scholarly journals Motivational Tendency Differences Between the Pre-qin Confucianism and Legalism by Psycholinguistic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Hu ◽  
Miaorong Fan ◽  
Feng Huang ◽  
Tingshao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Comparative Research ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Political Methodology ◽  
Classical Text ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Among the hundred schools of thought that flourished during the pre-Qin era, Confucianism and Legalism are the most important ones as their thoughts cast a longstanding influence on the Chinese culture—cultural-psychological formation of the Chinese people. Most of the previous researches focused on analyzing the similarities and differences of the thoughts of Confucianism and Legalism, and few of them analyzed their motivational tendencies. This paper conducted a word frequency analysis of pre-Qin Confucian and Legalist classics with CC-LIWC, an independently developed program for classical text analysis, and made comparative research into the motivational tendencies of the two schools of thought in terms of psycholinguistic differentials. According to our research results, the use of words representing power (M = 0.1377, SD = 0.0104, p = 0.014) and reward (M = 0.0151, SD = 0.0042, p = 0.037) is more frequent in Legalist classics than in Confucian classics, whereas the use of words representing affiliation (p = 0.066), risk (p = 0.086), and achieve (p = 0.27) shows no significant difference between Confucian and Legalist classics. This paper believes that both Confucianism and Legalism are mainly motivated by power, which is the most distinct feature of their motivational tendencies, and that Legalism is more motivated by power and reward than Confucianism; both Confucianism and Legalism are outcomes of the monarchy society with the former showing the reserved side of monarchy and the latter showing the uninhibited side of monarchy; an effective political methodology is absent in Confucianism, while utilitarianism constitutes the cornerstone of the political philosophy of Legalism.

scholarly journals An Ordoliberal Interpretation of Adam Smith

ORDO ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Klump ◽  
Manuel Wörsdörfer
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Social Market Economy ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Interdependent System ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Social Market ◽  
Insight Into

SummaryThe aim of the following paper is to examine the complementarities (and divergences) between the ‘Paleo-liberal’ Adam Smith and the Ordoliberal Walter Eucken. Following the hypothesis that Smith is among the forerunners and predecessors of Ordoliberalism and Social Market Economy, we try to provide the reader with an insight into the socio-political philosophy of Smith and Eucken pointing at similarities and differences alike. Therefore, we base our examination on a systematic primary source text analysis comparing the books and essays written by Eucken and Smith. The paper tackles these questions in two main steps: The first part highlights Smith’s and Eucken’s complex and interdependent system of natural liberty. The second section reviews Smith’s and Eucken’s philosophy of the state.

الدين في عيون الصينيين المعاصرين وضرورة دعوتهم إلى الإسلام (Islam in the View of Contemporary Chinese and the Need to Invite Them to Islam)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
يونس عبد الله ما تشنغ بين الصيني
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Political Openness ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Global Force ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Populous Country

