scholarly journals What Influences People’s Tradeoff Decisions Between CO2 Emissions and Travel Time? An Experiment With Anchors and Normative Messages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Andersson ◽  
Ulla Ahonen-Jonnarth ◽  
Mattias Holmgren ◽  
John E. Marsh ◽  
Marita Wallhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Motivational Factor ◽  
Normative Message ◽  
The Many ◽  
Normative Messages ◽  
Car Travel ◽  
Climate Disaster ◽  
Do So

One of the today’s greatest challenges is to adjust our behavior so that we can avoid a major climate disaster. To do so, we must make sacrifices for the sake of the environment. The study reported here investigates how anchors (extrinsic motivational-free information) and normative messages (extrinsic motivational information) influence people’s tradeoffs between travel time and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of car travel and whether any interactions with environmental concern (an intrinsic motivational factor) can be observed. In this study, people received either a CO2, health or no normative message together with either a high anchor, a low anchor, or no anchor. People that received both a high anchor and a CO2 emission normative message were willing to travel for a longer time than those that only received a high anchor. If a low anchor was presented, no differences in willingness to travel for a longer time were found between the three different conditions of normative message groups, i.e., CO2 normative message, health normative message, or no normative message. People with higher concern for the environment were found to be willing to travel for a longer time than those with lower concern for the environment. Further, this effect was strongest when a high anchor was presented. These results suggest that anchors and normative messages are among the many factors that can influence people’s tradeoffs between CO2 emission and travel time, and that various factors may have to be combined to increase their influence over pro-environmental behavior and decisions.

Determining Optimum Transit Signal Priority Implementation Locations on a Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (10) ◽  
pp. 387-400
Author(s):  
Murat Bayrak ◽  
S. Ilgin Guler
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Solution Method ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Transit Signal Priority ◽  
Passenger Travel ◽  
Total Travel Time ◽  
Network Operations ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Car Travel ◽  
Do So

Transit signal priority (TSP) can be used to improve bus operations at intersections. However, implementing TSP can often increase the delay of non-transit modes. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of TSP both on car and bus operations to determine optimal locations to equip with TSP to improve network operations. To do so, the link transmission model is used to evaluate the travel times of both cars and buses on the network while accounting for dynamic queuing and queue spillover. This method is then used to evaluate different combinations of locations for TSP implementation and to determine the optimal configuration that can minimize the total travel time of network users, including bus and car passengers. The sensitivity of the proposed algorithm to demand level, changes in transit network, implementation strategy, and solution method are also evaluated. For all tested scenarios, the TSP configurations found to be optimum achieve a significant reduction of total bus passenger travel time while creating minimal effect on total car travel time. The results reveal that in general, not all intersections should be equipped with TSP, and intersections that carry high demand within a network are promising locations for TSP implementation to reduce the total travel time of network users. Additionally, it is found that the total travel time of network users can be further decreased by only activating TSP for buses with more than a certain number of on-board passengers.

Emerson's Memory Loss

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hanlon
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Margaret Fuller ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Emerson’s Memory Loss is about an archive of texts documenting Emerson’s intellectual state during the final phase of his life, as he underwent dementia. It is also about the way these texts provoke a rereading of the more familiar canon of Emerson’s thinking. Emerson’s memory loss, Hanlon argues, contributed to the shaping of a line of thought in America that emphasizes the social over the solipsistic, the affective over the distant, the many over the one. Emerson regarded his output during the time when his patterns of cognition transformed profoundly as a regathering of focus on the nature of memory and of thinking itself. His late texts theorize Emerson’s experience of senescence even as they disrupt his prior valorizations of the independent mind teeming with self-sufficient conviction. But still, these late writings have succumbed to a process of critical forgetting—either ignored by scholars or denied inclusion in Emerson’s oeuvre. Attending to a manuscript archive that reveals the extent to which Emerson collaborated with others—especially his daughter, Ellen Tucker Emerson—to articulate what he considered his most important work even as his ability to do so independently waned, Hanlon measures the resonance of these late texts across the stretch of Emerson’s thinking, including his writing about Margaret Fuller and his meditations on streams of thought that verge unto those of his godson, William James. Such ventures bring us toward a self defined less by its anxiety of overinfluence than by its communality, its very connectedness with myriad others.

scholarly journals Alternative Exhaust Emission Factors from Vehicles in On-Road Driving Tests

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3487
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gis ◽  
Maciej Gis ◽  
Jacek Pielecha ◽  
Kinga Skobiej
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Vehicle Category ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
European Union Legislation ◽  
Do So

On-road driving tests are performed to determine the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from vehicles. These primarily include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number. However, there is a lack of indicators that combine the first three substances that are the most important in assessing the environmental aspects of vehicles. The purpose of this article is to indicate the possibility of assessing emissions in real driving conditions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles of different categories. In order to do so, a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and an instrument for measuring the particle number were used. The tests were carried out on routes designed to comply with the requirements and regulations laid down in the European Union legislation. On-road emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particle number have been determined. Factors have been determined as the multiplication of these compounds for each vehicle category in three phases of the test: urban, rural, and motorway. A new way of assessing emissions from vehicles using new factors has been proposed.

