scholarly journals The More, the Merrier…? Antipsychotic Polypharmacy Treatment Strategies in Schizophrenia From a Pharmacology Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Hjorth
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Plasma Exposure ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Free Plasma

Antipsychotic polypharmacy/drug combination treatment (APP) is a remarkably common practice in the schizophrenia context, given the lack of general support in treatment Guidelines. There is also a vast literature on APP outcomes, but a paucity of high-quality evidence-based data to guide and optimize adequate use of APP. This seems particularly true regarding many pharmacology-based considerations involved in APP treatment strategies. This paper first briefly summarizes clinical literature related to the use of APP. Against this backdrop, the pharmacological target profile features are then described of frequently used antipsychotic agents, in relation to estimated free plasma exposure levels at clinically efficacious dosing. APP strategies based on the properties of these drugs are then scrutinized and gauged within the background literature framework. The anticipated usefulness of APP from the pharmacological standpoint is detailed regarding efficacy, adverse effect (AE)/tolerability, and safety perspective, including why, when, and how it may be used to its advantage. For the purpose, a number of theoretically beneficial combinations as well as instances with suboptimal—and even futile—APP approaches are exemplified and discussed from the rational pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pros and cons point-of-view. In this exposé, particular attention is paid to the utility and features of 3rd Generation Antipsychotic dopamine (DA) D2-D3 agonists within an APP setting.

Strengthening and widening of steel pony truss bridges

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Baidar Bakht ◽  
Paul F. Csagoly
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Truss Bridges ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Live Loads ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Pony Truss Bridge ◽  
Truss Bridge

There are many thousands of existing pony truss bridges in North America which were constructed in the earlier part of this century and are still serving as important traffic carriers. The present economic situation demands that these bridges should usefully serve their purpose for as long as is safely possible.These bridges could be found inadequate for either or both of the following reasons. With the exception of remote areas, operational traffic safety would require two 12-ft lanes plus adequate shoulders. Many of these old bridges are therefore unsatisfactory from the geometrical point of view. Some bridges were designed for live loads that are only a fraction of present commercial vehicle weights.A computer-oriented method of rigorous analysis of lateral buckling behaviour of pony truss bridges is briefly discussed. The method is implemented through a computer program which has been validated by experimental data. It is expected that the program would predict realistic values of load-carrying capacity of such bridges and would help to avoid many an unnecessary replacement.Various methods of strengthening and widening pony truss bridges, and their pros and cons, are discussed. It is shown that the strengthening of a few components of a pony truss bridge does not always lead to an increase in the load-carrying capacity of the bridge.

scholarly journals Complex laboratory investigations in occupational respiratory diseases

2008 ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
L. A. Ivanova ◽  
M. N. Gorizontova ◽  
Yu. V. Statsenko ◽  
I. V. Babenko ◽  
G. M. Vologzhanina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bronchial Epithelium ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Brush Biopsy ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Bronchial Mucus ◽  
Respiratory Pathology ◽  
Quartz Dust

Results of complex laboratory examination of 103 patients with dust related bronchitis caused by exposure of various industrial dusts, 22 patients with pneumoconiosis and 12 subjects not having respiratory pathology and not exposed to quartz dust or any other occupational hazards are presented in this article. Laboratory examination included morphological investigations of sputum and bronchial brush biopsy specimens, cytochemical characterization of bronchial ciliated epithelium and blood cells, and bacteriological and serological investigations of bronchial mucus. Our results demonstrated that morphological lesions of bronchial epithelium cells leading to their death followed cell dysfunction, disorders of enzyme activity, hypoxemia, predominance of Haemophilus influenzae in microflora, and significant inflammatory and allergic response in blood. These changes were found in different clinical stages of dust related bronchitis and pneumoconiosis. The findings obtained are of great importance for understanding pathogenic mechanisms of dust related lung diseases as well as from clinical point of view such as diagnosis and development of individual treatment strategies.

