The Effect of Red and Blue on Gross and Fine Motor Tasks: Confirming the Inverted-U Hypothesis

Previous studies have shown that the color red can affect basic motor functioning. However, these studies utilized simple gross motor tasks rather than those assessing complex fine motor skills. Moreover, these empirical studies were theoretically based on the threat–behavior link in human and non-human animals, and neglected the relationship between arousal and motor performance. According to the Yerkes–Dodson law and the inverted-U hypothesis in sport psychology, for simple motor tasks, high arousal (associated with the color red) is more advantageous than low arousal (associated with the color blue); for complex motor tasks, low arousal (blue color) is more advantageous than high arousal (red color). The current research examined the effect of color on different kinds of motor skills (fine motor and gross motor) based on the inverted U-hypothesis. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of red and blue on dart-throwing performance, whereas in Experiment 2, we examined the effect of red and blue on grip strength performance. The results showed that performance of fine motor skill (dart-throwing) in the blue condition was better than in the red condition, and performance of gross motor skill (handgrip) in the red context was better than in the blue context. These results indicate that the type of motor skill assessed moderates the influence of red and blue on motor performance.

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Fine and Gross Motor Skill Proficiency Differences of Children Aged 8-9 Years based on Gender

TEGAR: Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School ◽

10.17509/tegar.v4i1.28502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ricky Wibowo ◽

Didin Budiman ◽

Gano Sumarno

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Effect Size ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Medium Effect ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Female Children ◽

The Difference ◽

Gross Motor Skill ◽

Better Than

The aim of this study was to find out the proficiency differences in fine motor skills and gross motor skills based on gender. 147 children at the elementary school level were divided into two groups according to their gender. Male children were 78 children (aged 8.5±0.4) and female children were 69 children (aged 8.3±0.3). The instrument used in this research was the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–second edition (MABC-2). The statistical test used a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, while r coefficient was used to interpret the effect size. The result of the study showed that the manual agility of male children was better than female children. However, the difference was not significant and the effect size was small (p .05, r = .004). The result also showed that the catching and throwing skills of male children were better. The difference was not significant and the effect size was small (p .05, r = .023). Meanwhile, the balance of the male children was better than the female children with a significant difference and medium effect size (p .05, r = .055). In general, the result of the study shows that male children are better than female children in fine and gross motor skill mastery.

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Effects of Family Density and Mothers' Education on Preschoolers' Motor Skills

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1974.38.1.79 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Avram H. Shapiro

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Primary School ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Verbal Iq ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Maternal Schooling

Individual comparisons were used in an epidemiological framework to determine the effects of two neighborhoods, family density, and mother's education on 58 ethnically varied 3-yr.-olds in Israel. Measures included verbal IQ, gross motor skills, and fine motor skills. Significant sex differences were found in that high densities and low maternal schooling alone and in interaction related to poor motor performance for the boys. It was suggested that mothers who have at least finished primary school may act to neutralize the detrimental effects of a crowded home. Fathers' income and occupation were little associated with crowding and this seemed to reflect greater economic homogeneity within this Israeli sample.

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Adult Gross Motor Learning and Sleep: Is There a Mutual Benefit?

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2018/3076986 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Monica Christova ◽

Hannes Aftenberger ◽

Raffaele Nardone ◽

Eugen Gallasch

Keyword(s):

Motor Learning ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Performing Arts ◽

Procedural Memory ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

The Impact

Posttraining consolidation, also known as offline learning, refers to neuroplastic processes and systemic reorganization by which newly acquired skills are converted from an initially transient state into a more permanent state. An extensive amount of research on cognitive and fine motor tasks has shown that sleep is able to enhance these processes, resulting in more stable declarative and procedural memory traces. On the other hand, limited evidence exists concerning the relationship between sleep and learning of gross motor skills. We are particularly interested in this relationship with the learning of gross motor skills in adulthood, such as in the case of sports, performing arts, devised experimental tasks, and rehabilitation practice. Thus, the present review focuses on sleep and gross motor learning (GML) in adults. The literature on the impact of sleep on GML, the consequences of sleep deprivation, and the influence of GML on sleep architecture were evaluated for this review. While sleep has proven to be beneficial for most gross motor tasks, sleep deprivation in turn has not always resulted in performance decay. Furthermore, correlations between motor performance and sleep parameters have been found. These results are of potential importance for integrating sleep in physiotherapeutic interventions, especially for patients with impaired gross motor functions.

