scholarly journals The Impacts of Flattening Fiscal Reform on Health Expenditure in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Hao ◽  
Chengxiang Tang ◽  
Junli Zhu ◽  
Jiayi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Model Specification ◽  
Transfer Payment ◽  
County Level ◽  
Fiscal Reform ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Fiscal System ◽  
The Government

Introduction: A number of provinces have implemented a fiscal reform of flattening government since the first decade of this century in China. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the influences of this government fiscal reform on county-level health expenditure. We also bring forward policy suggestions for improving county-level fiscal system and healthcare delivery.Methods: We collected a novel longitudinal county-level data from 2003 to 2010, including counties' socioeconomic data, fiscal revenue, and health expenditure. Jilin Province, Hebei Province, and Anhui Province were selected as representative samples for this policy evaluation. The study employed a time-varying difference-in-difference model specification to investigate the impacts of flattening fiscal reform on health expenditure.Results: The analyses find that the fiscal system reforms of the three provinces have a significantly positive impact on the health expenditure of county-level governments. However, we find no policy effects on the proportion of health expenditure to fiscal expenditure of county-level governments. The estimation results are robust after controlling several background variables.Conclusion: The results yield important policy insights that public finance and its reform significantly impacts health expenditures in China. The government may still need to strengthen the transfer payment system to guarantee the social welfare provision in healthcare.

Conditional cross-border effects of terrorism in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 073889422110628
Author(s):  
Ji Yeon Hong ◽  
Wenhui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
County Level ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Border Effect ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Domestic Security ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Government

This paper explores whether the cross-border effect of ethnic violence is contingent on internal factors, such as domestic security measures, distribution of religious sites, availability of communication tools, and proximity to turbulent neighboring countries. Using county-level data from Xinjiang (1995–2012), our analyses show no support for direct violence-enhancing effects of outside terrorism in Xinjiang. When terrorist attacks increase globally or in neighboring countries, overall violence in Xinjiang diminishes. We attribute this to increased security measures by the government. However, the reduction in violence is highly conditional on local factors. We find that historical religiosity and geographic proximity to the border reduce the subsident effects of external terrorism.

The government spending multiplier: Evidence from county level data

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Erickson ◽  
Victor Owusu-Nantwi ◽  
Fred Owensby
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Government

scholarly journals Health and poverty linkages for population just above the poverty line-A study done in slums of Jaipur, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Awasthi ◽  
Monika Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
The Government ◽  
Jaipur City

Abstract Universal Health Coverage, as a milestone of Sustainable Development Goal − 3 has its own predefined limitations for a resource constraint economy. Underdeveloped and developing nations are not in a position to provide critical and crucial health services to all its citizens and those who remain uncovered are likely to face financial hardships. Division of limited resources is never easy andchoosing which services to offer and to whom in order to benefit the weaker sections becomes a complex choice. This study examines, that despite the availability of health systems and insurance schemes, does a vulnerable sections of the societyremains unprotected against Catastrophic Health Expenditure. Is catastrophic health expenditure leading to impoverishment in urban poor of Jaipur city? Primary data was collected from 426 households of urban slums of Jaipur City. It was found that of all the households, 8.1 percent households incurred Catastrophic Health Expenditure. The mean excess of expenditure over the defined threshold (i.e. 40 percent of non-subsistence household expenditure) was 33 percent for households which incurred Catastrophic Health Expenditure. There was a significant association between increased health expenditure and curtailment in expenditure on food and clothing by households, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 respectively. There was a significant rise in impoverishment in urban slums because of out of pocket expenditures on health. There was an absolute 1 percent rise (2.8 percent to 3.8 percent) in poverty on the basis of National Poverty Line and 2.6 percent (37.1 percent to 39.7 percent) when International Poverty Line estimates were taken. Increase in normalized mean positive poverty gap from 29.8 percent to 45.3 percent, indicates the deepening of poverty among existing poor. The result indicates massive discrepancy in estimates of poverty 2.8 percent on National poverty standards and 37.1 percent on International poverty standards. Poverty ratio, as low as 2.8 percent among urban slum (the acknowledged poorer section) based on National Poverty Line indicates need of developing a sensitive poverty standards. Urban slum dwellers of Jaipur are forced to spend more on day-to-day household items because of higher cost of living of the city. This led to an underestimation of the number of poor on National poverty line basis. Lack of considerations of regional variables and factors while designing health schemes is evident. This raises an argument in favor of recognizing local factors while designing the social insurance schemes. Evidence based selection of healthcare delivery system - assurance, insurance or mixed is required. The approach must enable the Government to control quality and cost of the healthcare at the same time. In the present scenario, assurance (healthcare services by Public Healthcare Facilities) approach may not only improve the accessibility but also will control the cost of healthcare for the entire population. In place of putting two parallel systems insurance or assurance, the Government should focus to invest funds and efforts in one system. To strengthen the assurance of public health care ‘Right based approach to Health’ may be adopted.This will result in long term protection of its citizens.