Anthropological filmmaking: an empirical art

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
David MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Single Author ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Film Aesthetics

This chapter provides an overview and guide to the methodology, theory, practice, and ethics of ethnographic filmmaking. Examining in turn the various uses of film in anthropology, the differences between anthropological writing and anthropological films, and the kinds of knowledge produced by each, it proceeds to discuss the practical concerns of the anthropological filmmaker: questions of point-of-view, method, and different approaches to the construction of films. It considers the pros and cons of teamwork and single-author filmmaking, aspects of film aesthetics, relationships with the subjects of films, the filmmaker’s behaviour in the field, and different modes of camera use. Finally, it addresses the different practical strategies possible for this kind of filmmaking, including a focus on individuals as subjects, the uses of narrative, and thematic approaches. Also considered is the filmmaker’s relation to the viewer, and ways of making the filmmaker’s intentions and practice more evident within the film.

Societal Implications of Wearable Technology

2016 ◽  
pp. 238-266
Author(s):  
Katina Michael ◽  
Deniz Gokyer ◽  
Samer Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Wearable Technologies ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The University

This chapter presents a set of scenarios involving the GoPro wearable Point of View (PoV) camera. The scenarios are meant to stimulate discussion about acceptable usage contexts with a focus on security and privacy. The chapter provides a wide array of examples of how overt wearable technologies are perceived and how they might/might not be welcomed into society. While the scenario is based at the University of Wollongong campus in Australia, the main implications derived from the fictitious events are useful in drawing out the predicted pros and cons of the technology. The scenarios are interpreted and the main thematic issues are drawn out and discussed. An in depth analysis takes place around the social implications, the moral and ethical problems associated with such technology, and possible future developments with respect to wearable devices.

FOREIGN TRADE IN FOREST PRODUCTS FROM A POINT OF VIEW OF AN EXPORTING COUNTRY—CANADA

1962 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Harold M. Babcock
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Forest Policies ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Significant Measure ◽  
Scattered Population

Although Canada has been blessed with an abundant store house of natural resources and enjoys a significant measure of economic and political influence throughout the world, she has a relatively small and widely scattered population. The Canadian economy is largely based on resource industries of which those producing forest products are outstanding, and the very economic existence of Canada is dependent upon her ability to export goods and services.Some of the more critical export problem areas include non-resident ownership, the wage-cost spiral, the loss of traditional markets in forest products and finally the problems associated with researching markets in foreign countries.A matter of concern to many is the lack of investment in Canada's forests although the forest resource is capable of sustaining several times present production. Most disturbed lands regenerate naturally, but not necessarily in the desired species. The questions to be asked by management foresters are: (1) should we concentrate on the production of wood fibre or, (2) should we stress the growing of known species of superior quality? The pros and cons of each of these widely divergent forest policies are easily argued.Lack of an internal market is incurable over the short term; but Canada's immigration policies, her participation in trade conferences, agreements and international organizations, and her attempts at economic diversification all help to alleviate problems associated with her dependency on foreign markets.The results of these actions coupled with a trend toward equalization between forest growth and utilization will provide the necessity and incentive for a stepped up forest investment program in Canada.

scholarly journals Pharmacodynamics of Five Anthraquinones (Aloe-emodin, Emodin, Rhein, Chysophanol, and Physcion) and Reciprocal Pharmacokinetic Interaction in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Rong Li ◽  
Xue-Fang Liu ◽  
Su-Xiang Feng ◽  
Sheng-Nan Shu ◽  
Pei-Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Plasma Exposure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aloe Emodin ◽  
Exposure Levels

(1) Background: Rhubarb anthraquinones—a class of components with neuroprotective function—can be used to alleviate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. (2) Methods: The three pharmacodynamic indicators are neurological function score, brain water content, and cerebral infarction area; UPLC-MS/MS was used in pharmacokinetic studies to detect plasma concentrations at different time points, and DAS software was used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters in a noncompartmental model. (3) Results: The results showed that the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of one of the five anthraquinone aglycones could be modified by the other four anthraquinones, and the degree of interaction between different anthraquinones was different. The chrysophanol group showed the greatest reduction in pharmacodynamic indicators comparing with other four groups where the rats were administered one of the five anthraquinones, and there was no significant difference between the nimodipine group. While the Aloe-emodin + Physcion group showed the most obvious anti-ischemic effect among the groups where the subjects were administered two of the five anthraquinones simultaneously. Emodin, rhein, chrysophanol, and physcion all increase plasma exposure levels of aloe-emodin, while aloe-emodin lower their plasma exposure levels. (4) Conclusions: This experiment provides a certain preclinical basis for the study of anthraquinone aglycones against cerebral ischemia and a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanism of interaction between anthraquinones.

