scholarly journals Big Things Often Have Small Beginnings: A Review on the Development, Use and Value of Small and Big Corpora for Flemish Sign Language Linguistic Research

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrijs Wille ◽  
Inez Beukeleers ◽  
Mieke Van Herreweghe ◽  
Myriam Vermeerbergen
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Early Parent

In 1990, Vermeerbergen started the first larger-scale corpus study with (semi)spontaneous language data from adult signers on the morpho-syntactic aspects of Flemish Sign Language (VGT). After this, a number of lexicographic projects, including the collection of a 90-h corpus, led to the launch of the first online bilingual Dutch/VGT—VGT/Dutch dictionary in 2004. Since then, researchers have developed several corpora of variable sizes, with the greatest realization being the VGT Corpus. The main focus of this chapter is twofold. On the one hand the run-up to, the development and the use of the VGT Corpus will be discussed, while on the other hand smaller specific research corpora will be highlighted such as the corpus on early parent-child interaction and the multifocal eye-tracking corpus. The current chapter will discuss the research and community value of the corpora and future directions. Finally, it will elaborate on the need for corpus research, the associated advantages and disadvantages, and the obstacles faced in smaller deaf communities.

scholarly journals Neues zu überhaupt und sowieso

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-482
Author(s):  
Ute K. Boonen ◽  
Bernhard Fisseni
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Survey

Abstract This article investigates the use of überhaupt and sowieso in German and Dutch. These two words are frequently classified as particles, if only because of their pragmatic functions. The frequent use of particles is considered a specific trait common to German and Dutch, and the description of their semantics and pragmatics is notoriously difficult. It is unclear whether both particles have the same meaning in Dutch (where they are loanwords) and German, whether they can fulfil the same syntactic functions and to what extent the (semantic and pragmatic) functions of überhaupt und sowieso overlap. There has already been linguistic research on überhaupt and sowieso by Fisseni (2009) using the world-wide web and by Bruijnen and Sudhoff (2013) using the EUROPARL corpus. In the present study we critically evaluated the corpus study, integrating information on original utterance language and discussing the adequacy of this corpus. Moreover, we conducted an experimental survey collecting subjective-intuitive judgements in three dimensions, thus gathering more data on sparse and informal constructions. By using these complementary methods, we obtain a more nuanced picture of the use of überhaupt and sowieso in both languages: On the one hand, the data show where the use of both words is more similar and on the other hand, differences between the languages can also be discerned.

Hybrid polymer composite materials. Part 2. Preparation technology

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Hybrid Polymer ◽  
Preparation Technology ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hybrid Polymer Composite ◽  
The One

The main methods (pressing and winding) of the processing of hybrid polymer composites to obtain items were examined. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods were noted. Good combinations of different-module fibers (carbon, glass, boron, organic) in hybrid polymer materials are described, which allow one to prepare materials with high compression strength on the one hand, and to increase fracture energy of samples and impact toughness on the other hand.

A Review of Drug Side Effect Identification Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (26) ◽  
pp. 3096-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Deng ◽  
Yige Sun ◽  
Tianyi Zhao ◽  
Yang Hu ◽  
Tianyi Zang
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Network Methods ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The One ◽  
Approved Drugs

Drug side effects have become an important indicator for evaluating the safety of drugs. There are two main factors in the frequent occurrence of drug safety problems; on the one hand, the clinical understanding of drug side effects is insufficient, leading to frequent adverse drug reactions, while on the other hand, due to the long-term period and complexity of clinical trials, side effects of approved drugs on the market cannot be reported in a timely manner. Therefore, many researchers have focused on developing methods to identify drug side effects. In this review, we summarize the methods of identifying drug side effects and common databases in this field. We classified methods of identifying side effects into four categories: biological experimental, machine learning, text mining and network methods. We point out the key points of each kind of method. In addition, we also explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, we propose future research directions.

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

The FATE Landscape of Sign Language AI Datasets

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Danielle Bragg ◽  
Naomi Caselli ◽  
Julie A. Hochgesang ◽  
Matt Huenerfauth ◽  
Leah Katz-Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Language Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Language Technologies ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Access Mechanisms

Sign language datasets are essential to developing many sign language technologies. In particular, datasets are required for training artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems. Though the idea of using AI/ML for sign languages is not new, technology has now advanced to a point where developing such sign language technologies is becoming increasingly tractable. This critical juncture provides an opportunity to be thoughtful about an array of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics (FATE) considerations. Sign language datasets typically contain recordings of people signing, which is highly personal. The rights and responsibilities of the parties involved in data collection and storage are also complex and involve individual data contributors, data collectors or owners, and data users who may interact through a variety of exchange and access mechanisms. Deaf community members (and signers, more generally) are also central stakeholders in any end applications of sign language data. The centrality of sign language to deaf culture identity, coupled with a history of oppression, makes usage by technologists particularly sensitive. This piece presents many of these issues that characterize working with sign language AI datasets, based on the authors’ experiences living, working, and studying in this space.

scholarly journals The Image of the Family and Family Home in Małgorzata Musierowicz’s Series of Novels, and the Stereotype of the Family in Contemporary Polish Society

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Senderska ◽  
Iwona Mityk ◽  
Ewa Piotrowska-Oberda
Keyword(s):  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Patriarchal Family ◽  
Family Model ◽  
The Family ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Family Home ◽  
The One ◽  
Over 40 Years

AbstractThe article discusses the image of the family and the family home in a series of novels for young people by the popular Polish writer Małgorzata Musierowicz in the context of literary conventions and stereotypes about the family in contemporary Polish society. The novels, which cover a period of over 40 years, generally fit contemporary Polish realities; however, the didactic function of the novels results in the author creating an idealized image of the Polish intellectual family, filling the readers with optimism. The picture created by the writer, on the one hand, fits perfectly into the stereotype of the family, which is one of the values highly esteemed by Poles. On the other hand, it adapts to the conventions of novels for girls. In this article, the stereotype of the family is reconstructed on the basis of language data and surveys. We present the meanings and contexts of family as a noun and family as an adjective. We also present the results of our survey, the aim of which was to determine an essence of a stereotypical family and how the traditional family model is comprehended by respondents coming from various groups. We also present the respondents’ attitude to the patriarchal family model and the division of roles into male and female. In our opinion, the correspondence between the family picture created in the novels and the image of the family operating in social consciousness is the reason for the popularity of the series.