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The effect of baby solus per Aqua (Baby spa) to sensory skill, fine motor skill and gross motor skill in children aged 6-24 months di Wawa Holistic Care Mojokerto

Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia ◽

10.21927/jnki.2020.8(2).134-140 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Lida Khalimatus Sadiya ◽

Tria Wahyuningrum ◽

Lutfi Wahyuni ◽

Yunika Nurtyas

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Fine Motor ◽

P Value ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Fine Motor Skill ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills ◽

Post Test ◽

Gross Motor Skill

Background: Supporting of baby growth must be done in a comprehensive and quality manner that can be done through stimulation activities. Stimulation that is easily given actively to infants can be through tactile stimulation in the form of massages. Massage therapy can be combined with water therapy, which is a baby spa. Baby spas can be used to support the success of sensory skills, fine motor skills and gross motor skills.Objective: The study was to determine the effectiveness of Baby Spa on sensory skills, fine motor skills and gross motor skills in children aged 6-24 months.Method: The design used in this study was a pre-experimental design with a two-group pre-post-test approach. The variables in this study are the baby spa, sensory skills, fine motor skills and gross motor skills. Respondents were children aged 6 to 24 months totaling 29 children for the treatment group and 29 children for the control group. The treatment group will be treated eight times (2 times baby spa and six times massage). Previously conducted a pre-test, then after eight treatments carried out a post-test with an observation of sensory skills, fine motor skills and gross motor skills — data analysis using the Mann-Whitney test.Results: The results of data analysis on the sensory skill obtained p-value = 0.962 indicates that the baby spa is less effective against increasing sensory skills, while the fine motor skill p-value = 0,000 and gross motor skill obtained p-value = 0,000 means that the baby spa is effective against increasing fine motor skills and gross motor skills in children aged 6 to 24 months.Conclusion: That the Baby Spa is very effective against increasing fine motor skills and gross motor skills but the sensory skills are less effective. So you need sensory skill stimulation with baby spas and other methods.

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Validation of a Testbed as a Screening Tool for Telepresence Systems in Terms of Fine-Motor Performance

Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments ◽

10.1162/pres_a_00041 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 162-172

Author(s):

Lena Geiger

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Haptic Feedback ◽

Outer Space ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Space Suits ◽

Restricted Mobility ◽

Fine Motor Performance

Telepresence systems have the potential to assume an important role in on-orbit servicing scenarios. Compared to manned missions, these systems offer a safer and less expensive way to operate in outer space. One of the main goals of telepresence research is to determine whether immersive telepresence systems are able to achieve a level of efficiency which is equal to that of astronauts in tasks that require fine motor movement and dexterity. In addressing this question, it is of relevance that astronauts' fine-motor skills are restricted by a range of factors including weightlessness and space suits. In order to compare in future studies the efficiency of a telepresence system and suited astronauts in performing fine-motor tasks, a testbed was developed with typical on-orbit servicing tasks which were designed to guarantee maximum external validity. An experimental study showed that the testbed is a valid measure of fine-motor skills. Two follow-up studies examined the potentially debilitating influence of a range of factors on fine-motor performance in extravehicular activities, such as a restricted field of view, a destabilized body posture, restricted mobility, and reduced haptic feedback. The results of these studies offer a basis for comparisons between the performance of common extravehicular activities and telepresence systems on fine-motor tasks.

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PENGEMBANGAN FISIK MOTORIK ANAK USIA DINI DENGAN BERMAI

Edupedia ◽

10.35316/edupedia.v3i2.253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 67-77

Author(s):

Farhatin Masrurah ◽

Khulusinniyah Khulusinniyah

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

High Activity ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Development ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Skills Development ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Gross Motor Skills

The first five years of a children’s age is the period of rapid growth with physical and motor development. Those process will develop well if stimulated continuously. Early childhood always identic with high activity requires the opportunity to express their abilities. Therefore playing method is very urgent inchildren’s gross motor skills and fine motor skills development through a variety of playing activities both indoors and outdoors. Playing is an activity that cannot be separated from early childhood’s world. All playing activities will be carried out happily. By the same token learning by playing will be done happily without any sense of being forced or oppressed.

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Rhythmicity and Motor Skill

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1983.57.1.327 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 327-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Wendell Liemohn

Keyword(s):

Motor Skill ◽

Learning Disabled ◽

Total Variance ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Disabled Children ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Independent Variables

Noting lack of synchrony in the movement of retarded and learning disabled children led to the development of four tests requiring subjects to tap their hands in concert with a metronome. In this study the scores that 175 of these children made on the rhythmic tests were factor analyzed to obtain factor scoring coefficients; the latter were then used alone and with age in the regression analyses to predict performance on two fine and eight gross motor tasks. The proportions of total variance accounted for by the independent variables ranged from (a) .09 to .31 when the rhythmic factor-scoring coefficients were used alone and (b) .15 to .36 when age was included with the rhythmic factor-scoring coefficients.

