scholarly journals Same Season and Carry-Over Effects of Source-Sink Adjustments on Grapevine Yields and Non-structural Carbohydrates

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Martínez-Lüscher ◽  
Sahap Kaan Kurtural
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Fruit Mass

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is managed to balance the ratio of leaf area (source) to fruit mass (sink). Over cropping in the grapevine may reveal itself as spontaneous fruit abortion, delayed ripening, or as alternate bearing. The aim of this work was to study the same season and carry-over effects of manipulating source to sink ratios on grapevine phenology, leaf gas exchange, yield components, berry soluble solids accumulation, and reserve carbohydrate and soluble sugar concentration in roots. Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were subjected to defoliation (33, 66, and 100% of the leaves retained) and fruit removal treatments (33, 66, and 100% of clusters retained) arranged in a factorial design. Results from two seasons of source-sink manipulations were substantially different. In both seasons defoliation treatments affected season-long net carbon assimilation (AN) and stomatal conductance (gs) where the less leaves were retained, the greater the AN and gs, and fruit removal had no impact on leaf gas exchange. In the first season, leaf area to fruit mass was hardly related to berry soluble solids and in the second season they were strongly correlated, suggesting a degree of acclimation. Defoliation treatments had great impacts on berry size, berries per cluster, and total soluble solids in both years. Fruit removal treatments only had effects on berry mass and berries per cluster in the first season, and only on berry soluble solids in the second. The predominant effect of defoliation (carbon starvation) cascaded onto reducing root starch content, root mass and delaying of veraison and leaf senescence, as well as harvest which was delayed up to 9 weeks with 33% of the leaves retained. In a third season, where grapevines grew without treatments, defoliation treatments had resultant carryover effects, including reduced leaf area, number of berries per cluster, clusters per vine, and yield, but not on leaf gas exchange dependent on previous seasons' severity of defoliation. Balancing source-to-sink ratio is crucial to obtain an adequate speed of ripening. However, this was the culmination of a more complex whole-plant regulation where the number of leaves (source strength) outweighed the effects of fruits (sink strength).

scholarly journals Does insect herbivory suppress ecosystem productivity? Evidence from a temperate woodland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristiina Visakorpi ◽  
Sofia Gripenberg ◽  
Yadvinder Malhi ◽  
Terhi Riutta
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Area Loss ◽  
Leaf Area Loss ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractOur current understanding of the relationship between insect herbivory and ecosystem productivity is limited. Previous studies have typically quantified only leaf area loss, or have been conducted during outbreak years. These set-ups often ignore the physiological changes taking place in the remaining plant tissue after insect attack, or may not represent typical, non-outbreak herbivore densities. Here, we estimate the amount of carbon lost to insect herbivory in a temperate deciduous woodland both through leaf area loss and, notably, through changes in leaf gas exchange in non-consumed leaves under non-outbreak densities of insects. We calculate how net primary productivity changes with decreasing and increasing levels of herbivory, and estimate what proportion of the carbon involved in the leaf area loss is transferred further in the food web. We estimate that the net primary productivity of an oak stand under ambient levels of herbivory is 54 - 69% lower than that of a completely intact stand. The effect of herbivory quantified only as leaf area loss (0.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) is considerably smaller than when the effects of herbivory on leaf physiology are included (8.5 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). We propose that the effect of herbivory on primary productivity is non-linear and mainly determined by changes in leaf gas exchange. We call for replicated studies in other systems to validate the relationship between insect herbivory and ecosystem productivity described here.

The interplay between irrigation and fruiting on branch growth and mortality, gas exchange and water relations of coffee trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington L Almeida ◽  
Rodrigo T Ávila ◽  
Junior P Pérez-Molina ◽  
Marcela L Barbosa ◽  
Dinorah M S Marçal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plant Hydraulics ◽  
Branch Growth ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Leaf Transpiration

Abstract The overall coordination between gas exchanges and plant hydraulics may be affected by soil water availability and source-to-sink relationships. Here we evaluated how branch growth and mortality, leaf gas exchange and metabolism are affected in coffee (Coffea arabica L.) trees by drought and fruiting. Field-grown plants were irrigated or not, and maintained with full or no fruit load. Under mild water deficit, irrigation per se did not significantly impact growth but markedly reduced branch mortality in fruiting trees, despite similar leaf assimilate pools and water status. Fruiting increased net photosynthetic rate in parallel with an enhanced stomatal conductance, particularly in irrigated plants. Mesophyll conductance and maximum RuBisCO carboxylation rate remained unchanged across treatments. The increased stomatal conductance in fruiting trees over nonfruiting ones was unrelated to internal CO2 concentration, foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels or differential ABA sensitivity. However, stomatal conductance was associated with higher stomatal density, lower stomatal sensitivity to vapor pressure deficit, and higher leaf hydraulic conductance and capacitance. Increased leaf transpiration rate in fruiting trees was supported by coordinated alterations in plant hydraulics, which explained the maintenance of plant water status. Finally, by preventing branch mortality, irrigation can mitigate biennial production fluctuations and improve the sustainability of coffee plantations.

