KEBUTUHAN ENERGI GIZI DALAM TUBUH

Upaya perbaikan gizi sangat erat kaitannya dengan pemenuhan kualitas dan kuantitas konsumsi pangan masyarakat. Acuan untuk merencanakan dan menilai pemenuhan konsumsi gizi seseorang disebut kebutuhan gizi (nutrient requirement), sedangkan acuan untuk merencanakan dan menilai konsumsi pangan kelompok orang atau masyarakat di suatu daerah/wilayah disebut kecukupan gizi (nutrient allowances atau Recommended Dietary Allowances/RDA)

RELAÇÃO DO GANHO DE PESO NA GESTAÇÃO COM O ESTADO NUTRICIONAL PRÉ-GESTACIONAL E COM O CONSUMO DIETÉTICO

A gravidez provoca modificações metabólicas, nutricionais e fisiológicas no organismo materno, que geram necessidade aumentada de nutrientes, tanto em termo de micro e macronutrientes. Verificar a relação entre o estado nutricional pré-gestacional e ganho de peso com o consumo alimentar em gestantes. Estudo quantitativo transversal realizado com gestantes assistidas pelo serviço de assistência pré-natal em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde. Foi aplicado questionário estruturado e recordatório 24 horas, este foi calculado utilizando o software Avanutri® e os parâmetros utilizados seguiram as Dietary References Intake (DRIs), considerando Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) para calorias e Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) para macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Para avaliação do estado nutricional pré-gestacional utilizou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Foram avaliadas 255 gestantes, sendo que 51% apresentaram ganho de peso acima do recomendado. Observou-se que a faixa etária estava associada ao estado nutricional de maneira que as gestantes menores de 25 anos foram associadas ao baixo peso e à eutrofia e aquelas com 25 anos ou mais ao excesso de peso (p=0,000). O consumo de gordura saturada foi associado ao ganho de peso acima do recomendado (p=0,013). Observou-se consumo abaixo do adequado dos micronutrientes avaliados. Os macronutrientes e micronutrientes não estavam significativamente associadas ao estado nutricional. Conclui-se que o ganho de peso gestacional pode ter influência direta do consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura saturada, e por isso a necessidade de intervenções nutricionais individualizadas para prevenir os agravos à saúde das gestantes e seus conceptos.

Dietary Micronutrients and Gender, Body Mass Index and Viral Suppression Among HIV-Infected Patients in Kampala, Uganda

Background: HIV/AIDS is a hallmark of immune suppression. Micronutrient deficiencies in diet and recurrent opportunistic infections play major roles in the lives of people living with HIV. Although benefits of providing adequate diet to HIV positive persons are well documented, the demand for key elements still remain unclear in particular settings, especially in low and middle-income countries. Methods: This was a cross sectional analysis of baseline data collected from HIV-infected adults initiating antiretroviral therapy, and who were enrolled in a multivitamin supplementation trial. A food frequency questionnaire was used and intake were obtained as a product of quantities consumed. Adequacy was calculated as the proportion of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). A chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used at p-value 0.05 to show significant associations. Results: Mean intakes were above minimum requirements for analyzed micronutrients with the exception of Calcium and Iron. Participants who met RDA intakes were as follows: highest (? 80%) for Magnesium, Selenium, Zinc and Vitamins B2, B6, B9, C and E; moderate (50% to <80%) for Vitamins B3, and A; and lowest (?50%) for Iron (30%), Calcium (14.9%), Vitamins B12 and B1. Gender differences in met RDA were observed for Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamins A, B1, B3 and E. In multivariable analyses, nutritional status and CD4 count had no influence on meeting RDA for majority of micronutrients such as magnesium, Selenium, B class vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12), vitamin (A, C, and E), Zinc and Calcium, but not including iron. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Diets consumed by the study participants were low in most protective nutrients (Iron, Calcium, Zinc, Vitamin A, B1, B3, and B12). This deficiency was more common among females than males, and irrespective of BMI or CD 4 count. Findings warrant further investigation on the impact and cost implications for suplementation interventions that target the elements lacking in the diets of people living with HIV in similar low-resourced settings. Key words: • Recommended Dietary Allowances • Micronutrients • Dietary intakes • Body Mass Index • CD4 cell count • HIV/AIDS • Uganda Copyright © 2020 Isabirye et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.