تعد الصين أكبر دولة في العالم من حيث عدد سكانها إذ وصل العدد إلى ألف وثلاثمائة مليون نسمة، وهو يمثل أقل من ربع سكان العالم. وقد صارت هذه الدولة بعد الانفتاح السياسي والإصلاح الاقتصادي قوة عالمية تغزو العالم كله بمنتجاتها المتنوعة، الأمر الذي جعل العالم كله ينظر إليها بإعجاب وتقدير. ومع هذا التقدم الهائل في الجانب المادي أصبح الفراغ الروحي مشكلة كبيرة تقلق قادة الصين السياسيين ومفكريها، وقد أدى هذا الفراغ الروحي مع توفر وسائل إشباع الرغبات الجسدية إلى انتشار الفساد الأخلاقي على جميع المستويات بالرغم من سيادة الفكر الكنفوسى الواقعي على الثقافة الصينية بشكل عام. ومن هنا يحاول هذا البحث معرفة موقف الصينيين المعاصرين من الدين عامة، ومن الإسلام خاصة مستهدفا إلى التعرف على كيفية توصيل نور الإسلام إلى قلوبهم. والبحث يتكون من مقدمة، وأربعة مباحث، وخاتمة مع توصيات. وقد اعتمد الباحث فى جمع المعلومات على المنهج الوصفى والإستقرائى القائم على الملاحظة والتجربة كما اعتمد فى دراسة الموضوع على المنهج التحليلي والنقدي لبيان ضرورة القيام بدعوة الصينيين إلى الإسلام باعتباره المنقذ الوحيد من الضلال والفساد والهلاك. ومن أهم ما توصل إليه الباحث إثبات فشل المبادئ الشيوعية في توجيه سلوك الإنسان، وتنمية القيم، وتأكيد عظمة الإيمان بالله واليوم الآخر في استقامة الإنسان، وتحسين صورته، وتحقيق السعادة الدائمة. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: الدين، الصينيون المعاصرون، الدعوة، الانفتاح السياسي، الإصلاح الاقتصادي، الفكر الكنفوسى، المبادئ الشيوعية. Abstract China is the world's most populous country with a population of 1.3 billion, representing a quarter of the world's population. This country after political openness and economic reformation has become a global force that invades the whole world with its diverse products, which has made the whole world admired and appreciated China. With this tremendous progress on the material side, the spiritual vacuum has become a major problem for the political leaders and thinkers of China. This spiritual vacuum, with the means to satisfy physical desires, has led to the spread of moral corruption at all levels, despite the predominant Confucius thought of Chinese culture in general. Hence, this research attempts to explore the position of contemporary Chinese people of religion in general and Islam in particular, aiming to identify how to connect the light of Islam to their hearts. The research consists of an introduction, four questions, and a conclusion with recommendations. The researcher relied on the descriptive and extrapolation method based on observation and experiment. He also adopted the study of the subject on the analytical and critical method of explaining the need to invite the Chinese to Islam as the only savior of misguidance, corruption and destruction. One of the most important findings of the researcher is to prove the failure of the principles of Communism in guiding human behavior, developing values, and confirming the greatness of faith in Allah and the Last Day in the integrity of man, improving man’s image and achieving lasting happiness. Keywords: religion, contemporary Chinese, advocacy, political openness, economic reformation, Confucius thought, Communist principles.  

scholarly journals The Similarities and Differences Between Chinese and Indonesia Culture

Humaniora ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Yi Ying
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This paper aims to understand the similarities and differences between Chinese and Indonesia Culture. In order to achieve this goal, five culture aspect were analyzed. They are (1) greeting and farewell; (2) thanks and apologies; (3) honorifics and Qianci; (4) praise and politely refuse; (5) dinner and gifts. The research used comparative study method. By analyzing the five aspects of the Indonesia and Chinese culture, research concludes that the Chinese and Indonesian culture have similar common greetings and farewell, honorifics and low self-esteem, praise and politely refuse, dinner and gifts; and Chinese people have not left taboo.

scholarly journals Jalan Bakti dalam Upaya Inkulturasi Injil Kristus di tengah Masyarakat Tionghoa Kristen di Indonesia

MELINTAS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Yohanes Suryadi
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Slave Mentality

<p>The ethics of ‘homage’ and its practice in the Chinese tradition is centered around the ethics of the family, but in Indonesia it might have been tainted by the ideological and political interests of the exploitating rulers. As a consequence, the various ethical-familial dimensions of a noble homage-ethics could have been manipulated as well and become a means for subtle ideological-religious oppresion. The political-ideological content of homage-ethics that has been deviated into ideological homage needs to be shown to the Chinese people in Indonesia, so that they may respond critically to the homage-tyranny that creates the slave mentality, which sometimes is tucked into the collective unconsciousness. The exploitating homage ideology in the Chinese culture might be replaced with Jesus Christ’s ‘homage theology’, which is liberating and transforming. The perfect homage act of Christ on the cross is theocentric, but it brings the grace of redemption with its total and transcendental implication, and it has the power to give birth to a ‘new human being’ free from interhuman exploitation, idolatry, immorality, and injustice.</p>

Process Philosophy and Political Liberalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Dombrowski
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Reflective Equilibrium ◽  
Process Philosophy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Static View ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Right

In this work two key theses are defended: political liberalism is a processual (rather than a static) view and process thinkers should be political liberals. Three major figures are considered (Rawls, Whitehead, Hartshorne) in the effort to show the superiority of political liberalism to its illiberal alternatives on the political right and left. Further, a politically liberal stance regarding nonhuman animals and the environment is articulated. It is typical for debates in political philosophy to be adrift regarding the concept of method, but from start to finish this book relies on the processual method of reflective equilibrium or dialectic at its best. This is the first extended effort to argue for both political liberalism as a process-oriented view and process philosophy/theology as a politically liberal view. It is also a timely defense of political liberalism against illiberal tendencies on both the right and the left.

Presentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agenagn Kebede Dagnew
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Concept

AbstractThis paper focuses on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)’s political philosophy of state and individuals. In this paper , we will see the political concept of state and state’s relation with individuals.