scholarly journals A whole canopy gas exchange system for the targeted manipulation of grapevine source-sink relations using sub-ambient CO2

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Smith ◽  
Everard J. Edwards ◽  
Amanda R. Walker ◽  
Julia C. Gouot ◽  
Celia Barril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Soda Lime ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Gas Exchange System ◽  
Berry Composition ◽  
Source Sink

Abstract Background Elucidating the effect of source-sink relations on berry composition is of interest for wine grape production as it represents a mechanistic link between yield, photosynthetic capacity and wine quality. However, the specific effects of carbohydrate supply on berry composition are difficult to study in isolation as leaf area or crop adjustments can also change fruit exposure, or lead to compensatory growth or photosynthetic responses. A new experimental system was therefore devised to slow berry sugar accumulation without changing canopy structure or yield. This consisted of six transparent 1.2 m3 chambers to enclose large pot-grown grapevines, and large soda-lime filled scrubbers that reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of day-time supply air by approximately 200 ppm below ambient. Results In the first full scale test of the system, the chambers were installed on mature Shiraz grapevines for 14 days from the onset of berry sugar accumulation. Three chambers were run at sub-ambient CO2 for 10 days before returning to ambient. Canopy gas exchange, and juice hexose concentrations were determined. Net CO2 exchange was reduced from 65.2 to 30 g vine− 1 day− 1, or 54%, by the sub-ambient treatment. At the end of the 10 day period, total sugar concentration was reduced from 95 to 77 g L− 1 from an average starting value of 23 g L− 1, representing a 25% reduction. Scaling to a per vine basis, it was estimated that 223 g of berry sugars accumulated under ambient supply compared to 166 g under sub-ambient, an amount equivalent to 50 and 72% of total C assimilated. Conclusions Through supply of sub-ambient CO2 using whole canopy gas exchange chambers system, an effective method was developed for reducing photosynthesis and slowing the rate of berry sugar accumulation without modifying yield or leaf area. While in this case developed for further investigations of grape and wine composition, the system has broader applications for the manipulation and of study of grapevine source-sink relations.

Reexamining the empirical relation between plant growth and leaf photosynthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Kruger ◽  
John C. Volin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Mass ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Growth Variation

Technological advances during the past several decades have greatly enhanced our ability to measure leaf photosynthesis virtually anywhere and under any condition. Associated with the resulting proliferation of gas-exchange data is a lingering uncertainty regarding the importance of such measurements when it comes to explaining intrinsic causes of plant growth variation. Accordingly, in this paper we rely on a compilation of data to address the following questions: from both statistical and mechanistic standpoints, how closely does plant growth correlate with measures of leaf photosynthesis? Moreover, in this context, does the importance of leaf photosynthesis as an explanatory variable differ among growth light environments? Across a wide array of species and environments, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated with daily integrals of photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf area (Aarea), leaf mass (Amass), and plant mass (Aplant). The amount of RGR variation explained by these relationships increased from 36% for the former to 93% for the latter. Notably, there was close agreement between observed RGR and that estimated from Aplant after adjustment for theoretical costs of tissue construction. Overall, based on an analysis of growth response coefficients (GRCs), gross assimilation rate (GAR), a photosynthesis-based estimate of biomass gain per unit leaf area, explained about as much growth variation as did leaf mass ratio (LMR) and specific leaf area (SLA). Further analysis of GRCs indicated that the importance of GAR in explaining growth variation increased with increasing light intensity. Clearly, when considered in combination with other key determinants, appropriate measures of leaf gas exchange effectively capture the fundamental role of leaf photosynthesis in plant growth variation.

Wind reduces growth and yield but not net leaf photosynthesis of primocane-fruiting red raspberries (Rubus idaues L.) in the establishment years

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
N. Allain
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Four primocane-fruiting (PF) red raspberry cultivars, Bogong, Autumn Cascade, Heritage and Dinkum, were grown in exposed or sheltered (50% permeable artificial windbreak) sites fully exposed to prevailing winds in Bouctouche, NB. Shelters were erected at the beginning and removed at the end of each growing season. In the establishment year, all cultivars were evaluated to determine the effects of wind stress on their vegetative and reproductive development and leaf gas exchange. since all cultivars responded similarly to the effect of wind in year one, only Dinkum was monitored in years two and three. In all years, the artificial windbreak resulted in an overall 35% reduction in wind velocity, increased the number of calm days (<5.4 km h−1) and decreased the incidence of strong breezes (>36 km h−1). Interestingly in this maritime climate, the artificial windbreak did not have much of an effect on altering relative humidity, vapour pressure deficits, or air or soil temperature. Plants from sheltered sites consistently had greater above-ground biomass (especially cane dry weight) and longer cane internodes. For two of the three years, leaf area and yield were also greater in the sheltered sites. Leaf gas exchange parameters (Pn, gs and Ci), expressed per unit of leaf area, did not differ between treatments for most of the season, but the sheltered plants retained more leaf area and thus had the potential to fix a greater amount of carbon than the exposed plants. The larger, sheltered plants produced a more extensive fruiting framework, which resulted in increased yields in both the establishment and subsequent year. It is recommended to shelter raspberry plants from wind in the initial establishment years. Key words: Rubus idaeus L., fall-bearing, autumn fruiting, windbreak

scholarly journals A steady-state stomatal model of balanced leaf gas exchange, hydraulics and maximal source–sink flux