Children's Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements: Label Claims and Measured Content Compared to Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

Objectives US children ages 4 and older use multivitamin/mineral supplements (MVMs) formulated to meet the Daily Values for adults. To better evaluate the potential for nutrient adequacy and excess, it is helpful to determine actual ingredient content instead of amounts declared on labels. We tested children's MVMs and compared the products’ labeled and measured contents with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Upper Tolerable Intake Levels (UL) established for children ages 4 to 8 years. Methods Children's MVMs were defined as dietary supplements (DSs) containing three or more vitamins with or without minerals and other bioactive components labeled for individuals ages 4 and older. Nationally representative children's MVMs were identified based on relative market share estimates (RMSE) derived from frequency of use and respondents’ weights in infant/pediatric MVM subsets of 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and store surveys. The 21 top and 43 lower market share DSs selected for this study represented ∼72% of the total RMSE. The DSs were purchased in 2008 from multiple market channels in regions of AL, CA, MI, MO, NY, and OK identified using a multistage probability-proportional-to-size approach. Vitamin and mineral content was measured by commercial labs in 3 to 6 lots of 47 chewable tablets, 11 gummies, 4 liquids, 1 gumball, and 1 powder DS. Results For 13 of 16 nutrients (copper, iodine, iron, zinc, folic acid, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamins A, B-12, B-6, D and E), most MVMs were labeled at or above the RDA but below UL levels. For calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, all the studied DSs were labeled below the RDAs. The DSs that contained zinc, niacin and retinol labeled above their ULs had overall mean RMSEs comparable to the DSs labeled within the RDA-UL ranges. Overages resulted in levels exceeding the UL for folic acid in 24 out of 29 DSs labeled at the UL and for retinol in 10 out 40 DSs labeled below the UL, including one of the three most highly consumed MVMs. Conclusions The prevalence of children's MVMs on the US market with labeled levels at or above the RDA, or at UL, combined with analytically verified overages, suggests risks of excess in intakes for zinc, niacin, retinol and folic acid, especially when MVM use is combined with diets containing many highly fortified foods. Funding Sources NIH ODS and USDA ARS.

Perbedaan status gizi bayi usia 6-9 bulan yang diberi MPASI buatan pabrik dan rumah

The differences of nutritional status of 6-9 months old infant given factory-made and homemade complementary foodsBackground: The nutritional status of 6-9 months old babies depend on the amount of nutrition acquired from breastmilk and complementary food. The incorrect feeding of complementary food may contribute to poor nutritional status. Objective: This study aims to illustrate the nutritional status of factory-made and homemade complementary food, and analyze the difference in the nutritional status of infants given factory-made and homemade complementary food.Methods: This is an analytic, observational, and cross-sectional study, conducted in seven villages within the scope of Puskesmas Jatinangor, Jatinangor Sub-district, Sumedang Regency in August-October 2018. The samples were 102 babies 6-9 months old obtained through total sampling. The variables of this study include the type of complementary food, and infant nutritional status with weight for age, length for age, and weight for height index.Results: Complementary food consumption is dominated by factory-made type (69.6%). Macronutrients which are energy and protein and micronutrients which are vitamins from both types of complementary food already fulfill the daily recommended dietary allowances for babies, except for minerals which are calcium, iron, and zinc. Chi-Square test results showed an insignificant difference in the nutritional status of babies (p=0,881 for BW/A; p=0.194 for BH/A; and p=0,599 for BW/BH) based on the type of complementary food given.Conclusions: Nutritional contents of macro and micronutrients from both types of complementary food have fulfilled the recommended dietary allowances for complementary food, except for the minerals calcium, iron, and zinc. There wasn’t a considerable difference in nutritional status between those acquired through factory-made and homemade complementary food.

