scholarly journals Cicer turcicum: A New Cicer Species and Its Potential to Improve Chickpea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Toker ◽  
Jens Berger ◽  
Tuba Eker ◽  
Duygu Sari ◽  
Hatice Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Bruchid Resistance ◽  
Cicer Species ◽  
Southeast Anatolia ◽  
Endangered Status

Genetic resources of the genus Cicer L. are not only limited when compared to other important food legumes and major cereal crops but also, they include several endemic species with endangered status based on the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The chief threats to endemic and endangered Cicer species are over-grazing and habitat change in their natural environments driven by climate changes. During a collection mission in east and south-east Anatolia (Turkey), a new Cicer species was discovered, proposed here as C. turcicum Toker, Berger & Gokturk. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics, images, and ecology of the species, and present preliminary evidence of its potential utility for chickpea improvement. C. turcicum is an annual species, endemic to southeast Anatolia and to date has only been located in a single population distant from any other known annual Cicer species. It belongs to section Cicer M. Pop. of the subgenus Pseudononis M. Pop. of the genus Cicer L. (Fabaceae) and on the basis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence similarity appears to be a sister species of C. reticulatum Ladiz. and C. echinospermum P.H. Davis, both of which are inter-fertile with domestic chickpea (C. arietinum L.). With the addition of C. turcicum, the genus Cicer now comprises 10 annual and 36 perennial species. As a preliminary evaluation of its potential for chickpea improvement two accessions of C. turcicum were field screened for reproductive heat tolerance and seeds were tested for bruchid resistance alongside a representative group of wild and domestic annual Cicer species. C. turcicum expressed the highest heat tolerance and similar bruchid resistance as C. judaicum Boiss. and C. pinnatifidum Juab. & Spach, neither of which are in the primary genepool of domestic chickpea. Given that C. arietinum and C. reticulatum returned the lowest and the second lowest tolerance and resistance scores, C. turcicum may hold much potential for chickpea improvement if its close relatedness supports interspecific hybridization with the cultigen. Crossing experiments are currently underway to explore this question.

Utilisation of wild Cicer in chickpea improvement — progress, constraints, and prospects

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Croser ◽  
F. Ahmad ◽  
H. J. Clarke ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cicer Species ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Wild Cicer Species ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Primary Focus

Efforts to improve the yield and quality of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are constrained by a low level of intraspecific genetic diversity. Increased genetic diversity can be achieved via the hybridisation of the cultivated species with the unimproved 'wild' relatives from within the 43 species of the Cicer genus. To date, the 8 species sharing an annual growth habit and chromosome number with C. arietinum have been the primary focus of screening and introgression efforts. Screening of these species has uncovered morphological characteristics and resistance to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses that are of potential value to chickpea improvement programs. Detailed analysis of protein and DNA, karyotyping, and crossability studies have begun to elucidate the relationships between the annual Cicer species. In comparison, perennial species have received little attention due to difficulties in collection, propagation, and evaluation. This review discusses the progress towards an understanding of genetic relationships between the Cicer species, and the introgression of genes from the wild Cicer species into the cultivated species.

scholarly journals First Report of Stem and Foliage Blight of Chrysanthemum Caused by Phytophthora drechsleri in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Krasnow ◽  
Nancy Rechcigl ◽  
Jennifer Olson ◽  
Linus Schmitz ◽  
Steven N. Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
First Report ◽  
Foliage Blight

