scholarly journals Exploring Paternal Mentalization Among Fathers of Toddlers Through a Clay-Sculpting Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehama Grenimann Bauch ◽  
Michal Bat Or
Keyword(s):  
Art Therapy ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Active Approach ◽  
Paternity Leave ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Previous Sample ◽  
First Time ◽  
Parent Child Relationships

This study explored parental mentalization processes as they unfolded during a sculpting task administered to fathers of toddlers. Parental mentalization—the parent’s ability to understand behavior (his/her own as a parent and that of their child) based on its underlying mental states (Luyten et al., 2017)—is considered crucial within parent–child relationships (Fonagy et al., 1998) and child development (Steele and Steele, 2008). Eleven Israeli first-time fathers (n = 11) of children aged 2–3 (mean = 2.3) were asked to sculpt a representation of themselves with their child using clay. Following the task, the fathers were interviewed while observing the sculpture they had created. Qualitative thematic analysis integrated three types of data—video footage of the sculpting processes, the sculptures themselves, and the transcripts of the post-sculpting interviews. By focusing on data extracts relating to mentalization processes, three main aspects of the clay-sculpting task and interview were identified as processes that either preceded controlled mentalization instances and/or related to their underlying dynamics: (1) discussing the sculpting process elicited the father’s curiosity and wonder; (2) observing the sculpture/sculpting process revealed gaps in paternal representations; and (3) the preplanning of the sculptures sparked non-verbal exploration of metaphors and symbolism. Special attention was given, in the analysis, to the interplay between verbal and non-verbal aspects of mentalization as they appeared in the metaphorical representations that arose through the sculpting process. Comparing this sample to a previous sample of mothers who were given the same task, similarities and differences were explored, with specific reference to topics of embodiment, gender roles, paternity leave, and an active approach in art therapy. The discussion indicates that clay sculpting may offer unique insight into implicit parental mentalization. Possible clinical applications are discussed, with reference to attachment theory and clinical art therapy approaches.

scholarly journals In the Blink of an Eye: Reading Mental States From Briefly Presented Eye Regions

i-Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 204166952096111
Author(s):  
Gunnar Schmidtmann ◽  
Andrew J. Logan ◽  
Claus-Christian Carbon ◽  
Joshua T. Loong ◽  
Ian Gold
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Presentation Time ◽  
The Mind ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Eye Region

Faces provide not only cues to an individual’s identity, age, gender, and ethnicity but also insight into their mental states. The aim was to investigate the temporal aspects of processing of facial expressions of complex mental states for very short presentation times ranging from 12.5 to 100 ms in a four-alternative forced choice paradigm based on Reading the Mind in the Eyes test. Results show that participants are able to recognise very subtle differences between facial expressions; performance is better than chance, even for the shortest presentation time. Importantly, we show for the first time that observers can recognise these expressions based on information contained in the eye region only. These results support the hypothesis that the eye region plays a particularly important role in social interactions and that the expressions in the eyes are a rich source of information about other peoples’ mental states. When asked to what extent the observers guessed during the task, they significantly underestimated their ability to make correct decisions, yet perform better than chance, even for very brief presentation times. These results are particularly relevant in the light of the current COVID-19 pandemic and the associated wearing of face coverings.

scholarly journals How adolescents use an online question-answer (QA) service to address their mental issues

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sand ◽  
G Tøndel ◽  
E Lassemo
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mental Issues