The Shelf Life and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) Analysis of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Flakes Enriched with Bean Flour (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Food processing in commercial industry generally aims to extend shelf life, change or increase products’ characteristics (color, flavor, texture), ease treatment and distribution, increase economic value, and maintain or improve quality, particularly nutritional quality, digestibility, and nutritional value. The objective of this research is to determine the shelf life of products made from cassava flour which is fortified by red bean flour, and to understand whether there is a decrease in nutritional value during the storage period, as well as to calculate the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The Recommended Dietary Allowances of Cassava Flakes with Red Bean Flour for breakfast has a very important function. For instance, children who are in school need plenty of energy to start their activities and stay focused at school. Breakfast food needs to fulfill the 20-25% of the RDA for children, who need a total of 2,000 kilo calories per day. An alternative option for breakfast is nutritious flakes that can be consumed with a quick preparation time. The method to determine the shelf life is carried out using the Accelerated Self Life Testing (ASLT) and critical water activity methods, whereas to determine the proximate nutritional value we used the gravimetric method to determine the ash content and water content. In addition, we used the Kjehdahl method to determine the protein content, the sokhlet method for the fat content, and by difference method for the carbohydrate content. The result obtained for the nutritional value throughout the storage period is that the nutritional value of the flakes decreased after being stored for 10 weeks. The result of determining the shelf life using a critical water activity method is 307.5 days of storage. RDA or the Recommended Dietary Allowance is the percentage of the amount of a nutrient contained in the food consumed based on the daily needs of the healthy person. Generally this daily requirement is based on daily caloric requirement of 2000 kcal, but some also use base 2500 kcal. RDA's guidance in Indonesia can follow the guidance given by POM RI based on Decree of the Head of POM RI No. HK.00.05.52.6291 on Food Label Nutritional Reference.

GAMBARAN TINGKAT ASUPAN GIZI ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 06 SALATIGA

Anak usia sekolah merupakan kelompok usia yang mengalami proses tumbuh kembang secara pesat, sehingga diperlukan asupan gizi yang adekuat dan sesuai untuk mendukung proses tersebut. Apabila anak tidak mendapatkan asupan gizi yang adekuat dan sesuai kebutuhan, maka dapat memicu masalah gangguan gizi dan risiko penyakit lainnya yang dapat berpengaruh buruk secara berkelanjutan pada pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak hingga dewasa kelak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan asupan gizi anak usia sekolah di SD Negeri 06 Salatiga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data observasional, pengukuran IMT, dan food record. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa sekolah dasar kelas 4 – 5 yang dipilih secara acak (random sampling) dan mengisi kuesioner food record 3 hari berurutan secara lengkap. Aplikasi nutrisurvey dan WHO Anthro Plus digunakan untuk menganalisis data asupan gizi dan IMT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan gizi responden tergolong kurang dari AKG (Angka Kecukupan Gizi), yakni <80% , meskipun sebagian besar responden berstatus gizi normal. Makanan yang kerap dikonsumsi oleh responden adalah makanan dengan tinggi kalori dan tinggi gula. Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, asupan gizi, angka kecukupan gizi, status gizi School-age children are an age group that is experiencing a rapid growth and development, so the adequate and appropriate nutritional intake is needed to support that process. If the child does not get the nutritional intake as they needed, it can trigger nutritional problems and the risk of the other diseases that can adversely affect the growth and development of children to adulthood later. The purpose of this study is to describe school-age children’s nutritional intake in 06 States Elementary School Salatiga. The method that used in this research was decriptive quantitative research method with observational data collection, BMI measurements and food record questionnaire. The subjects studied were elementary school students in grades 4-5 who were randomly selected and have Þ lled in a complete 3-day food record questionnaire. Nutrisurvey and WHO Anthro Plus software are used to analyzed nutritional intake data and BMI. This study shows that respondents’ nutritional intake was less than the supposed Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), which is <80%, even though their nutritional status were normal. Food that is frequently consumed by respondents is high-calorie and high-sugar food. Keywords: school-age children, nutritional intake, recommended dietary allowances, nutritional status