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium) plants exhibiting stem and foliage blight were observed in a commercial nursery in eastern Oklahoma in June 2019. Disease symptoms were observed on ~10% of plants during a period of frequent rain and high temperatures (26-36°C). Dark brown lesions girdled the stems of symptomatic plants and leaves were wilted and necrotic. The crown and roots were asymptomatic and not discolored. A species of Phytophthora was consistently isolated from the stems of diseased plants on selective V8 agar (Lamour and Hausbeck 2000). The Phytophthora sp. produced ellipsoid to obpyriform sporangia that were non-papillate and persistent on V8 agar plugs submerged in distilled water for 8 h. Sporangia formed on long sporangiophores and measured 50.5 (45-60) × 29.8 (25-35) µm. Oospores and chlamydospores were not formed by individual isolates. Mycelium growth was present at 35°C. Isolates were tentatively identified as P. drechsleri using morphological characteristics and growth at 35°C (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). DNA was extracted from mycelium of four isolates, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using universal primers ITS 4 and ITS 6. The PCR product was sequenced and a BLASTn search showed 100% sequence similarity to P. drechsleri (GenBank Accession Nos. KJ755118 and GU111625), a common species of Phytophthora that has been observed on ornamental and vegetable crops in the U.S. (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996). The gene sequences for each isolate were deposited in GenBank (accession Nos. MW315961, MW315962, MW315963, and MW315964). These four isolates were paired with known A1 and A2 isolates on super clarified V8 agar (Jeffers 2015), and all four were mating type A1. They also were sensitive to the fungicide mefenoxam at 100 ppm (Olson et al. 2013). To confirm pathogenicity, 4-week-old ‘Brandi Burgundy’ chrysanthemum plants were grown in 10-cm pots containing a peat potting medium. Plants (n = 7) were atomized with 1 ml of zoospore suspension containing 5 × 103 zoospores of each isolate. Control plants received sterile water. Plants were maintained at 100% RH for 24 h and then placed in a protected shade-structure where temperatures ranged from 19-32°C. All plants displayed symptoms of stem and foliage blight in 2-3 days. Symptoms that developed on infected plants were similar to those observed in the nursery. Several inoculated plants died, but stem blight, dieback, and foliar wilt were primarily observed. Disease severity averaged 50-60% on inoculated plants 15 days after inoculation. Control plants did not develop symptoms. The pathogen was consistently isolated from stems of symptomatic plants and verified as P. drechsleri based on morphology. The pathogenicity test was repeated with similar results. P. drechsleri has a broad host range (Erwin and Ribeiro 1996; Farr et al. 2021), including green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), which are susceptible to seedling blight and pod rot in eastern Oklahoma. Previously, P. drechsleri has been reported on chrysanthemums in Argentina (Frezzi 1950), Pennsylvania (Molnar et al. 2020), and South Carolina (Camacho 2009). Chrysanthemums are widely grown in nurseries in the Midwest and other regions of the USA for local and national markets. This is the first report of P. drechsleri causing stem and foliage blight on chrysanthemum species in the United States. Identifying sources of primary inoculum may be necessary to limit economic loss from P. drechsleri.

scholarly journals Glutathione S-transferases from the white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

1997 ◽  
Vol 324 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitriona A. DOWD ◽  
Catherine M. BUCKLEY ◽  
David SHEEHAN
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
A Subunit

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified to homogeneity from the white-rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, by affinity chromatography on glutathione–agarose followed by Mono-Q ion-exchange FPLC. This protein immunoblotted with antisera to rat Theta class GST 5-5 and also showed N-terminal sequence similarity to the Theta class, including the presence of a conserved serine residue that has been specifically implicated in catalysis in this class [Wilce, Board, Feil and Parker (1995) EMBO J. 14, 2133–2143] and other residues conserved in plant sequences. Catalytic activity was found to be highly labile in the purified protein, although preliminary evidence for activity (approx. 120 m-units/mg) with 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane was obtained in some preparations. The enzyme seems to be a dimer with a subunit molecular mass of 25 kDa by SDS/PAGE. The native molecular masses estimated by non-denaturing electrophoresis and by Superose-12 gel filtration were 58 and 45 kDa respectively. A second protein purified in this study also gave low level of activity with 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane and had a subunit molecular mass of 28 kDa (native size 62–63 kDa), but did not immunoblot with any GST class and seemed to be N-terminally blocked.

scholarly journals Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus sp. nov., free-living planktonic bacteria inhabiting freshwater lakes and rivers

2010 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin W. Hahn ◽  
Elke Lang ◽  
Ulrike Brandt ◽  
Heinrich Lünsdorf ◽  
Qinglong L. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Monophyletic Cluster ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

Five heterotrophic, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile strains were characterized from freshwater habitats located in Austria, France, Uganda, P. R. China and New Zealand. The strains shared 16S rRNA gene similarities of ≥99.3 %. The novel strains grew on NSY medium over a temperature range of 10–35 °C (two strains also grew at 5 °C and one strain grew at 38 °C) and a NaCl tolerance range of 0.0–0.3 % (four strains grew up to 0.5 % NaCl). The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω7c, C12 : 0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (including C16 : 1 ω7c). The DNA G+C content of strain MWH-MoIso2T was 44.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the five new strains formed a monophyletic cluster closely related to Polynucleobacter necessarius (96–97 % sequence similarity). This cluster also harboured other isolates as well as environmental sequences which have been obtained from several habitats. Investigations with taxon-specific FISH probes demonstrated that the novel bacteria dwell as free-living, planktonic cells in freshwater systems. Based on the revealed phylogeny and pronounced chemotaxonomic differences to P. necessarius (presence of >7 % C12 : 0 3-OH and absence of C12 : 0 and C12 : 0 2-OH), the new strains are suggested to represent a novel species, for which the name Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MWH-MoIso2T (=DSM 21490T=CIP 109840T=LMG 25212T). The novel species belongs to the minority of described species of free-living bacteria for which both in situ data from their natural environments and culture-based knowledge are available.

scholarly journals First Report of Post-Harvest Tuber Rot of American Groundnut (Apios americana) Caused by Fusarium acuminatum