COMPARATIVE METHOD IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: BETWEEN PRESUMPTIONS OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-113
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA A. TROITSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The two main approaches to the use of the comparative method in legal research, functional and cultural, have some "predetermined" considerations regarding the results that will (or should) be discovered by comparing various legal phenomena — should the emphasis be on similarities or differences between these phenomena. These considerations are based on the vision of, respectively, the universal or pluralistic nature of law of various societies, and in fact they are able to correct substantially the process of cognition of legal phenomena using the comparative method, adjusting it to the desired result. In the case of similarities, we can talk about artificially narrowing the circle of countries under investigation. In the case of differences, the isolation of systems and the uniqueness of their cultural characteristics are unreasonably exaggerated. The alternative assumptions presented in the theory of comparative law regarding the existence of universal principles of law or the fundamental uniqueness of each legal system require a critical rethinking of constitutional provisions and practice in comparative studies. The use of the comparative method in constitutional law is not reducible to the implementation of the ideas of political philosophy, and objective conclusions should not be replaced by predetermined normative guidelines. The similarities and differences revealed by the researcher of constitutional ideas, norms and practices can be considered as a result of comparison of independent value.Constitutional law is associated with a variety of substantial constructs existing in the world, not excluding, however, their intercommunication. Understanding these constructions requires attention to both the similarities and the differences in specific legal orders (as well as the reasons for their functioning in this, and not another form). The use of the comparative method in the absence of striving for predetermined results is simultaneously aimed at understanding the laws of development of constitutional institutions and maintaining the horizon of their diversity as an important component of this development. Each time, the researcher should distance himself from his prejudices regarding the similarities or differences between the institutes under study, rechecking whether the obtained results are really the results of applying the comparative method, and not the initial constructions.The logic of a comparative study corresponds to the construction of theories of "middle level", aimed at forming the theoretical model of a particular legal in-stitution, taking into account the practice of implementing this institution in specific states. The focus on middle-level theories within the framework of the comparative method allows one to go beyond the description of single systems, formulate conclusions at the level of generalization that ensure the comparability of the studied objects, and at the same time maintain an understanding of the diversity of constitutional models.

“Head” Related Phrases In Chinese Language And Their Semantics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (08) ◽  
pp. 621-630
Author(s):  
Tair Akimov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Practical Life

Everyone knows that phraseological units are the most popular genre of oral folk art, which was formed as a result of life observations of the ancestors. Learning and analyzing Chinese phraseology allow us to better understand the inner world of the Chinese nation. This article reveals and semantically analyzes aspects of the word “head” that are closely related to Chinese culture. The worldview, deep logical thoughts, feelings, superstitions, lifestyle and environment of the Chinese people are described in phraseological expressions in a concise and clear form. This article discusses the semantics and features of Chinese-language phraseological phrases associated with the word “head”. Chinese-language phrases associated with “head” express meanings such as wisdom and ignorance, process of thinking, cunning,sagacity, and planning. Phraseological units in Chinese linguistics are closely related to practical life and determine such features as philosophical and ideological thinking, logical observation. Taking into account the above, the article provides a comparative analysis of phraseological units related to “head” in Chinese and Uzbek languages. The figurative meanings of the word “head” are being revealed, semantic connections and semantic structure of phrases in the sentence are in the process of learning. Chinese phraseological expressions are poorly studied in Uzbek-Chinese studies. We hope that this work will provide practical assistance to our young people who are learning Chinese.

Plato’s Politics

2019 ◽  
pp. 574-604
Author(s):  
Christopher Bobonich
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Political ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
Plato's Political Philosophy ◽  
Status Of Women

The dialogues that are most obviously important for Plato’s political philosophy include: the Apology, the Crito, the Gorgias, the Laws, the Republic, and the Statesman. Further, there are many questions of political philosophy that Plato discusses in his dialogues. These topics include, among others: (1) the ultimate ends of the city’s laws and institutions; (2) who should rule, the forms of constitution, and their ranking; (3) what institutions and offices there should be; (4) the nature and extent of citizens’ obligation to obey the laws; (5) the proper criterion of citizenship; (6) the political and social status of women; (7) the purposes of punishment; (8) private property; and (9) slavery. This chapter attempts to provide an overall picture of Plato’s political philosophy, focusing on three moments: the “Socratic” dialogues, including the Apology and the Crito; the great middle-period work, the Republic, along with the Phaedo; and finally, two works from Plato’s last period, the Statesman and the Laws.

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