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Efficacy of Mental Imagery in Enhancing Mental Rehearsal of Motor Skills

Journal of Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsp.4.1.41 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

E. Dean Ryan ◽

Jeff Simons

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Style ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Visual Images ◽

Single Session ◽

Physical Practice ◽

Mental Rehearsal ◽

Learning Improvement ◽

Better Than

To investigate the mental imagery aspect of mental rehearsal, 80 male traffic officers from the California Highway Patrol learned a novel balancing task during a single session. Based on a pretest questionnaire, subjects were categorized as imagers, nonimagers, or occasional imagers and assigned to one of six groups accordingly: imagers asked to use imagery in mental rehearsal, imagers asked to try not to use imagery, nonimagers asked not to use imagery, nonimagers asked to try to use imagery, physical practice, or no practice. It was hypothesized that a person's preferred cognitive style would prove most effective for use in mental rehearsal and that using another style would cause a decrement in learning. Improvement scores indicated no differences between subjects who initially reported typically using imagery and those reported typically not using it, but groups asked to use imagery in mental rehearsal were superior to those asked not to (p<.001). Overall, physical practice was better than the grouped mental rehearsal conditions, and both were better than no practice. Subjects reporting strong visual imagery were superior to those with weak visual images (p<.03), and those reporting strong kinesthetic imagery were superior to those with weak kinesthetic images (p<.03). Regardless of one's typical cognitive style, the use of vivid imagery appears quite important for enhancement of motor performance through mental rehearsal.

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Assessing Motor Performance in Preschool Children: The Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/00315125211025246 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003151252110252

Author(s):

Gerda van der Veer ◽

Erica Kamphorst ◽

Alexander Minnaert ◽

Marja Cantell ◽

Tanja H. Kakebeeke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Young Children ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Assessment Battery ◽

Movement Assessment ◽

Zurich Neuromotor Assessment ◽

Pearson Correlations

Comparing motor assessment tools that are available for young children is important in order to select the most appropriate clinical and research tools. Hence, this study compared motor performance assessed with the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment-2 (ZNA-2) to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The sample consisted of 169 children, aged 3–5 years (87 boys; 51%). We used Pearson correlations to examine relationships between the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 component and total scores. In addition, Pearson correlations were performed between individual fine motor and balance items of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2. Results were that the total scores of the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 correlated moderately ( r = .40, p < .001). Non-significant to moderate correlations were found between components ( r = −.00 to .47) and between individual items of fine motor skills ( r = .04 to .38) and balance ( r = −.12 to .38). Thus, the ZNA-2 and MABC-2 measure partly similar and partly different aspects of motor performance.

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Efficacy of fine motor and balance exercises on fine motor skills in children with sensorineural hearing loss

Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience ◽

10.3233/rnn-211156 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Elsayed S. Mehrem ◽

Lamyaa A. Fergany ◽

Said A. Mohamed ◽

Hany M. Fares ◽

Roshdy M. Kamel

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽

Motor Skills ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Control Group ◽

Fine Motor Skills ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Balance Exercises ◽

Fine Motor Performance

Background: Childhood hearing impairment is a major disability associated with delayed motor development. The affected Fine motor performance in children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) could be due to dynamic balance deficits and visual-motor incoordination. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of fine motor exercises with or without balancing exercises on fine motor skills in children with SNHL. Methods: One hundred and eighty (180) children their age ranged from 8 to 18 years old diagnosed with SNHL were selected. They were divided into three groups, 60 children (control group) practiced only their ordinary activities of daily living, 60 children (fine motor exercises group) practiced fine motor exercises, and 60 children (fine motor and balance exercise) group practiced fine motor and balance exercises. The outcomes were assessed by the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of the motor proficiency second edition scale (BOT-2). Results: Generally, there was a statistically significant difference between control group and fine motor exercises group where (p < 0.05), besides, there was a statistically significant difference between control group and fine motor and balance exercises group where (p < 0.05). But, there was no statistically significant difference between fine motor exercises group and fine motor and balance exercises group where (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The Fine Motor performance of children with SNHL has been improved by Fine motor with or without balancing exercises according to (BOT-2).

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