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Cheon Park ◽  
Yeonghoon Lee ◽  
Eom-Ji Hwang ◽  
Da Eun Kwon ◽  
won park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fusarium Acuminatum ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Apios Americana ◽  
Tuber Rot

Apios americana Medik, commonly known as American groundnut, is a leguminous perennial vine crop native to North America and is cultivated in Japan and Korea (Chu et al. 2019). Its tubers are edible and believed to be very nutritious, especially for women just after childbirth. The tubers also contain secondary metabolites, saponin and genistein, which is good for human health (Ichige et al. 2013). However, the storage of tubers at inappropriate temperatures and humidity levels can cause severe fungal infection, and adversely affect tuber quality. During March and April 2020, a white to pale-orange fungal mycelia were observed on stored American groundnut tubers, with 10 to 15% of seed tubers rotten. Infected tubers were collected, and fungal isolates were isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) using the single spore isolation method (Leslie and Summerell 2006). A pure culture (isolate JC20003) was obtained and stored at the Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, NICS, Muan, Republic of Korea. The fungus was cultured on PDA and V8 liquid media for 7 days at 25℃ to observe its morphological characteristics. The length and width of macroconidia ranged from 20.6 to 52.9 μm and 2.9 to 5.1 μm, respectively (n = 30). The microconidia were 8.5 to 14.9 μm and 2.3 to 4.2 μm in length and width, respectively (n = 30). Macroconidia were broadly falcate, strongly septate, 2 to 6 septations with dorsiventral curvature; chlamydospores were formed in chains; and microconidia were fusiform with 0 to 1 septation observed. Genomic DNA of the isolate was extracted using Solgent DNA extraction kit (Solgent, Daejeon, Korea), followed by PCR analysis using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS5/ITS4) and elongation factor (EF-1/EF2) genes (White et al. 1990; O’Donnel 2000). PCR products were sequenced and analyzed to confirm species identity (Yang et al. 2018). These sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession numbers MT703859/ITS and MT731939/EF). BLASTn search analysis showed 100% sequence similarity with Fusarium acuminatum (isolates N-51-1/ITS and WXWH24/EF). Based on morphological and molecular data analysis, the fungus was identified as F. acuminatum (Leslie and Summerell 2006; Marin et al. 2012). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on five tubers inoculated with 5 mm mycelial plugs with three replicates, while a non-mycelial plug served as the control. After 5 days of incubation in plastic containers at 25 °C with high humidity, typical symptoms developed. No symptoms were observed on the control tubers; F. acuminatum was re-isolated from artificially inoculated tubers to complete Koch’s postulates. This is the first report on post-harvest tuber rot caused by F. acuminatum in Apios americana.

scholarly journals First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Zinnia elegans in Turkey

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1317-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Soylu ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Powdery Mildews

Powdery mildews are one of the most common diseases of plants growing in many nurseries, city parks, and home gardens in Turkey. Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is widely cultivated in Turkey for ornamental purposes. In September 2010, zinnia plants grown in Hatay, Turkey were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew. Pathogen mycelia and sporulation were observed as circular to irregular, white patches on both sides of the leaves and on stems and flower petals. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Hyphae were straight to wavy and 4 to 7 μm wide. Conidiophores arose from the upper part of the hyphae, measured 120 to 190 × 10 to 13 μm, were simple, and produced two to six immature conidia in chains with a sinuate edge, followed by two to three straight cells. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, measured 25 to 42 × 14 to 22 μm (length/width ratio = 1.3 to 2.5), lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and produced germ tubes on the perihilar position, with reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures described above were typical of the Oidium subgenus Reticuloidium, anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements were compatible with those of G. cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta described previously (1,3). To confirm the tentative identification based on morphological characteristics, molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences from a representative material (MKU-ZK311077, duplicate KUS-F25655) was conducted. The complete ITS regions of rDNA were amplified using primers ITS5 and P3 as described by S. Takamatsu (4) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 508 bp from MKU-ZK311077 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN051414). A GenBank BLAST search using the current data revealed an exact match for several sequences of G. cichoracearum, including Australian and Korean powdery mildews on zinnia plants, with a 100% sequence similarity. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of three healthy, potted zinnia plants. Three noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 10 days, whereas the control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. The powdery mildew infections of Z. elegans associated with G. cichoracearum are nearly circumglobal, including Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Oceania, and Western Asian localities like India, Nepal, Jordan, and Israel (1,2). The current work confirmed the occurrence of G. cichoracearum infecting Z. elegans in Turkey using detailed morphological and molecular analysis. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedw. 89:1, 1987. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , May 24, 2011. (3) M. J. Park et al. Plant Pathol. J. 27:85, 2011. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.

