scholarly journals Online Learning-Related Visual Function Impairment During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Fan ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Wenjun Kong ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhouyue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Students ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
Normal Period ◽  
Function Impairment

This study aimed to review the consequences of increased online learning, which was precipitated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on visual function, as well as the methods for preventing the associated visual impairment. The recent finding implies that a higher incidence of myopia may be observed during the pandemic than that before. The myopia prevalence was 59.35% in COVID-19, which was higher than that in the normal period. COVID-19-related influence of developing myopia among students should be addressed and under control. Online learning precipitated by COVID-19 is likely to increase the global burden of visual function impairment. This review highlighted useful measures to prevent online learning-related visual function impairments, including the following: (1) desktop illumination of no >300 lx, online learning time for primary, and middle-school students of no more than 20–30 min per session; (2) daily video time for preschool children not exceeding 1 h, and for school-age children and adolescents not exceeding 2 h; (3) after every 30–40 min of online learning, moving eyes away from the screen or closed for 10 min; (4) engaging in outdoor activities for ≥ 2 h a day; (5) suitable screen and learning environment settings and correct postures for reading and writing; (6) sufficient sleep and proper nutrition. Preventing online learning-related visual impairment during and after this unprecedented pandemic will facilitate future ophthalmic practice.

scholarly journals Reliability and Validity of the Activity Participation Assessment for School-age Children in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Se-Yun Kim ◽  
Eun-Young Yoo ◽  
Min-Ye Jung ◽  
Soo-Hyun Park ◽  
Jae-Shin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Internal Reliability ◽  
Outdoor Activities ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Objective This pilot study examined the internal consistency, test—retest reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity of the Activity Participation Assessment (APA) for school-age children in Korea. Methods The construct validity of the APA was first established by factor analysis on the response of 134 nondisabled children. Internal consistency was evaluated for each of the factors. A test—retest study was conducted on 22 nondisabled children. Discriminant validity was established by comparing the participation of 56 nondisabled children and 56 children with intellectual disabilities and examining sex differences of 61 boys and 61 girls. Results Analysis of the APA revealed five factors, which were labeled as instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), sports and outdoor activities, hobbies and school activities, social activities, and personal care. The factors showed acceptable levels of internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .63–.89). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the five factors were all in the good range (ICC = .86–.92). We found statistically significant difference between nondisabled children and children with intellectual disabilities in five factors. We also found that girls participated in significantly more IADL, hobbies and school activities, and social activities. However, boys participated in significantly more sports and outdoor activities. Conclusion The APA shows good internal reliability, test—retest reliability, discriminant validity, and construct validity. However, evidence of psychometric properties was limited by a small sample size. Psychometric properties such as interrater reliability as well as concurrent validity and construct validity need to be tested using a larger sample size with representative demographics.

scholarly journals On the relative role of different age groups during influenza A epidemics in Germany, 2002-2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
School Age ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
School Students ◽  
Using Data

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited information about the role of different age groups, particularly subgroups of school-age children and younger adults in propagating influenza epidemics.MethodsFor a communicable disease outbreak, some subpopulations may play a disproportionate role during the ascent of the outbreak due to increased susceptibility and/or contact rates. Such subpopulations can be identified by considering the proportion that cases in a subpopulation represent among all cases in the population occurring before the epidemic peak (Bp), the corresponding proportion after the epidemic peak (Ap), to calculate the relative risk for a subpopulation, RR=Bp/Ap. We estimated RR for several age groups using data on reported influenza A cases in Germany between 2002-2017.ResultsChildren aged 14-17y had the highest RR estimates for 7 out of 15 influenza A epidemics in the data, including the 2009 pandemic, and the large 2016/17, 2008/09, and 2006/07 seasons. Children aged 10-13y had the highest RR estimates during 3 epidemics, including the large 2014/15 and 2004/05 seasons. Children aged 6-9y had the highest RR estimates during two epidemics, including the large 2012/13 season. Children aged 2-5y had the highest RR estimate during the moderate 2015/16 season; adults aged 18-24y had the highest RR estimate during the small 2005/06 season; adults aged 25-34y had the highest RR estimate during the large, 2002/03 season.ConclusionsOur results support the prominent role of all school-age children, particularly the oldest ones, in propagating influenza epidemics in the community. We note that national vaccination coverage levels among older school-age children were lower than among younger school-age children during the recent influenza seasons in the US, and influenza vaccination program in England has not been phased in yet for secondary school students.