Management of Multimedia Semantics Using MPEG-7

2011 ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Uma Srinivasan ◽  
Ajay Divakaran
Keyword(s):  
Multimedia Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
Content Description ◽  
Multimedia Semantics ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Content Semantics

This chapter presents the ISO/IEC MPEG-7 Multimedia Content description Interface Standard from the point of view of managing semantics in the context of multimedia applications. We describe the organisation and structure of the MPEG-7 Multimedia Description schemes which are metadata structures for describing and annotating multimedia content at several levels of granularity and abstraction. As we look at MPEG-7 semantic descriptions, we realise they provide a rich framework for static descriptions of content semantics. As content semantics evolves with interaction, the human user will have to compensate for the absence of detailed semantics that cannot be specified in advance. We explore the practical aspects of using these descriptions in the context of different applications and present some pros and cons from the point of view of managing multimedia semantics.

scholarly journals Ups and Downs of Water Photodecolorization by Nanocomposite Polymer Nanofibers

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Homaeigohar ◽  
Niharika Krishna Botcha ◽  
Eman. S. Zarie ◽  
Mady Elbahri
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Dye Molecules ◽  
Nanocomposite Polymer ◽  
Nanocomposite System ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Pros And Cons

Given the exponentially expanding water pollution causing water scarcity, there is an urgent need for operative nanotechnological systems that can purify water, with insignificant energy consumption, and rapidly. Here, we introduce a nanocomposite system based on TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and PES nanofibers (NFs) that can adsorb and then photodecompose organic water pollutants such as dye molecules. We evaluate pros and cons of this system with respect to its purification efficiency and structural properties that can be impacted by the photocatalytic activity of the nanofillers. While the material is superhydrophilic and able to remove 95% methylene blue (MB) from water via adsorption/photodecomposition, its thermomechanical properties decline upon UV irradiation. However, these properties still remain at the level of the neat NFs. The removal behavior is modeled by the first- and second-order kinetic models from the kinetic point of view. The nanocomposite NFs’ removal behavior complies much better with the second-order kinetic model. Overall, such feedbacks implied that the nanocomposite can be effectively applied for water treatment and the structural properties are still as reliable as those of the neat counterpart.

scholarly journals Polyphenols with Anti-Amyloid β Aggregation Show Potential Risk of Toxicity Via Pro-Oxidant Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatasu Kobayashi ◽  
Mariko Murata ◽  
Shosuke Kawanishi ◽  
Shinji Oikawa
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Aβ Aggregation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation has been the focus for a therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. Naturally occurring polyphenols have an inhibitory effect on Aβ aggregation and have attracted a lot of attention for the development of treatment strategies which could mitigate the symptoms of AD. However, considerable evidence has shown that the pro-oxidant mechanisms of polyphenols could have a deleterious effect. Our group has established an assay system to evaluate the pro-oxidant characteristics of chemical compounds, based on their reactivity with DNA. In this review, we have summarized the anti-Aβ aggregation and pro-oxidant properties of polyphenols. These findings could contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying the potential risk of polyphenols. We would like to emphasize the importance of assessing the pro-oxidant properties of polyphenols from a safety point of view.

scholarly journals Decoding the Mechanism of Action of Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Treatment Strategies: Does Gender Matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 949 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Herzog ◽  
Gregers Wegener ◽  
Klaus Lieb ◽  
Marianne Müller ◽  
Giulia Treccani
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Gender Specific

Gender differences play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder. This is strongly supported by a mean 2:1 female-male ratio of depression consistently observed throughout studies in developed nations. Considering the urgent need to tailor individualized treatment strategies to fight depression more efficiently, a more precise understanding of gender-specific aspects in the pathophysiology and treatment of depressive disorders is fundamental. However, current treatment guidelines almost entirely neglect gender as a potentially relevant factor. Similarly, the vast majority of animal experiments analysing antidepressant treatment in rodent models exclusively uses male animals and does not consider gender-specific effects. Based on the growing interest in innovative and rapid-acting treatment approaches in depression, such as the administration of ketamine, its metabolites or electroconvulsive therapy, this review article summarizes the evidence supporting the importance of gender in modulating response to rapid acting antidepressant treatment. We provide an overview on the current state of knowledge and propose a framework for rodent experiments to ultimately decode gender-dependent differences in molecular and behavioural mechanisms involved in shaping treatment response.

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