scholarly journals A Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Management of Salinity Stress in Finger Millet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilton Mbinda ◽  
Asunta Mukami
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Wide Range

Salinity stress is a major environmental impediment affecting the growth and production of crops. Finger millet is an important cereal grown in many arid and semi-arid areas of the world characterized by erratic rainfall and scarcity of good-quality water. Finger millet salinity stress is caused by the accumulation of soluble salts due to irrigation without a proper drainage system, coupled with the underlying rocks having a high salt content, which leads to the salinization of arable land. This problem is projected to be exacerbated by climate change. The use of new and efficient strategies that provide stable salinity tolerance across a wide range of environments can guarantee sustainable production of finger millet in the future. In this review, we analyze the strategies that have been used for salinity stress management in finger millet production and discuss potential future directions toward the development of salt-tolerant finger millet varieties. This review also describes how advanced biotechnological tools are being used to develop salt-tolerant plants. The biotechnological techniques discussed in this review are simple to implement, have design flexibility, low cost, and highly efficient. This information provides insights into enhancing finger millet salinity tolerance and improving production.

scholarly journals Transcript analysis in two alfalfa salt tolerance selected breeding populations relative to a non-tolerant population

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Y. Gruber ◽  
J. Xia ◽  
M. Yu ◽  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
K. Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Processing ◽  
Protein Modification ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Transcript Diversity ◽  
Sensitive Population

With the growing limitations on arable land, alfalfa (a widely cultivated, low-input forage) is now being selected to extend cultivation into saline lands for low-cost biofeedstock purposes. Here, minerals and transcriptome profiles were compared between two new salinity-tolerant North American alfalfa breeding populations and a more salinity-sensitive western Canadian alfalfa population grown under hydroponic saline conditions. All three populations accumulated two-fold higher sodium in roots than shoots as a function of increased electrical conductivity. At least 50% of differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05) were down-regulated in the salt-sensitive population growing under high salinity, while expression remained unchanged in the saline-tolerant populations. In particular, most reduction in transcript levels in the salt-sensitive population was observed in genes specifying cell wall structural components, lipids, secondary metabolism, auxin and ethylene hormones, development, transport, signalling, heat shock, proteolysis, pathogenesis-response, abiotic stress, RNA processing, and protein metabolism. Transcript diversity for transcription factors, protein modification, and protein degradation genes was also more strongly affected in salt-tolerant CW064027 than in salt-tolerant Bridgeview and salt-sensitive Rangelander, while both saline-tolerant populations showed more substantial up-regulation in redox-related genes and B-ZIP transcripts. The report highlights the first use of bulked genotypes as replicated samples to compare the transcriptomes of obligate out-cross breeding populations in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Advanced Breeding Strategies and Future Perspectives of Salinity Tolerance in Rice

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1631
Author(s):  
Md Azadul Haque ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Martini Mohammad Yusoff ◽  
Nusaibah Syd Ali ◽  
Oladosu Yusuff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Rice, generally classified as a typical glycophyte, often faces abiotic stresses such as excessive drought, high salinity, prolonged submergence, cold, and temperature, which significantly affects growth, development, and ultimately, grain yield. Among these negative impacts of abiotic factors in rice production, salinity stress is a major constraint, followed by drought. There is considerable research on the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS), genome editing techniques, and transgenic studies that have profoundly improved the present-day rice breeders’ toolboxes for developing salt-tolerant varieties. Salinity stresses significantly affect rice plants during seedling and reproductive stages. Hence, greater understanding and manipulation of genetic architecture in developing salt-tolerant rice varieties will significantly impact sustainable rice production. Rice plants’ susceptibility or tolerance to high salinity has been reported to be the result of coordinated actions of multiple stress-responsive quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes. This paper reviews recent literature, updating the effects of salinity stress on rice plants and germplasm collections and screening for salinity tolerance by different breeding techniques. Mapping and identification of QTLs salt tolerance genes are illuminated. The present review updates recent breeding for improvement in rice tolerance to salinity stress and how state-of-the-art tools such as MAS or genetic engineering and genome editing techniques, including mutagenesis and conventional breeding techniques, can assist in transferring salt-tolerant QTLs genes into elite rice genotypes, accelerating breeding of salt-resistant rice cultivars.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of Ryegrass Turf Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1882-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Marcum ◽  
Mohammad Pessarakli
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Leaf Clipping ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Leaf Canopy

Relative salinity tolerance of 32 perennial (Lolium perenne L.) and three intermediate (Lolium ×hybridum Hausskn.) ryegrass turf cultivars was determined by measuring turf leaf clipping dry weight, root weight, rooting depth, and percent green leaf canopy area relative to control (non-salinized) plants. After gradual acclimation, grasses were exposed to moderate salinity stress (6 dS·m−1) for 6 weeks through solution culture in a controlled environment greenhouse. Shoot parameters were highly correlated, being mutually effective predictors of salinity tolerance. After 6 weeks of salinity stress, percent green leaf canopy area (GL) was correlated with relative (to control) final week leaf clipping weight (LWREL) (r = 0.90) and with linear slope of decline of weekly leaf clipping weight over the 6-week exposure to salinity (LWSLOPE) (r = 0.66). Rooting parameters root dry weight (RW) and rooting depth (RD), although significantly correlated with all shoot parameters, were only moderately effective in predicting relative salinity tolerance. ‘Paragon’ was the most salt-tolerant as indicated by all parameters. Other salt-tolerant cultivars included Divine and Williamsburg. Intermediate ryegrass cultivars (Froghair, Midway, and Transist) were invariably found within the most salt-sensitive category for all parameters.