scholarly journals Prenatal and neonatal factors for the development of childhood visual impairment in primary and middle school students: a cross-sectional survey in Guangzhou, China

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e032721
Author(s):  
Bolan Yu ◽  
Lijuan Dai ◽  
Juanjuan Chen ◽  
Wen Sun ◽  
Jingsi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Postnatal Factors

ObjectivesIn this cross-sectional survey, we sought to determine the prevalence of and the influence of prenatal and neonatal factors on childhood visual impairment without correction (VIUC) in a paediatric population from Guangzhou, China.SettingThe health survey covered 11 administrative districts in Guangzhou, including 991 schools.ParticipantsAll of the primary and middle school students in Guangzhou were invited to complete an online questionnaire with the help of their parents. The results of physical examinations were reported by school medical departments. The results of the questionnaire were collected by the researchers. In total, 253 301 questionnaires were collected.Primary outcome measuresThe students’ uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was examined by trained optometrists by standard logarithmic visual acuity charts. VIUC was defined by UCVA (of the better eye) (UCVA <6/12) with three levels: light VIUC (UCVA ≥6/18 to <6/12), mild VIUC (UCVA ≥6/60 to <6/18) and severe VIUC (UCVA <6/60).ResultsA total of 39 768 individuals (15.7%) had VIUC, and the rate was much higher among grade 10 to 12 students (51.4%) than among grade 1 to 6 students (6.71%). The following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of VIUC: female gender, high birth weight, formula feeding, not having siblings, higher level of parents’ education, parental myopia, much homework time and little outdoor activity. Delivery mode was not associated with the risk of VIUC.ConclusionsThis study validates known major prenatal/genetic, perinatal and postnatal factors for childhood VIUC. In conclusion, prenatal and perinatal factors can affect the onset of childhood VIUC, but parental myopia and postnatal factors are the main factors.

Linguistic diagnostics of written texts in two school-age populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth A. Berman ◽  
Ronit Nayditz ◽  
Dorit Ravid
Keyword(s):  
Middle School Students ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Students ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Text Length ◽  
Lexical Quality ◽  
Noun Compounds

The paper considers the writing abilities of Hebrew-speaking grade school and middle school students from mid-high compared with low SES backgrounds, as reflected in stories and compositions they wrote on the topic of friendship. A range of linguistic means of expression were employed as diagnostic of school-age written text construction, focusing on the lexicon and including both devices applicable in different languages (overall text length in words and clauses, syntactic clause density, and lexical diversity and density as reflected in proportions of content words) as well as Hebrew-specific features (verb-pattern morphology and construct-state noun compounds). Analyses showed these features to differentiate across the independent variables of the study-age-schooling level, and SES background, and text genre (narrative vs. expository). In terms of genre, expository-type essays usually had denser and more lexically diverse texture than stories. In developmental perspective, lexical diagnostics improved in the texts produced by 13–14 year-olds in comparison with those of 9–10 year-olds. Finally, texts produced by middle-class children attending well-established schools were in general of better lexical quality than those produced by children from disadvantaged backgrounds attending low-achieving schools. Keywords:linguistic usage; school-age language development; SES background; discourse genre; clause length; text length, lexical quality; Hebrew

scholarly journals Supplying Basic Education and Learning to Sub-Saharan Africa in the Twenty-First Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Idowu Biao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Students ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Primary School Age