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 851-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teemu Hölttä ◽  
Anna Lintunen ◽  
Tommy Chan ◽  
Annikki Mäkelä ◽  
Eero Nikinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Source Sink

scholarly journals Water use estimation and growth of container grown tatarian dogwood (Cornus alba L. ‘Sibirica’) and cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L. ‘Novita’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 1027-1042
Author(s):  
Éva ÓNODY ◽  
Károly HROTKÓ ◽  
Magdolna SÜTÖRINÉ DIÓSZEGI
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cherry Laurel

The pot in pot (PIP) system is a new alternative to container above ground (CAG) cultivation in nurseries. Our study estimates plant water usage of plants in CAG and PIP. Main variables as plant species, nursery container type and year effect on morphological parameters (plant size, leaf area, fresh and dry weight), on daily water use (weighed DWU), transpiration of leaves (DT) supplemented with species effect were analysed. Twenty plants grown in 5 L plastic pots of each combination were investigated. For leaf area measurement by AM350 we sampled 30 leaves from each plant. Fourty plants were weighed by a digital scale (Dyras, KSCL-300), morning and evening on each sampling day. Leaf gas exchange was measured on the same days by using leaf gas exchange analyzer (LCi, ADC Scientific Ltd.). From the two investigated deciduous (tatarian dogwood) and evergreen species (cherry laurel), only the tatarian dogwood showed improved quality in the PIP system (enhanced canopy increment, fresh and dry weight).  Significant difference showed the two species in DWU, and in DT. The tatarian dogwood used 626 g day-1 water (194 %) compared to the cherry laurel’s 341 g day-1 water use in 2015, while in 2016 this ratio was 144% in favor of tatarian dogwood. We measured higher initial morning weight (IWC) in PIP system. The transpiration measurements on single selected leaves overestimated the real transpiration compared to DWU. The DT of the deciduous tatarian dogwood responses more sensitive to environmental conditions than the evergreen cherry laurel.

scholarly journals Carambola Growth and Leaf Gas-exchange Responses to Seismic or Wind Stress

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 913-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Yasmina Zozor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Seismic Stress

Growth and leaf gas-exchange responses of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) seedlings to wind or seismic stress were studied under glasshouse conditions. Forty days of twice daily seismic stress applied for 10 seconds consistently reduced carambola height, leaf area, dry weight, relative growth rate, and leaf-area ratio, but increased trunk cross-sectional area compared with plants receiving no seismic stress. Fifty-one days of wind load reduced plant height, leaf area, dry weight, trunk cross-sectional area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf-area ratio, and stomatal conductance compared with plants receiving no wind stress. Morphological appearance was similar for plants receiving wind or seismic stress. Net CO2 assimilation of carambola leaflets was reduced by 30 minutes of wind load for up to 6 hours following the stress. Results suggest that wind may reduce carambola growth at least partially by influencing leaf gas exchange or by the mechanical stress associated with wind.

scholarly journals Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Crop as Affected by Shade Level: Microenvironment, Plant Growth, Leaf Gas Exchange, and Leaf Mineral Nutrient Concentration

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Leaf Transpiration

Use of shading nets helps ameliorate heat stress of vegetable crops. This study evaluated the effects of shade level on microenvironment, plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and mineral nutrient content of field-grown bell pepper crop. Bell pepper cultivars Camelot, Lafayette, Sirius, and Stiletto were grown at 0%, 30%, 47%, 62%, and 80% shade levels. Photosynthetically active radiation and air, leaf, and root zone temperatures decreased as shade level increased. Despite having increased plant leaf area, there was increased soil water content with increased shade level, indicating reduced soil water use. With increased shade level, the total plant leaf area, individual leaf area, and individual leaf weight increased, whereas leaf number per plant and specific leaf weight decreased. In contrast to non-normalized chlorophyll index (CI) values, CI normalized by specific leaf weight were related to leaf nitrogen (N) and increased with increased shade level. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (gS) decreased and leaf transpiration increased with increased shade level, particularly above 47% shade level. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S), aluminum (Al), and boron (B) increased with increased shade level. Relatively few differences in plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and leaf mineral nutrient concentrations were observed among cultivars. In conclusion, morphological changes such as taller plants and thinner and larger leaves likely enhanced light capture under shaded conditions compared with unshaded plants. High shade levels reduced leaf temperature and excessive leaf transpiration but resulted in reduced leaf photosynthesis. Thus, moderate shade levels (30% and 47%) were the most favorable for bell pepper plant growth and function.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document