scholarly journals Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Cialdini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Normative Appeals ◽  
Normative Message ◽  
Normative Messages

It is widely recognized that communications that activate social norms can be effective in producing societally beneficial conduct. Not so well recognized are the circumstances under which normative information can backfire to produce the opposite of what a communicator intends. There is an understandable, but misguided, tendency to try to mobilize action against a problem by depicting it as regrettably frequent. Information campaigns emphasize that alcohol and drug use is intolerably high, that adolescent suicide rates are alarming, and—most relevant to this article—that rampant polluters are spoiling the environment. Although these claims may be both true and well intentioned, the campaigns' creators have missed something critically important: Within the statement “Many people are doing this undesirable thing” lurks the powerful and undercutting normative message “Many people are doing this.” Only by aligning descriptive norms (what people typically do) with injunctive norms (what people typically approve or disapprove) can one optimize the power of normative appeals. Communicators who fail to recognize the distinction between these two types of norms imperil their persuasive efforts.

Thank you to our contributors

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (26) ◽  
pp. 104.1-104
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

Articles in the Bulletin have been unsigned since it began. This is because they aim to present a consensus view which incorporates contributions from many people, including specialists, general practitioners and members of the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the Bulletin’s Advisory Council. We are very grateful to them all, but although we have often been asked who they are, we cannot name the many hundreds who have helped us in any one year. However, we can at least name those not listed in our tailpiece who have taken a major share in the production of articles published in the last year, and do so now.

Sitting through life? Psychosocial Antecedents of Sedentary Behaviour in a Post-Secondary Setting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Calderhead
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Descriptive Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
Setting Theory ◽  
Normative Message ◽  
Normative Messages

Currently, there is a paucity of research on the psychosocial antecedents of sedentary behaviour (SB) in a post-secondary setting. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) constructs may influence sedentary behaviour amongst students. Further, normative messages may be one tool for altering perceptions of sedentary behaviour. However, the effect of descriptive norm messages on sedentary behaviour is currently unknown. The primary purpose of this study is to examine students’ perceptions of sedentary behaviour; the secondary purpose is to investigate whether the receipt of a normative message is an efficacious tool for reducing students’ sedentary behaviour. Post-secondary students will complete an online questionnaire and will randomly receive an injunctive norm, descriptive norm, or control sedentary behaviour message. The questionnaire will measure demographics, TPB constructs, and self-reported SB. One week later, they will complete the same questionnaire. Multiple regression and ANOVAs will be used to address the two study purposes, respectively. Results may inform future interventions aimed at decreasing students’ sedentary behaviour levels.

Demystifying intuition as the main decision system used by farmers.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nuthall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Decision System ◽  
Intuitive Process ◽  
Important Improvement ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

Abstract Over the decades, many researchers have explored the concept of intuition as a decision-making process. However, most of this research does not quantify the important aspects of intuition, making it difficult to fully understand its nature and improve the intuitive process, enabling an efficient method of decision-making. The research described here, through a review of the relevant literature, demystifies intuition as a decision system by isolating the important intuition determining variables and relating them to quantitative intuition research. As most farm decisions are made through intuition, farmers, consultants, researchers and students of farm management will find the review useful, stimulating efforts for improving decision-making skills in farmers. The literature search covered all journals and recent decades and includes articles that consider the variables to be targeted in improving intuitive skill. This provides a basis for thinking about intuition and its improvement within the farming world. It was found from the literature that most of the logical areas that should influence decisions do in fact do so and should be targeted in improving intuition. One of the most important improvement processes is a farmer's self-criticism skills through using a decision diary in conjunction with reflection and consultation leading to improved decisions. This must be in conjunction with understanding, and learning about, the many other variables also impacting on intuitive skill.

Car travel time and accessibility by bus to general practitioner services: a study using patient registers and GIS

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Lovett ◽  
Robin Haynes ◽  
Gisela Sünnenberg ◽  
Susan Gale
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Car Travel

scholarly journals Evolution and the City

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (02) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Adrian Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Scientific Principle ◽  
The City ◽  
Natural Way ◽  
Do So

This article analyzes the organization of a city in terms of how well it enables humans to move from any point to the whole area. In accordance with Constructal Law, the natural way to assemble and connect a road and street network is to ensure that travel time is reduced at every turn and with every change in the flow design. The article also highlights that predicting the future and constructing changes based on a proven scientific principle is much faster and more economical than trial and error. Due to the modern technology, urban design expands not only outward, into suburbs, and inward, toward dense city centers, but also vertically. Experts suggest that if we can anticipate the urban features that emerge naturally from the need for greater access, we can plan ahead and design with confidence the features that not only serve the population, but do so with staying power. A city is a live flow system with freely changing architecture, many small streets, few large streets, and beltways.

The Development of High-Speed Aircraft

1924 ◽  
Vol 28 (159) ◽  
pp. 158-188
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Short Notice ◽  
The Many ◽  
Do So

I must apologise for the many shortcomings of this paper and plead in excuse that it has been very hurriedly prepared. When I was asked at short notice to write a paper in place of Squadron-Leader Maycock’s, I somewhat rashly undertook to do so, but it has proved a formidable task in the very limited time available.

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