Abstract Background Ung.no is Norway’s largest information website directed at adolescents, with more than 800 000 users per month. Ung.no offers an online QA service in which 13-20-year-olds post their questions and get answers from professionals. Anonymous answers are publicly available online. Descriptive analysis of over 125 000 questions written to ung.no from 2016-2018 showed that most adolescents asked questions about body and health. Subsequent qualitative content analyses of the body-and-health-questions showed that mental health is one of the most prominent topics in the adolescents’ questions. The aim of the present study is to investigate how adolescents use the QA service to address mental issues. Methods A random selection of 360 questions - stratified by age and gender - concerning body and health were made. The questions were analysed by use of a qualitative thematic analysis with a functional textual approach, i.e. examining the questions’ linguistic functions. Results In the sample, 20 % of the questions concerned mental issues, ranging from negative feelings of sadness, fear or anger, to disorders such as psychosis and depression and grave issues such as suicidal thoughts and self-harm. Three main functions of the adolescents’ questions were identified: 1) Telling about their troubles for the first time; some of them did not ask a question in their post, they just described their feelings; 2) Asking what to do when nothing else has been of help and 3) Seeking confirmation of information they have already received from health experts, teachers, parents or friends, or read on the internet. Conclusions A low threshold service such as an anonymous QA service seems to be useful for adolescents when they need and want to tell about their mental issues or seek help, often for the first time. The outreach of the ung.no QA service is universal, and hence has great potential public health impact. Key messages Adolescents use a low threshold online QA service to address a wide range of mental problems. Adolescents use a low threshold online QA service to tell about their mental issues for the first time.

scholarly journals A New Record For The Flora of Iraq: Astragalus vogelii (Papilionaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 904 (1) ◽  
pp. 012027
Author(s):  
M O Mousa ◽  
N M Abood ◽  
S S Shahatha
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
National Herbarium ◽  
Previous Sample ◽  
Flora Of Iraq ◽  
First Time

Abstract The Western Desert is a wide area of Iraq, it is bordered by three Arab countries, and characterized by the great plant diversity in the rainy years, including year 2019, during the spring season of the same year, a number of field trips were carried out in which wild plants were collected, and among them was Astragalus vogelii (webb) Bornm. of the papilionaceae family for the first time in Iraq, specifically in the Obealah valley, which intersects with the highway road towards Jordan and Syria (about 18 km. west of Rutba). The species was identificated according to the Flora of neighboring and near countries, the morphological description of the sprcies was done through a taxonomic treatment supported by photographic and microscopic images for all floral and vegetative parts, as well as anatomical description of the stem based on the cross section. Amap was also developed the specifies the locations of the species distribution. After making sure that there was no previous sample for the species in the Iraqi Herbaria, the sample of this study were deposited in the Iraqi National Herbarium with numbers 60340, 60341, 60342 and in the Anbar University Herbarium with numbers 6670, 6671, 6672 and 6673.

Rethinking the Islamic Republican Canon

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-87
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Shams
Keyword(s):  
Specific Reference ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
First Time

The opening chapter tackles the problematic aspects of literary canonization, with specific reference to the complex process of literary de-canonization and re-canonization in the wake of 1979 revolution. It introduces, for the first time, the work and lives of two generations of poets who belong to the Islamic Republic’s canon of poetry, their approach to, and relationship with, the Persian poetic tradition. The reader thus begins the book grounded in the foundations of a poetic trend in modern Iran that was sponsored and promoted by the establishment following the 1979 revolution. While introducing the ‘key figures’ of the Islamic Republic’s official canon of poetry, the chapter throws light on the complex and multilayered process of reshaping the pre-revolutionary poetry canon in years preceding and following the 1979 revolution

Intensive Care Nurses’ Experiences Related to Dying Patients: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110518
Author(s):  
Selin Keskin Kızıltepe ◽  
Zeliha Koç
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Coping Methods ◽  
Intensive Care Nurses ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Dying Patients ◽  
First Time ◽  
Purposive Sample

Objective: To describe intensive care nurses’ experiences of caring for dying patients. Method: This study was carried out between July 15, 2019, and September 15, 2019, in a university hospital’s intensive care unit. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 14 intensive care nurses to describe their experiences related to patient deaths. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to identify, analyse and report the identified themes. Results: Four themes were identified: (I) Emotions experienced the first time their patient passed away; (II) feelings and thoughts on impact of death; (III) difficulties encountered when providing care and (IV) coping methods with this situation. Conclusion: Despite the passage of time, nurses are unable to forget their death experiences when they first encountered. They oftentimes use ineffective methods of coping and were negatively affected physically and emotionally.

