Physical Education Intructional Models in Volleyball Passing Material: A Literature Review

Intructional model in Physical Education becomes an important part to achieve the success of learning objectives at every level of education. Physical Education intructional model consists of various models that can be applied by the teacher. The intructional model carried out will affect a student mastery, including in passing technique learning in volleyball that has not got maximum results. Physical Education teachers implement several learning modifications, from teaching style to the use of supporting media for passing learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable intructional model for the under passing technique mastery in volleyball. The literature review technique was employed by collecting literatures from google scholar, science direct, and research gate websites. The search keyword was passing intructional model in volleyball or volleyball teaching models. The review method was chosen to find a solution related to the most appropriate volleyball intructional model for passing technique from the findings of previous research. Fourteen national journals and 1 international journal were selected based on volleyball passing learning model keyword on google scholar and had been reviewed. The results showed that there are various learning methods applied in volleyball passing learning, including practical learning models with various movement drills, pair practice, cooperative learning, game learning, jigsaw, discovery learning, peer teaching, command learning, and use of walls as media. This study concludes that, in the volleyball passing mastery, there are various models that can be applied. It recommends that further research studies the most suitable practical learning models to be applied at the Elementary School, Junior High School, and Senior High School levels.

Sport Values in Traditional Games as Playing Activities for Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the sport values in traditional games as playing activities for children. The natural activity of children is playing. The games that children play include team games and individual games. This research is a qualitative research employing a phenomenological approach method. The technique of selecting informants in this study used the Snowball Sampling technique. The subjects of this research were children, parents, and community leaders in Banjarnegara Regency understanding and knowing information about traditional games. Data collection techniques of this study consisted of observation, interview, and document analysis techniques. The data validity test used triangulation technique. Data analysis involved 4 stages, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results identified the sport valuescontained in traditional games, including cooperation, sportsmanship, honesty, struggling power, how to achieve victory, accept a defeat, self-esteem, trust, and self-confidence. Besides having positive impacts for health, traditional games can also train children to socialize with the surrounding community, know how to tolerate, help each other, and work together. Traditional games that can be found in Banjarnegara included mandahan, ular naga, marbles, engklekan, congklak, jumping rope, cublak-cublak suweng, stilts, jamuran, bentengan, and gobak sodor.

Description of Motor Skill Development and Parent Socio-Economic Status of West Java Little League Baseball Athletes

Elite sport achievement in early childhood is inseparable from parent financial supports. In Little League Baseball sport, parents invest money to help their children grow and develop optimally. Parents put their hopes and aspirations for their children to become a great Indonesian Baseball player. This study aimed at determining the socioeconomic status characteristics of the Little League Baseball athlete parents in West Java. This study used a cross-sectional study method. Sixteen parents volunteered to fill out the Social Economic Status questionnaire via Google Form. Data were analysed using percentage techniques and Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the Socio-Economic Status (SES) of the Little League Baseball athlete parents was in the middle to upper category. The athlete motor development was at a good level. The socio-economic status condition of the Little League Baseball athlete parents, who were included in the middle to upper category, had a beneficial effect on the optimal training process because the training demand fulfilment requires a financial support.

Character Strength Analysis based on Student Courage in Aquatic Activities in Elementary School

Courage should be stimulated since childhood, so it is necessary to introduce aquatic activities from an early age. The initial ability of a child courage in doing aquatic activities in the swimming pool needs to be examined to describe a child initial condition before doing activities in water games. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the character strength based on the courage of elementary school students in aquatic activities. Descriptive research method was used to describe the research results. The population of this study included 21 Grade 3 students of the Laboratory Elementary School of UPI Tasikmalaya. All 21 students aged 9-10 years (11 males and 10 females) became samples of this study, selected through a total sampling technique, to fill out a google form questionnaire. The results, obtained from the character strength analysis based on the student courage in aquatic activities, showed that all of 21 children had a high level of courage. It implies that the result of this study can be used as a material for the preparation of intervention program through aquatic activities to further develop character strengths in elementary schools.

Performance Assessment Instrument Model in Defensive Lob Learning for Elementary School Students

The study was aimed at developing a performance assessment instrument model for defensive lob learning. The research method used was Research Development method for developing an assessment instrument referring to eight stages of activity, including choosing good test criteria, analyzing the sport to be tested, selecting and looking for theoretical concept literatures, selecting test items, establishing procedures, administering expert judgements, testing the instrument, and testing the estimated level of validity and reliability. The participants involved were fifth grade elementary school students aged 11-12 years. The development of instrument referred to a performance test instrument with an individual performance assessment model. The analysis consisted of the estimation of content validity (Lawshe's CVR), test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability (interclass coefficient correlation). The results of the analysis showed that the reliability and validity of the assessment instrument obtained a good criteria significantly (p_value 0.05). The results of reliability and validity testing conclude that the developed performance assessment instrument model can be used to measure defensive lob skills in Badminton learning for Elementary School students.