This article posits that schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa has so far failed to yield the results expected of it on twogrounds. First, the population of persons accessing both basic education and other levels of education is negligible incomparison with those who ought to access them (1 out of every 4 primary school age children; less than half of thequalified secondary school students; about 7% gross enrolment within higher education). Second, schooling hasfailed to deliver the kind of socio-economic development expected in the case of Sub-Saharan Africa as a highprevalence of poverty still exists and incongruity continues to exist between the education provided and thelivelihoods of Sub-Saharan Africans. Using this poor educational and development performance as justification, amore utilitarian, relevant and sustainable approach to basic education and learning is recommended for Africa goingforward. This recommended approach combines both the current school system with a special non-formal educationsystem for the purpose of delivering basic education and learning in Sub-Saharan Africa in the twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Education of endurance in children of middle school age in lessons of physical culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
I. Portnaya ◽  
V. Ivanko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Training System ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
School Students ◽  
Student Body ◽  
Dynamic Endurance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The influence of a set of exercises on the development of endurance of secondary school students is revealed in the article. One of the factors that adversely affects the health of school-age children is the low mobility of life. Therefore, physical education occupies a special place in the system of physical education of school-age children. Physical fitness testing is an element of stage control both  in the sports training system and in the practice of physical education. However, the ability of children of different ages to exercise some physical activity is limited by the adaptive potential of the growing organism's systems, and as practice shows, the reserve capacity of the student body is significantly reduced, which negatively affects the physical qualities of children, and especially endurance. Endurance is considered one of the basic motor abilities of the person. The endurance index with great precision indicates the overall health of the person and the functionality of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Analyzing the indicators of the level of endurance development in the studied contingent of children it is established that the level of endurance development of students of 4-5 grades, is equal to the mark of 3 points, which corresponds to the "average level". The study shows changes in the level of endurance development in students engaged in the recommended complexes and the relationship of endurance types with indicators of overall physical performance. The results of the correlation analysis showed the presence of a high correlation of static endurance with dynamic endurance (r = 0,883). Also, a high statistical relationship is observed in the study of the relationship of dynamic strength endurance and speed-endurance (r = 0,858). Preparing a physically healthy and in all  respects  advanced generation is an important task of our society. Properly organized physical education and sports, which should be included in the daily life of young people from an early age, occupy the first place in this task.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN TINGKAT ASUPAN GIZI ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 06 SALATIGA

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Kristiawan P.A. Nugroho ◽  
Theresia P.E. Sanubari ◽  
Stephanie Rosalina
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Nutritional Intake ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Food Record ◽  
School Students ◽  
Recommended Dietary Allowances

Anak usia sekolah merupakan kelompok usia yang mengalami proses tumbuh kembang secara pesat, sehingga diperlukan asupan gizi yang adekuat dan sesuai untuk mendukung proses tersebut. Apabila anak tidak mendapatkan asupan gizi yang adekuat dan sesuai kebutuhan, maka dapat memicu masalah gangguan gizi dan risiko penyakit lainnya yang dapat berpengaruh buruk secara berkelanjutan pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak hingga dewasa kelak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan asupan gizi anak usia sekolah di SD Negeri 06 Salatiga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data observasional, pengukuran IMT, dan food record. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa sekolah dasar kelas 4 – 5 yang dipilih secara acak (random sampling) dan mengisi kuesioner food record 3 hari berurutan secara lengkap. Aplikasi nutrisurvey dan WHO Anthro Plus digunakan untuk menganalisis data asupan gizi dan IMT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan gizi responden tergolong kurang dari AKG (Angka Kecukupan Gizi), yakni <80% , meskipun sebagian besar responden berstatus gizi normal. Makanan yang kerap dikonsumsi oleh responden adalah makanan dengan tinggi kalori dan tinggi gula. Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, asupan gizi, angka kecukupan gizi, status gizi School-age children are an age group that is experiencing a rapid growth and development, so the adequate and appropriate nutritional intake is needed to support that process. If the child does not get the nutritional intake as they needed, it can trigger nutritional problems and the risk of the other diseases that can adversely affect the growth and development of children to adulthood later. The purpose of this study is to describe school-age children’s nutritional intake in 06 States Elementary School Salatiga. The method that used in this research was decriptive quantitative research method with observational data collection, BMI measurements and food record questionnaire. The subjects studied were elementary school students in grades 4-5 who were randomly selected and have Þ lled in a complete 3-day food record questionnaire. Nutrisurvey and WHO Anthro Plus software are used to analyzed nutritional intake data and BMI. This study shows that respondents’ nutritional intake was less than the supposed Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), which is <80%, even though their nutritional status were normal. Food that is frequently consumed by respondents is high-calorie and high-sugar food. Keywords: school-age children, nutritional intake, recommended dietary allowances, nutritional status

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