The Investigation of Personality in Patients Treated by Prefrontal Leucotomy

1942 ◽  
Vol 88 (371) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Psychological Medicine ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mere Addition

I have been fortunate in having the opportunity of studying several of the 15 patients treated by prefrontal leucotomy in connection with the Burden Neurological Institute. I do not propose to discuss the clinical results; it is much too early as yet for any authoritative opinion to be given, and a brief review of the literature and of the early results of the first 8 cases in this series was recently published in the Lancet. It may be mentioned, however, that the results are such as to justify the cautious adoption of this operation for therapeutic purposes. Although obviously any procedure of this kind is only justifiable on therapeutic grounds, its value for psychological medicine is far more than the mere addition of another effective therapeutic method, since for the first time in history an opportunity has been presented for the study of changes in personality produced by a relatively standardized local lesion of the brain, enabling us to investigate as never before the role of the frontal lobe in normal and abnormal mental states. This investigation involves the study and correlation of both neurological and psychological data, and encounters all the difficulties inherent in such correlation.I am only too well aware of the extremely hypothetical nature of much that follows, and of the crying need for experimental evidence to confirm or refute the view here propounded, but I believe that our knowledge of mental disorders would be immeasurably advanced could we but discover the rationale underlying our present empirical methods of therapy.

A Case of Kleine-Levin Syndrome in India

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (540) ◽  
pp. 517-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Prabhakaran ◽  
G. K. Murthy ◽  
U. L. Mallya
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Adolescent Males ◽  
Original Case ◽  
First Time

The Kleine-Levin Syndrome, first categorized by Critchley and Hoffman in 1942, consists of periodic hypersomnia and megaphagia associated with abnormal mental states. Though a case of hypersomnia with doubtful megaphagia was described by J. A. Antimoff as far back as 1898, the first two cases definitely belonging to the syndrome lie hidden in a group of five cases reported by Willi Kleine (1925), a psychiatrist of the Kleist Clinic, Frankfurt, under the title of ‘Periodische Schlafsucht’. The patients were adolescent males who showed periodic hypersomnia with eating of excessive food and an unusual mental state. Writing on narcolepsy, a New York psychiatrist, Max Levin (1929), described a boy who exhibited pathological hunger in association with episodes of sleep of unusual duration. ‘The patient would sleep for long periods at the beginning of each attack. His appetite was enormous. He ate large meals and much in between meals. Max Levin rewrote his original case in 1936, and for the first time made specific mention of a ‘syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger as a new entity in nosology’ and quoted seven cases as ‘good’ examples of the syndrome.

The law of Periandros about Symmories

1986 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Macdowell
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time ◽  
Legal Sense

The speechAgainst Euergos and Mnesiboulosdescribes a dispute over some naval gear. The dispute occurred early in the year 357/6 b.c.⋯π' Ἀγαθοκλ⋯ους ἄρχοντος, Dem. 47.44), when the speaker was a trierarch and supervisor of his symmory (τρɩηραρχ⋯ν κα⋯ ⋯πɩμελητ⋯ς ὢν τ⋯ς συμμορ⋯ας, Dem. 47.22), and he refers to ‘the law of Periandros, by which the symmories were organized’ (⋯ νóμος ⋯ το⋯ Περɩ⋯νδρου…καθ' ὃν αἰ συμμορ⋯αɩ συνετ⋯χθησαν, Dem. 47.21). There is no other specific reference to the law of Periandros. If 357/6 was the first year of its operation, it was probably passed in 358/7, but that is not known for certain. The identity of the man is likewise uncertain, though it has plausibly been suggested that he was Periandros son of Polyaratos (Dem. 40.6–7) and that he was the Periandros who proposed an alliance between Athens and Arkadia in 362/1 (IGii2112 = Tod 144). However, his identity is of no importance for the present article. Here I am concerned only to try to reconstruct what the law said about the symmories. Despite a great deal of modern discussion this question has still not been satisfactorily solved.The wordσυμμορ⋯αmeans ‘group’ or ‘division’ and does not necessarily have a technical or legal sense. But most of the Attic instances do have the special sense of a group of persons formed for the purpose of making payments of a compulsory tax or levy: either the property tax calledεἰσɸορ⋯, which was imposed at irregular intervals, or payments towards the maintenance of ships in the Athenian navy, which were required every year. A fragment of Philokhoros says that Athenians were dividedκατ⋯ συμμορ⋯αςfor the first time in 378/7, and it is generally agreed that this means that symmories were first formed in 378 for the payment ofeisphora. For the navy, however, there is no trace of symmories before the 350s, and everyone agrees that it was the law of Periandros which introduced the use of symmories for maintaining ships, which had previously been the sole responsibility of one trierarch or (more usually in the fourth century) a pair of syntrierarchs for each ship.

