Drug Resistance ◽  
Human Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Major Factors

Continuous deployment of antifungals in treating infections caused by dimorphic opportunistic pathogenCandida albicanshas led to the emergence of drug resistance resulting in cross-resistance to many unrelated drugs, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite the current understanding of major factors which contribute to MDR mechanisms, there are many lines of evidence suggesting that it is a complex interplay of multiple factors which may be contributed by still unknown mechanisms. Coincidentally with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the number of reports for antifungal drug resistance has also increased which further highlights the need for understanding novel molecular mechanisms which can be explored to combat MDR, namely, ROS, iron, hypoxia, lipids, morphogenesis, and transcriptional and signaling networks. Considering the worrying evolution of MDR and significance ofC. albicansbeing the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, this review summarizes these new regulatory mechanisms which could be exploited to prevent MDR development inC. albicansas established from recent studies.

scholarly journals Brachypodium distachyon–Cochliobolus sativus Pathosystem is a New Model for Studying Plant–Fungal Interactions in Cereal Crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaobin Zhong ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
Yueqiang Leng ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
David F. Garvin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Transgressive Segregation ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
New Model ◽  
Model Grass ◽  
Fungal Interactions ◽  
Important Disease

Cochliobolus sativus (anamorph: Bipolaris sorokiniana) causes spot blotch, common root rot, and kernel blight or black point in barley and wheat. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of C. sativus or the molecular basis of resistance and susceptibility in the hosts. This study aims to establish the model grass Brachypodium distachyon as a new model for studying plant–fungus interactions in cereal crops. Six B. distachyon lines were inoculated with five C. sativus isolates. The results indicated that all six B. distachyon lines were infected by the C. sativus isolates, with their levels of resistance varying depending on the fungal isolates used. Responses ranging from hypersensitive response-mediated resistance to complete susceptibility were observed in a large collection of B. distachyon (2n = 2x = 10) and B. hybridum (2n = 4x = 30) accessions inoculated with four of the C. sativus isolates. Evaluation of an F2 population derived from the cross between two of the B. distachyon lines, Bd1-1 and Bd3-1, with isolate Cs07-47-1 showed quantitative and transgressive segregation for resistance to C. sativus, suggesting that the resistance may be governed by quantitative trait loci from both parents. The availability of whole-genome sequences of both the host (B. distachyon) and the pathogen (C. sativus) makes this pathosystem an attractive model for studying this important disease of cereal crops.

scholarly journals Effects of Aging on Activities of Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complexes and Oxidative Damage in Rat Heart

2011 ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. TATARKOVÁ ◽  
S. KUKA ◽  
P. RAČAY ◽  
J. LEHOTSKÝ ◽  
D. DOBROTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Major Factors

Mitochondrial dysfunction and accumulation of oxidative damage have been implicated to be the major factors of aging. However, data on age-related changes in activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes remain controversial and molecular mechanisms responsible for ETC dysfunction are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined the effect of aging on activities of ETC complexes and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in cardiac mitochondria from adult (6-month-old), old (15-month-old) and senescent (26-month-old) rats. ETC complexes I-IV displayed different extent of inhibition with age. The most significant decline occurred in complex IV activity, whereas complex II activity was unchanged in old rats and was only slightly reduced in senescent rats. Compared to adult, old and senescent rat hearts had significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and dityrosine, while thiol group content was reduced. Despite marked increase in HNE content with age (25 and 76 % for 15- and 26-month-old rats, respectively) Western blot analysis revealed only few HNE-protein adducts. The present study suggests that non-uniform decline in activities of ETC complexes is due, at least in part, to mitochondrial oxidative damage; however, lipid peroxidation products appear to have a limited impact on enzyme functions.

scholarly journals Harnessing the Power of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Gene Editing Technology: Therapeutic Implications in Hematological Malignancies

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2698
Author(s):  
Ishnoor Sidhu ◽  
Sonali P. Barwe ◽  
Raju K. Pillai ◽  
Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Ipsc Disease Modeling

In vitro modeling of hematological malignancies not only provides insights into the influence of genetic aberrations on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease progression but also aids development and evaluation of therapeutic agents. Owing to their self-renewal and differentiation capacity, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a potential source of short in supply disease-specific human cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Patient-derived iPSCs can recapitulate the disease severity and spectrum of prognosis dictated by the genetic variation among patients and can be used for drug screening and studying clonal evolution. However, this approach lacks the ability to model the early phases of the disease leading to cancer. The advent of genetic editing technology has promoted the generation of precise isogenic iPSC disease models to address questions regarding the underlying genetic mechanism of disease initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the use of iPSC disease modeling in hematological diseases, where there is lack of patient sample availability and/or difficulty of engraftment to generate animal models. Furthermore, we describe the power of combining iPSC and precise gene editing to elucidate the underlying mechanism of initiation and progression of various hematological malignancies. Finally, we discuss the power of iPSC disease modeling in developing and testing novel therapies in a high throughput setting.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document