scholarly journals Psychology Meets Archaeology: Psychoarchaeoacoustics for Understanding Ancient Minds and Their Relationship to the Sacred

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Valenzuela ◽  
Margarita Díaz-Andreu ◽  
Carles Escera
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Acoustical Properties ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Acoustic Environments ◽  
Made In

How important is the influence of spatial acoustics on our mental processes related to sound perception and cognition? There is a large body of research in fields encompassing architecture, musicology, and psychology that analyzes human response, both subjective and objective, to different soundscapes. But what if we want to understand how acoustic environments influenced the human experience of sound in sacred ritual practices in premodern societies? Archaeoacoustics is the research field that investigates sound in the past. One of its branches delves into how sound was used in specific landscapes and at sites with rock art, and why past societies endowed a special significance to places with specific acoustical properties. Taking advantage of the advances made in sound recording and reproduction technologies, researchers are now exploring how ancient social and sacred ceremonies and practices related to the acoustic properties of their sound environment. Here, we advocate for the emergence of a new and innovative discipline, experimental psychoarchaeoacoustics. We also review underlying methodological approaches and discuss the limitations, challenges, and future directions for this new field.

Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Platforms for Cancer Treatment: Principles, Challenges and the Road Ahead

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1311-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pala Rajasekharreddy ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Siddhardha Busi ◽  
Jobina Rajkumari ◽  
Ming-Hong Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Synthetic Approach ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Theranostic Applications ◽  
Insight Into

With the emergence of nanotechnology, new methods have been developed for engineering various nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanotheranostics is a burgeoning research field with tremendous prospects for the improvement of diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. However, the development of biocompatible and efficient drug/gene delivery theranostic systems still remains a challenge. Green synthetic approach of nanoparticles with low capital and operating expenses, reduced environmental pollution and better biocompatibility and stability is a latest and novel field, which is advantageous over chemical or physical nanoparticle synthesis methods. In this article, we summarize the recent research progresses related to green synthesized nanoparticles for cancer theranostic applications, and we also conclude with a look at the current challenges and insight into the future directions based on recent developments in these areas.

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Illusory Perception of Animals: The Impact of Methodological Variability in Cross-species Investigation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Maria Santacà ◽  
Christian Agrillo ◽  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Training Procedure ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Behavioural Research ◽  
Illusory Perception ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Although we live on the same planet, there are countless different ways of seeing the surroundings that reflect the different individual experiences and selective pressures. In recent decades, visual illusions have been used in behavioural research to compare the perception between different vertebrate species. The studies conducted so far have provided contradictory results, suggesting that the underlying perceptual mechanisms may differ across species. Besides the differentiation of the perceptual mechanisms, another explanation could be taken into account. Indeed, the different studies often used different methodologies that could have potentially introduced confounding factors. In fact, the possibility exists that the illusory perception is influenced by the different methodologies and the test design. Almost every study of this research field has been conducted in laboratories adopting two different methodological approaches: a spontaneous choice test or a training procedure. In the spontaneous choice test, a subject is presented with biologically relevant stimuli in an illusory context, whereas, in the training procedure, a subject has to undergo an extensive training during which neutral stimuli are associated with a biologically relevant reward. Here, we review the literature on this topic, highlighting both the relevance and the potential weaknesses of the different methodological approaches.

A Survey on Document-level Neural Machine Translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Sameen Maruf ◽  
Fahimeh Saleh ◽  
Gholamreza Haffari
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Current State ◽  
Evaluation Strategies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Document Level

Machine translation (MT) is an important task in natural language processing (NLP), as it automates the translation process and reduces the reliance on human translators. With the resurgence of neural networks, the translation quality surpasses that of the translations obtained using statistical techniques for most language-pairs. Up until a few years ago, almost all of the neural translation models translated sentences independently , without incorporating the wider document-context and inter-dependencies among the sentences. The aim of this survey article is to highlight the major works that have been undertaken in the space of document-level machine translation after the neural revolution, so researchers can recognize the current state and future directions of this field. We provide an organization of the literature based on novelties in modelling and architectures as well as training and decoding strategies. In addition, we cover evaluation strategies that have been introduced to account for the improvements in document MT, including automatic metrics and discourse-targeted test sets. We conclude by presenting possible avenues for future exploration in this research field.