scholarly journals Variation for Salinity Tolerance During Seed Germination in Diverse Carrot [Daucus carota (L.)] Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bolton ◽  
Philipp Simon
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Screening Criteria ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Carrot Seed

Global carrot production is limited by the crop’s high susceptibility to salinity stress. Not much public research has been conducted to screen for genetic salinity stress tolerance in carrot, and few resources exist to aid plant breeders in improving salinity tolerance in carrot. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the response of diverse carrot germplasm to salinity stress, identify salt-tolerant carrot germplasm that may be used by breeders, and define appropriate screening criteria for assessing salt tolerance in germinating carrot seed. Carrot plant introductions (PIs) (n = 273) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Plant Germplasm System representing 41 different countries, inbred lines from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (n = 16), and widely grown commercial hybrids (n = 5) were screened for salinity tolerance under salinity stress and nonstress conditions (150 and 0 mm NaCl, respectively) by measuring the absolute decrease (AD) in the percent of germination, inhibition index (II), relative salt tolerance (RST), and salt tolerance index (STI) of germinating seeds. All salt tolerance measurements differed significantly between accessions; AD ranged from −4.2% to 93.0%; II ranged from −8.0% to 100.0%; RST ranged from 0.0 to 1.08; and STI ranged from 0.0 to 1.38. Broad sense heritability calculations for these measurements were 0.87 or more, indicating a strong genetic contribution to the variation observed. Six accessions identified as salt-tolerant or salt-susceptible were evaluated in a subsequent experiment conducted at salt concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mm NaCl. Variations between mean AD, II, RST, and STI of tolerant and susceptible lines were greatest at 150 mm NaCl, validating the use of 150 mm NaCl concentrations during salt tolerance screening of carrot seed. Wild carrot accessions displayed little tolerance, and PI 256066, PI 652253, PI 652402, and PI 652405 from Turkey were most salt-tolerant.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of 35 Bentgrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Marcum
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Moderate Salinity ◽  
Green Leaf Area

Relative salinity tolerance of 33 creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds), one colonial bentgrass (A. capillaris L.), and one velvet bentgrass (A. canina L.) cultivars were determined via hydroponics in a controlled-environment greenhouse. After gradual acclimation, grasses were exposed to moderate salinity stress (8 dS·m-1) for 10 weeks to determine tolerance to chronic salinity stress. Relative dry weight of leaf clippings (RLW), percentage of green leaf area (GL), root dry weight (RW), and root length (RL) were all effective parameters for predicting salinity tolerance. Following 10 weeks of salinity stress, RLW was correlated with GL (r = 0.72), with RW (r = 0.71), and with RL (r = 0.66). The range of salinity tolerance among cultivars was substantial. `Mariner', `Grand Prix', `Seaside', and `Seaside II' were salt-tolerant, `L-93', `Penn G-2', `18th Green', and `Syn 96-1' were moderately salt tolerant, and `Avalon', `Ambrosia', `SR1119', `Regent', `Putter', `Penncross', and `Penn G-6' were salt sensitive.

scholarly journals Varietal differences in physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress in six finger millet plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asunta Mukami ◽  
Alex Ng’etich ◽  
Easter Syombua ◽  
Richard Oduor ◽  
Wilton Mbinda
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Finger Millet ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Agroecological Zones ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

AbstractFinger millet is one of the most important cereals that are often grown in semiarid and arid regions of East-Africa. Salinity is known to be a major impediment for the crop growth and production. This study was aimed to understand the mechanisms of physiological and biochemical responses to salinity stress of Kenyan finger millet varieties (GBK043137, GBK043128, GBK043124, GBK043122, GBK043094, GBK043050) grown across different agroecological zones under NaCl-induced salinity stress. Seeds were germinated on the sterile soil and treated using various concentrations of NaCl (100, 200 and 300 mM) for two weeks. Again, the early-seedling stage of germinated plants was irrigated with the same salt concentrations for 60 days. Results indicated depression in germination percentage, shoot and root growth rate, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content contents, leaf K+ concentration, and leaf K+/Na+ ratios increased salt levels. Contrary, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents reduced sugar content and leaf total proteins. At the same time, the leaf Na+ and Cl− amounts of all plants increased substantially with rising stress levels. Clustering analysis revealed that GBK043094 and GBK043137 were placed together and identified as salt-tolerant varieties based on their performance under salt stress. Overall, our findings indicated a significant varietal variability for most of the parameters analysed. These superior varieties identified could be potentially used as promising genetic resources in future breeding programmes development directed towards salt-tolerant finger millet hybrids. Further analysis at genomic level need to be undertaken to better understand the genetic factors that promote salinity tolerance in finger millet.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Hyperspectral Reflectance as a High-Throughput Nondestructive Phenotyping Tool for Assessing Salt Tolerance in Advanced Spring Wheat Lines under Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2512
Author(s):  
Salah El-Hendawy ◽  
Nasser Al-Suhaibani ◽  
Muhammad Mubushar ◽  
Muhammad Usman Tahir ◽  
Yahya Refay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wide Range