Prinsip Dasar Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Dalam Islam

AKADEMIKA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Misbahul Khoir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Universal Values ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
And Behavior

In order for humans could reach the so-called falah (goodness), human behavior needs to be colored with the spirit and norms of Islamic economics reflected in its values. The principles and values of Islamic economics are considerably two inseparable things. The implementation of economic principles without being colored with values or values without being based on principles could keep people far away from their purpose, namely falah. The implementation of values not based on principles will tend to bring with it the normative economics, which would cause it trapped into injustice. While the implementation of values on the Islamic economic development is based on the five universal values, namely akidah (belief), 'adl (justice), nubuwwah (prophetic), khilafah (the government), and ma'ad (results). The five principles are used as the basis for building theories of Islamic economics. But strong and adequate theories not applied into a system will make the Islamic economics just as the study of science without giving positive impact on the economic life. Therefore, based on the five universal values, the three derivative principles should be built into the characteristics and the forerunner of the Islamic economic system. The Islamic economic system makes sure that there are no economic transactions that are contrary to the Shari'a. But business performance depends on the man behind the gun. For that reason, the economic actors within this framework could be held by non-Muslims. The Islamic economics could only be developed if the mindset and behavior of Muslims are already itqan (diligent) and ihsan (professional). It "may be" one of the secrets of the Prophet's statement, saying "Truly I was sent to perfect good character". Because good character could be an indicator of knowing good or bad behavior in determining both the success and the failure of business itself.

The Local Government of Kulon Progo Regency Innovation in Subduing Capitalism through Community Empowerment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Muhammad Eko Atmojo ◽  
Helen Dian Fridayani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Case Study Approach ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
District Government ◽  
The Government

Kulon Progo Regency is one of the districts that has many innovations, one of which is community empowerment in collaboration with a modern shop abbreviated as the shop name owned by the people (tomira). This research was motivated by the achievements of the Kulon Progo district government in carrying out development and innovation in the development of the Kulon Progo region by fully involving the Kulon Progo district community through community empowerment. This initiative was taken by the government of Kulon Progo Regency to improve community empowerment and protect the people of Kulon Progo Regency from various economic threats. Considering that in the past few years many modern shops have mushroomed in each district/city, so this is what makes Kulon Progo Regency move quickly to empower the community by collaborating between MSMEs or cooperative with modern shops. This study uses a qualitative method which case study approach. With the empowerment that has been done, the original products of Kulon Progo Regency or local products can be traded in modern stores so that local products in Kulon Progo Regency can compete with national products in these modern stores. The existence of such cooperation will indirectly improve the image of Kulon Progo Regency and lift the original products of Kulon Progo Regency. The lifting of the original products of Kulon Progo Regency will have a positive impact on the community, where indirectly the economy of the community will increase so that there will be prosperity for the community. Kabupaten Kulon Progo adalah salah satu kabupaten yang memiliki banyak inovasi, salah satunya adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat bekerja sama dengan toko modern disingkat nama toko yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat (tomira). Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pencapaian pemerintah kabupaten Kulon Progo dalam melakukan pengembangan dan inovasi dalam pengembangan wilayah Kulon Progo dengan melibatkan sepenuhnya masyarakat kabupaten Kulon Progo melalui pemberdayaan masyarakat. Inisiatif ini diambil oleh pemerintah Kabupaten Kulon Progo untuk meningkatkan pemberdayaan masyarakat dan melindungi masyarakat Kabupaten Kulon Progo dari berbagai ancaman ekonomi. Menimbang bahwa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir banyak toko-toko modern telah menjamur di setiap kabupaten/kota, jadi inilah yang membuat Kabupaten Kulon Progo bergerak cepat untuk memberdayakan masyarakat dengan berkolaborasi antara UMKM atau bekerjasama dengan toko-toko modern. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, dengan metode yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi. Dengan pemberdayaan yang telah dilakukan, produk asli Kabupaten Kulon Progo atau produk lokal dapat diperdagangkan di toko modern sehingga produk lokal di Kabupaten Kulon Progo dapat bersaing dengan produk nasional di toko modern ini. Adanya kerjasama tersebut secara tidak langsung akan meningkatkan citra Kabupaten Kulon Progo dan mengangkat produk asli Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Pencabutan produk asli Kabupaten Kulon Progo akan berdampak positif bagi masyarakat, di mana secara tidak langsung perekonomian masyarakat akan meningkat sehingga akan ada kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat.