Philippine Archaeology: Status and Prospects

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl L. Hutterer
Keyword(s):  
Present Form ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Made In

The purpose of the present essay is not to present a history of Philippine archaeology; several preliminary attempts have been made in this regard which may be consulted. Rather, the aim of this paper is to pause for a moment and look across the landscape of Philippine archaeology to assess what has been accomplished to date, to ponder strength and weaknesses of the field at this time, and to consider future directions. Nevertheless, the shape of any landscape is the result of historical events and processes that need to be taken into account if we want to understand its present form and assess its future potential and development. Thus, it will be necessary to include in the following thoughts historical perspectives which will help to explain how and why certain concepts, methods and research practices arose in the context of Philippine archaeology and came to determine our picture of Philippine prehistory.

Geriatric Psychiatry Consultation in the Community

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (8_suppl) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stolee ◽  
J. Kenneth Le Clair ◽  
Linda Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Continuing Medical Education ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Geriatric Psychiatry ◽  
Psychiatric Consultation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Outreach Services ◽  
Methodological Approaches

While increasing emphasis is being placed on geriatric psychiatry consultation and outreach services, there is considerable variation in terms of the composition and direction of these programs. Programs vary in terms of their objectives, location, target population, use of health professions and other resources and their method of consultation. The purposes of this paper are to review the characteristics of existing programs, to review the needs of the targets of consultation and to consider theoretical and methodological approaches which have been found to be useful in mental health/psychiatric consultation, in continuing medical education, and in program evaluation. On the basis of this review, future directions for effective approaches to consultative outreach in geriatric psychiatry will then be proposed.

scholarly journals Molecular Transport Junctions: An Introduction

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 376-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherie R. Kagan ◽  
Mark A. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Charge Transport ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Molecular Junction ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Molecular Scale ◽  
Molecular Charge ◽  
Made In

AbstractThis issue of MRS Bulletin on molecular transport junctions highlights the current experimental and theoretical understanding of molecular charge transport and its extension to the rapidly growing areas of molecular and carbon nanotube electronics. This introduction will outline the progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms of molecular junction transport and the challenges and future directions in exploring charge transport on the molecular scale. In spite of the substantial challenges, molecular charge transport is of great interest for its intrinsic importance to potential single-molecule electronic, thin-film electronic, and optoelectronic applications.

scholarly journals The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 6441-6489 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Duggen ◽  
N. Olgun ◽  
P. Croot ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
H. Dietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Iron Cycle ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Iron is a key micronutrient for phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. Yet the significance of volcanism for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle is poorly constrained. Recent studies, however, suggest that offshore deposition of airborne ash from volcanic eruptions is a way to inject significant amounts of bio-available iron into the surface ocean. Volcanic ash may be transported up to several tens of kilometres high into the atmosphere during large-scale eruptions and fine ash may encircle the globe for years, thereby reaching even the remotest and most iron-starved oceanic areas. Scientific ocean drilling demonstrates that volcanic ash layers and dispersed ash particles are frequently found in marine sediments and that therefore volcanic ash deposition and iron-injection into the oceans took place throughout much of the Earth's history. The data from geochemical and biological experiments, natural evidence and satellite techniques now available suggest that volcanic ash is a so far underestimated source for iron in the surface ocean, possibly of similar importance as aeolian dust. Here we summarise the development of and the knowledge in this fairly young research field. The paper covers a wide range of chemical and biological issues and we make recommendations for future directions in these areas. The review paper may thus be helpful to improve our understanding of the role of volcanic ash for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle, marine primary productivity and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and other gases relevant for climate throughout the Earth's history.

Influence of Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium on the Acoustic Properties of Gases

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonna E. Molevich ◽  
Anatoly I. Klimov ◽  
Vladimir G. Makaryan
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Dispersion Coefficients ◽  
Acoustical Properties ◽  
Nonequilibrium Gas ◽  
Gas Plasma ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

This paper is a brief review of results of experimental and theoretical studies in the field of acoustics of nonequilibrium gas-plasma media. New acoustical properties of nonequilibrium media caused by the change in sign of the second viscosity and the dispersion coefficients are considered. Such media are acoustically active. Conditions are discussed for generating new nonlinear acoustical structures.

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