The incorporation of stress tolerance indices (STIs) with the early estimation of grain yield (GY) in an expeditious and nondestructive manner can enable breeders for ensuring the success of genotype development for a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, the relative performance of GY for sixty-four spring wheat germplasm under the control and 15.0 dS m−1 NaCl were compared through different STIs, and the ability of a hyperspectral reflectance tool for the early estimation of GY and STIs was assessed using twenty spectral reflectance indices (SRIs; 10 vegetation SRIs and 10 water SRIs). The results showed that salinity treatments, genotypes, and their interactions had significant effects on the GY and nearly all SRIs. Significant genotypic variations were also observed for all STIs. Based on the GY under the control (GYc) and salinity (GYs) conditions and all STIs, the tested genotypes were classified into three salinity tolerance groups (salt-tolerant, salt-sensitive, and moderately salt-tolerant groups). Most vegetation and water SRIs showed strong relationships with the GYc, stress tolerance index (STI), and geometric mean productivity (GMP); moderate relationships with GYs and sometimes with the tolerance index (TOL); and weak relationships with the yield stability index (YSI) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). Obvious differences in the spectral reflectance curves were found among the three salinity tolerance groups under the control and salinity conditions. Stepwise multiple linear regressions identified three SRIs from each vegetation and water SRI as the most influential indices that contributed the most variation in the GY. These SRIs were much more effective in estimating the GYc (R2 = 0.64 − 0.79) than GYs (R2 = 0.38 − 0.47). They also provided a much accurate estimation of the GYc and GYs for the moderately salt-tolerant genotype group; YSI, SSI, and TOL for the salt-sensitive genotypes group; and STI and GMP for all the three salinity tolerance groups. Overall, the results of this study highlight the potential of using a hyperspectral reflectance tool in breeding programs for phenotyping a sufficient number of genotypes under a wide range of environmental conditions in a cost-effective, noninvasive, and expeditious manner. This will aid in accelerating the development of genotypes for salinity conditions in breeding programs.

Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Using Alumina as Reinforcement - A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 9-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deesy Pinto ◽  
Luís Bernardo ◽  
Ana Amaro ◽  
Sérgio Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Alumina Nanoparticles ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alumina Particles ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Polymers and their composites find use in many engineering applications as alternative products to metal-based ones and, nowadays, have wide technical applications. One of the most used composite materials is the epoxy resins (EP), which is a thermoset polymer matrix. After cure, this material displays some excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical properties. For these reasons, it has been widely used for a wide range of automotive and aerospace applications, as well as for shipbuilding or electronic devices. However, EP has poor resistance to crack propagation and is brittle. So, in recent years, a considerable amount of research has been carried out to improve the performance of the toughness of EP. The most common studied technique consist to reinforce the EP matrix with rigid nanoparticle fillers, such as alumina, silica, mica, talc, organoclays, nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, TiO2, among others. Among these nanofillers type, nanosize alumina particles has not been widely studied. However, recent studies have reported that the use of functionalized nanosize alumina particles as nanofiller can significantly improve the properties of the nanocomposite, even with low contents. These results, combined with the low cost of the alumina, show that the reinforcement of EP with alumina nanoparticles is a viable solution. In this paper, an attempt is made to review and highlight some recent findings and also some trends to show future directions and opportunities for the development of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with alumina nanoparticles.

Application of SSR Technique for the Identification of Markers Linked to Salinity Tolerance in Rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-65
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
MM Islam ◽  
SN Begum ◽  
AC Manidas
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Phenotypic Screening ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Marker Assisted Breeding ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Rice Landrace ◽  
Salt Susceptible

A cross was made between high yielding salt susceptible BINA variety (Binadhan-5) with salt tolerant rice landrace (Harkuch) to identify salt tolerant rice lines. Thirty six F3 rice lines of Binadhan-5 x Harkuch were tested for salinity tolerance at the seedling stage in hydroponic system using nutrient solution. In F3 population, six lines were found as salt tolerant and 10 lines were moderately tolerant based on phenotypic screening at the seedling stage. Twelve SSR markers were used for parental survey and among them three polymorphic SSR markers viz., OSR34, RM443 and RM169 were selected to evaluate 26 F3 rice lines for salt tolerance. With respect to marker OSR34, 15 lines were identified as salt tolerant, 9 lines were susceptible and 2 lines were heterozygous. While RM443 identified 3 tolerant, 14 susceptible and 9 heterozygous rice lines. Eight tolerant, 11 susceptible and 7 heterozygous lines were identified with the marker RM169. Thus the tested markers could be efficiently used for tagging salt tolerant genes in marker-assisted breeding programme.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i2.16929 Progress. Agric. 19(2): 57 - 65, 2008

History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

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