Scrub typhus and leptospirosis in rural and urban settings of central India: a preliminary evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
Kumar Vikram ◽  
Pragya Agarwala ◽  
Anudita Bhargava ◽  
Yogesh Jain ◽  
Tushar Jagzape ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Central India ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Igm Elisa ◽  
Clinical Profiles ◽  
Rural Patients

Scrub typhus and leptospirosis are bacterial zoonotic diseases reported from different parts of India, whose prevalence in Chhattisgarh is unknown. Our study was carried out to delineate the prevalence of these illnesses there and to assess the clinical profiles of rural and urban patients. A total of 169 patients with acute febrile illnesses (AFI) was enrolled in our study from May to December 2018, of whom 35 (20.7%) tested positive for scrub typhus and only one tested positive for leptospirosis by respective IgM ELISA. Scrub typhus seropositivity was higher in rural patients (25.0%) than in urban (18.1%). Patients in the age group 16–30 years were the most commonly affected. The commonest presenting symptoms were fever with headache (68.57%), extreme weakness (57.14%), myalgia/arthralgia (54.29%) and abdominal pain (51.43%). The preliminary evidence for the presence of scrub typhus in Chhattisgarh necessitates its inclusion in the panel of tests for AFI.

A Surgical Care Practitioners’ Pilot Programme in Wales

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alun Morgan ◽  
Paul Ward
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Care ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Pilot Programme ◽  
Significant Difference

The Surgical Care Practitioner Pilot Programme, funded by the Welsh Assembly Government, commenced in October 2003. Preliminary evidence suggests that the pilot is making a significant difference to the care of surgical patients in those NHS trusts involved. The authors describe why the programme was initiated and what it was designed to deliver, together with the preliminary evaluation.

Acceptability, Engagement and Exploratory Outcomes of an Emotional Wellbeing App: Mixed Methods Preliminary Evaluation and Descriptive Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Eisenstadt ◽  
Shaun Liverpool ◽  
Athina- Marina Metaxa ◽  
Courtney Carlsson ◽  
Roberta Maria Ciuvat
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
User Testing ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Health And Wellbeing

BACKGROUND There is growing evidence highlighting a significant gap between mental health and wellbeing needs and available support. Digital interventions, such as mental health apps, have been identified as an appropriate medium for addressing the problem. However, a number of apps are being developed and made available without the relevant evidence base. Thus, there is a need to conduct user testing and early evaluations of new apps to provide sufficient information for users and prescribers. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this feasibility study is to describe the acceptability, engagement, and preliminary outcomes of using an app (Paradym) designed to promote emotional wellbeing and positive mental health. METHODS This is a mixed methods single-arm study with a pre- and post- design, aggregate with digital analytics data. We anonymously collected real world data on demographics, mental health and wellbeing, and usability and acceptance using validated questionnaires and open ended-questions. Participants were asked to download the app and use the intervention for a minimum of 2 weeks before completing follow up measures. Google Analytics was used to record levels of engagement with the app. Chi Square and t-tests were conducted to analyze quantitative data, and a thematic analysis approach was adopted for qualitative data. RESULTS A total of 116 participants accessed the study, of which 91 users downloaded the app. The sample was diverse in terms of ethnicity (43.5% belonging to minority ethnic groups) and included majority females (67.24%) between the ages 18-25 from the USA. Participants who completed the study (n=34) provided favorable feedback in terms of the app’s content, functionality and underlying principles. Although usability feedback varied across items, a high percentage of participants found that the app was easy to use. Based on descriptive data, the mean mental health and wellbeing scores improved. Post hoc analyses indicated that the reduction in PHQ-9 depression scores (t33 = -2.16) and the change in scores on one of the wellbeing measures (WHO-5) (t33 = 2.87) were statistically significant. No adverse events were reported and anxiety levels of the participants were found to be mild during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study are encouraging and potentially show preliminary evidence of effectiveness. The findings also suggest scope for further research with underrepresented groups, such as ethnic minority populations. Furthermore, the research provides valuable information for future app upgrades and further evaluations of the intervention. CLINICALTRIAL Eisenstadt A, Liverpool S. User Testing Service Evaluation. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/TVJBA.

scholarly journals Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for the Detection and Discrimination of the Soybean Rust Pathogens Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid D. Frederick ◽  
Christine L. Snyder ◽  
Gary L. Peterson ◽  
Morris R. Bonde
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Soybean rust occurs in Australia and many countries throughout Africa, Asia, and South America. The causal agents of soybean rust are two closely related fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, which are differentiated based upon morphological characteristics of the telia. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed greater than 99% nucleotide sequence similarity among isolates of either P. pachyrhizi or P. meibomiae, but only 80% sequence similarity between the two species. Utilizing differences within the ITS region, four sets of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed specifically for P. pachyrhizi and two sets for P. meibomiae. Classical and real-time fluorescent PCR assays were developed to identify and differentiate between P. pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae. Identification of P. pachyrhizi from infected soybean leaves using the real-time PCR assay will allow for more rapid diagnoses.

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