Enabling Real-time Sign Language Translation on Mobile Platforms with On-board Depth Cameras

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
HyeonJung Park ◽  
Youngki Lee ◽  
JeongGil Ko
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Mobile Platforms ◽  
Depth Cameras ◽  
Language Data ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Environmental Robustness ◽  
Cloud Servers

In this work we present SUGO, a depth video-based system for translating sign language to text using a smartphone's front camera. While exploiting depth-only videos offer benefits such as being less privacy-invasive compared to using RGB videos, it introduces new challenges which include dealing with low video resolutions and the sensors' sensitiveness towards user motion. We overcome these challenges by diversifying our sign language video dataset to be robust to various usage scenarios via data augmentation and design a set of schemes to emphasize human gestures from the input images for effective sign detection. The inference engine of SUGO is based on a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3DCNN) to classify a sequence of video frames as a pre-trained word. Furthermore, the overall operations are designed to be light-weight so that sign language translation takes place in real-time using only the resources available on a smartphone, with no help from cloud servers nor external sensing components. Specifically, to train and test SUGO, we collect sign language data from 20 individuals for 50 Korean Sign Language words, summing up to a dataset of ~5,000 sign gestures and collect additional in-the-wild data to evaluate the performance of SUGO in real-world usage scenarios with different lighting conditions and daily activities. Comprehensively, our extensive evaluations show that SUGO can properly classify sign words with an accuracy of up to 91% and also suggest that the system is suitable (in terms of resource usage, latency, and environmental robustness) to enable a fully mobile solution for sign language translation.

scholarly journals Nuclear mass measurements with radioactive ion beams

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 1930005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Famiano
Keyword(s):  
Mass Measurement ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Nuclear Mass ◽  
Mass Measurements ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nuclear Masses ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Very High ◽  
Practical Constraints

Nuclear masses are the most fundamental of all nuclear properties, yet they can provide a wealth of knowledge, including information on astrophysical sites, constraints on existing theory, and fundamental symmetries. In nearly all applications, it is necessary to measure nuclear masses with very high precision. As mass measurements push to more short-lived and more massive nuclei, the practical constraints on mass measurement techniques become more exacting. Various techniques used to measure nuclear masses, including their advantages and disadvantages are described. Descriptions of some of the world facilities at which the nuclear mass measurements are performed are given, and brief summaries of planned facilities are presented. Future directions are mentioned, and conclusions are presented which provide a possible outlook and emphasis on upcoming plans for nuclear mass measurements at existing facilities, those under construction, and those being planned.

Comparison of a Non Electrostatic Surface Complexation Model and Surface Phase Theories for Prediction of Future Sorption Properties.

2004 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan T. Emrén ◽  
Anna-Maria Jacobsson
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Surface Complexation ◽  
Sorption Properties ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Surface Phase ◽  
Surface Complexation Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The One

AbstractIn performance assessments, sorption of radionuclides dissolved in groundwater is mostly handled by the use of fixed Kd values. It has been well known that this approach is unsatisfying. Only during the last few years, however, tools have become available that make it possible to predict the actual Kd value in an aqueous solution that differs from the one in which the sorption properties were measured.One such approach is surface complexation (SC) that gives a detailed knowledge of the sorption properties. In SC, one tries to find what kinds of sorbed species are available on the surface and the thermodynamics for their formation from species in the bulk aqueous solution. Recently, a different approach, surface phase method (SP), has been developed. In SP, a thin layer including the surface is treated as a separate phase. In the bulk aqueous solution, the surface phase is treated as a virtual component, and from the chemical potential of this component, the sorption properties can be found.In the paper, we compare advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of models. We also investigate the differences in predicted sorption properties of a number of radionuclides (Co, Np, Th and U). Furthermore, we discuss under which circumstances, one approach or the other is preferable.

Cycles in symbol production? A new model to explain concentration, diversity and innovation in the music industry

Popular Music ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christianen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recording Industry ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
New Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One

With the publication of the article ‘Cycles in symbol production’ (Peterson and Berger 1975) a discussion started concerning the advantages and disadvantages of the production of cultural goods under market conditions. The analysis by Peterson and Berger showed a negative correlation between concentration in the recording industry, on the one hand, and the diversity and innovativeness of the music, on the other. Repetition of the analysis using data from the 1980s (Burnett 1990; Lopes 1992) has shown that for this period Peterson and Berger's hypotheses should be rejected. Is there a connection between concentration and diversity and innovation? Are there cycles in symbol production? There seems to be no conclusive answer. In this article, I will attempt to clear up this matter. First, I will repeat the analysis of the relation between concentration and diversity/innovation, using the same model as Peterson and Berger, but with different definitions for the variables concentration, diversity and innovation. Then I will suggest a new model, which can be helpful in uncovering other factors influencing diversity and innovation in the music industry. I will come to that later. Let me first give the reader a brief overview of previous research.

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