Does a carbon emissions trading scheme spur urban green innovation? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110153
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Xiangyou Li ◽  
Deyong Song ◽  
Meng Tian
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Urban Green ◽  
Carbon Emissions Trading ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trading Scheme ◽  
The Impact

Based on the panel data of 277 cities between 2003 and 2017 and a unique city-level dataset of green patent applications, this study employs the difference-in-differences (DID) method to evaluate the effect of China’s carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) pilots on urban green innovation. The findings indicate that China’s ETS pilots have a positive impact on urban green innovation, and that impact is more significant for municipalities than for prefecture-level cities. Furthermore, the impact on different categories of urban green innovation is heterogeneous. More specifically, China’s ETS pilots have significantly spurred urban green innovation that is closely related to energy conservation and emission reduction, including alternative energy production, transportation, energy conservation and so forth. Moreover, the facilitating effect of China’s ETS pilots on urban green innovation suffers from a lagging effect, which began to show a significant positive effect in 2016. Overall, this paper identifies the effect of China’s ETS pilots on urban green innovation, and suggests that the government should consider the heterogeneity of urban green innovation when designing national ETS policies.

Analysis of Financial Performance of Public Sector Banks in India: CAMEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 097674792096686
Author(s):  
Yudhvir Singh ◽  
Ram Milan
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Asset Quality

Public sector banks have been merged by the government in the last few years. This is the rationale behind conducting this study. The purpose of this article is to determine the factors affecting the performance of public sector banks in India and the interrelationship between bank-specific determinants and performance of public sector banks. In this article, we shall analyse the financial data of all the public sector commercial banks for a period spread across 11 years (2009–2019); Capital adequacy, Assets quality, Management efficiency, Earning, and Liquidity (CAMEL) has been used as a performance determinant; system generalised method of moments (GMM) analysis has been used to find the effect of determinants on the performance measurement of public sector banks; and CCA (canonical correlation analysis) has been used to find the interrelationship between the bank-specific determinants and the performance of public sector banks. The finding has important implications in terms of performance in the banking sector. Certain limitations of this study are: It is based on secondary data. The study only covers the financial aspects and not the non-financial aspects. It is found that the asset quality is negatively related with performance of public sector banks. Liquidity and inflation are inversely related to performance of public sector banks in India. Capital adequacy is positively related with banks’ performance, but inversely related with banks’ interest margin. GDP growth has a significant positive impact on banks’ performance, but inversely related with banks’ interest income. Inflation rate is inversely related with banks’ performance. Banking sector reforms are insignificantly related with banks’ performance.

Housing Prices and Government Approval: The Impact of Housing Booms on Left- and Right-Wing Governments in 16 Advanced Industrialized Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-185
Author(s):  
Sung Min Han ◽  
Mi Jeong Shin
Keyword(s):  
Housing Prices ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Approval Ratings ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this article, we argue that rising housing prices increase voter approval of incumbent governments because such a rise increases personal wealth, which leads to greater voter satisfaction. This effect is strongest under right-wing governments because those who benefit from rising prices—homeowners—are more likely to be right-leaning. Non-homeowners, who are more likely to vote for left-leaning parties, will view rising housing prices as a disadvantage and therefore feel the government does not serve them well, which will mitigate the advantage to left-wing governments. We find support for our arguments using both macro-level data (housing prices and government approval ratings in 16 industrialized countries between 1960 and 2017) and micro-level data (housing prices and individuals’ vote choices in the United Kingdom using the British Household Panel Survey). The findings imply that housing booms benefit incumbent governments generally and right-wing ones in particular.

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