First Aid Training Model for Physical Education Teachers

The student safety during Physical Education learning process is an important aspect that becomes a responsibility of every Physical Education teacher. Therefore, every Physical Education Teacher must have special supporting skills for handling and giving first aid for various types of physical problems and accidents experienced by students. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct a study aimed at developing a first aid training model for Physical Education teachers. The method used in this study was Research Development model, using the ADDIE approach (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The population of this study were Physical Education Teachers in Medan Deli District, Medan Municipality, North Sumatra Province, in 2019. The respondents included 99 Physical Education teachers selected through total sampling technique. The data collection techniques used in this study were interviews and online questionnaire distribution. The data analysis technique used was descriptive analysis technique. The research results show the total score mean (X) validation of 2 First Aid Training Experts was 71.00 and the total score mean (X) validation of 2 Physical Education Experts was 73.00. Based on the quantitative data obtained from the mean score calculation (X), the qualitative value was obtained (51.00 ≤ X ≤ 75.00). It concludes that the First Aid Training Model for Physical Education Teachers is feasible to be used as a support for Physical Education learning in schools.

Children’s Nutrition Status and Motor Development in Middle Class Parents Social Economy Status (SES)

The development of early childhood needs to be considered, considering the child is a parent investment in the future. Meeting the nutritional needs of children has an important role in achieving optimal growth and development, and is one of the determinants of achieving these needs. Nutritional status in children in the school environment often uses height and weight parameters. This study aims to determine the effect of nutritional status on early childhood on motor skills. The method used is ex-post facto in the sample of early childhood aged four to five years who have attended kindergarten with middle-level socioeconomic status. Nutritional status is known through height and weight, gross and fine motor development measured using ASQ 3rd edition. Data was processed with SPSS using the Kruskal Wallis Test analysis technique. The results show 90% of children are in the Thin category, 6.7% are in the Normal category, and 3.3% are in the obesity category. There is no influence of nutritional status on gross and fine motoric abilities in kindergarten children. The results of this study can be used as a consideration for the government to pay attention to nutritional status and motoric abilities of children, in an effort to minimize the gap between the quality of education and the various backgrounds of parents' socio-economic status.

Physical Education Teacher Ability to Utilize Technology for Conducting Distance Learning in New Normal Period

The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of physical education teachers elementary to utilize technology in distance learning during the new normal period. The method used is descriptive research. The subjects in this study were 22 public elementary school physical education teachers in a sub-district in the city of Bandung. The instrument used was Quality matter 2014. The results showed that the ability of physical education teachers in elementary schools was based on the use of technology in distance learning during the new normal period in the fair category.

Self-Check Teaching Style for Physical Education Teachers: A Literature Review

Physical Education learning is sometimes perceived monotonous by students, especially when they only carry out movements according to the command of Physical Education teacher. The majority of students are also surfeited with Physical Education learning focusing on big ball games, such as soccer, volleyball, and basketball, especially for female students or those who have insufficient physical and sport skills. The innovation in Physical Education learning teaching styles is essential. The self-check teaching style in Physical Education learning has advantages, but it has not been widely applied by Physical Education teachers. This study was aimed at analyzing and reviewing the self-check teaching style. Therefore, the review method was chosen using a synthetic matrix analysis technique. Twelve national and international journals were selected from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Research Gate websites based on self-check teaching style keywords. The results of the review found that the Self-Check teaching style had a positive effect and various benefits when it was applied by Physical Education teachers in the learning process. It recommends that further research, with a literature review model focusing on self-check teaching styles, to choose previous research focusing on certain subjects (1 subject) or a specific teaching material in certain subjects.

Thematic Physical Education Games Model for Grade 1 Elementary School Student

The application of thematic learning in Physical Education, Sports, and Health subject in Grade 1 Elementary School often faces difficulties due to the lack of physical activity reading sources and literatures that can be used as examples of activities. The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated thematic-based Physical Education game model for Grade 1 Elementary School on My Favorite theme. The research method used was the RD method developed by Borg and Gall. In the research stage, the initial developed product had been validated by 3 validators, consisting of design experts, content/material experts, and field practitioners. The product of this research was a thematic Physical Education games for Class 1 on My Favorite theme module consisting of 8 types of games adjusted to the theme and sub-theme. The results of the expert validation test obtained 93% (a very good category) for the design, 93% (a very good category) for the content/materials, and 88.75% (a good category) for the practitioner perception. It concludes that the thematic-based Physical Education game model is feasible and can be used in Physical Education learning. Teachers can use this thematic Physical Education game module as a reading source and examples of Physical Education learning activities.