scholarly journals Comorbidity between depression and anxiety: assessing the role of bridge mental states in dynamic psychological networks

BMC Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin N. Groen ◽  
Oisín Ryan ◽  
Johanna T. W. Wigman ◽  
Harriëtte Riese ◽  
Brenda W. J. H. Penninx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Symptom Clusters ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders is common. A hypothesis of the network perspective on psychopathology is that comorbidity arises due to the interplay of symptoms shared by both disorders, with overlapping symptoms acting as so-called bridges, funneling symptom activation between symptom clusters of each disorder. This study investigated this hypothesis by testing whether (i) two overlapping mental states “worrying” and “feeling irritated” functioned as bridges in dynamic mental state networks of individuals with both depression and anxiety as compared to individuals with either disorder alone, and (ii) overlapping or non-overlapping mental states functioned as stronger bridges. Methods Data come from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). A total of 143 participants met criteria for comorbid depression and anxiety (65%), 40 participants for depression-only (18.2%), and 37 for anxiety-only (16.8%) during any NESDA wave. Participants completed momentary assessments of symptoms (i.e., mental states) of depression and anxiety, five times a day, for 2 weeks (14,185 assessments). First, dynamics between mental states were modeled with a multilevel vector autoregressive model, using Bayesian estimation. Summed average lagged indirect effects through the hypothesized bridge mental states were compared between groups. Second, we evaluated the role of all mental states as potential bridge mental states. Results While the summed indirect effect for the bridge mental state “worrying” was larger in the comorbid group compared to the single disorder groups, differences between groups were not statistically significant. The difference between groups became more pronounced when only examining individuals with recent diagnoses (< 6 months). However, the credible intervals of the difference scores remained wide. In the second analysis, a non-overlapping item (“feeling down”) acted as the strongest bridge mental state in both the comorbid and anxiety-only groups. Conclusions This study empirically examined a prominent network-approach hypothesis for the first time using longitudinal data. No support was found for overlapping mental states “worrying” and “feeling irritable” functioning as bridge mental states in individuals vulnerable for comorbid depression and anxiety. Potentially, bridge mental state activity can only be observed during acute symptomatology. If so, these may present as interesting targets in treatment, but not prevention. This requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER FONAGY ◽  
MARY TARGET
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Reflective Function ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The Relationship

The paper traces the relationship between attachment processes and the development of the capacity to envision mental states in self and others. We suggest that the ability to mentalize, to represent behavior in terms of mental states, or to have “a theory of mind” is a key determinant of self-organization which is acquired in the context of the child's early social relationships. Evidence for an association between the quality of attachment relationship and reflective function in the parent and the child is reviewed and interpreted in the context of current models of theory of mind development. A model of the development of self-organization is proposed which has at its core the caregiver's ability to communicate understanding of the child's intentional stance. The implications of the model for pathological self-development are explored, with specific reference to the consequences of maltreatment.

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