scholarly journals Developing a Conversational Agent’s Capability to Identify Structural Wrongness in Arguments Based on Toulmin’s Model of Arguments

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Mirzababaei ◽  
Viktoria Pammer-Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Conversational Agents ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Good Argument ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dialogue Structure ◽  
Learning Conversations ◽  
Toulmin’S Model

This article discusses the usefulness of Toulmin’s model of arguments as structuring an assessment of different types of wrongness in an argument. We discuss the usability of the model within a conversational agent that aims to support users to develop a good argument. Within the article, we present a study and the development of classifiers that identify the existence of structural components in a good argument, namely a claim, a warrant (underlying understanding), and evidence. Based on a dataset (three sub-datasets with 100, 1,026, 211 responses in each) in which users argue about the intelligence or non-intelligence of entities, we have developed classifiers for these components: The existence and direction (positive/negative) of claims can be detected a weighted average F1 score over all classes (positive/negative/unknown) of 0.91. The existence of a warrant (with warrant/without warrant) can be detected with a weighted F1 score over all classes of 0.88. The existence of evidence (with evidence/without evidence) can be detected with a weighted average F1 score of 0.80. We argue that these scores are high enough to be of use within a conditional dialogue structure based on Bloom’s taxonomy of learning; and show by argument an example conditional dialogue structure that allows us to conduct coherent learning conversations. While in our described experiments, we show how Toulmin’s model of arguments can be used to identify structural problems with argumentation, we also discuss how Toulmin’s model of arguments could be used in conjunction with content-wise assessment of the correctness especially of the evidence component to identify more complex types of wrongness in arguments, where argument components are not well aligned. Owing to having progress in argument mining and conversational agents, the next challenges could be the developing agents that support learning argumentation. These agents could identify more complex type of wrongness in arguments that result from wrong connections between argumentation components.

On the Application of Strain Gauges for a Structural Member Subjected to Complex Type of Loading

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Bridge Circuit ◽  
Wheatstone Bridge ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Strain Measurements ◽  
Specific Loading ◽  
Different Types

Quite often test parts or structural components are simultaneously subjected to different types of loading. If a user is particularly interested in carrying out measurement corresponding to a specific loading only, then the proper use of strain gauge connections on a Wheatstone bridge circuit needs careful consideration. This article is intended to clearly demonstrate to the undergraduate mechanical engineering students how to carry out strain measurements sensitive to a particular type of loading while eliminating the contribution corresponding to unwanted loadings.

Regulation of sperm motility at the axonemal level

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Direct Action ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radial Spokes ◽  
Dynein Arms ◽  
And Function

With very few exceptions, the basic structure of the 9+2 axoneme has been well preserved over a very long period of evolution from protozoa to mammais. This stability indicates that the basic structural components of the axoneme visible by electron microscopy, as well as most of the other unidentified components, have withstood the passage of time. It also means that components of the 9+2 axoneme have sufficient diversity in function to accommodate the various types of motility patterns encountered in different species of flagella. Several of the 200 polypeptides that constitute the axoneme have been identified as components of the dynein arms, radial spokes etc. but many more remain to be identified and their function(s) remain to be determined. Because this review deals with the regulation of flagellar movement at the axonemal level, it does not include regulation of flagella by extracellular factors unless these factors have a direct action on axonemal components. In this context, it is very important firstly to understand the structural components of the axoneme and how they influence and regulate axonemal movement. Different primitive organisms are mentioned in this review since major breakthroughs in our understanding of how an axoneme generates different types of movement have been made through their study. Despite some variations in structure and function of axonemal components, the basic mechanisms involved in the regulation of flagella from Chlamydomonas or sea urchin spermatozoa should also apply to the more evolved mammalian species, including human spermatozoa.

scholarly journals Construction of the RSS V3.2 Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Dataset from the MSU and AMSU Microwave Sounders

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1493-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Mears ◽  
Frank J. Wentz
Keyword(s):  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Weighting Function ◽  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Microwave Sounding Unit ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Microwave Sounding

Abstract Measurements made by microwave sounding instruments provide a multidecadal record of atmospheric temperature in several thick atmospheric layers. Satellite measurements began in late 1978 with the launch of the first Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and have continued to the present via the use of measurements from the follow-on series of instruments, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The weighting function for MSU channel 2 is centered in the middle troposphere but contains significant weight in the lower stratosphere. To obtain an estimate of tropospheric temperature change that is free from stratospheric effects, a weighted average of MSU channel 2 measurements made at different local zenith angles is used to extrapolate the measurements toward the surface, which results in a measurement of changes in the lower troposphere. In this paper, a description is provided of methods that were used to extend the MSU method to the newer AMSU channel 5 measurements and to intercalibrate the results from the different types of satellites. Then, satellite measurements are compared to results from homogenized radiosonde datasets. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with the radiosonde results in the northern extratropics, where the majority of the radiosonde stations are located.

scholarly journals A Self-Adaptive Combination Method in Evidence Theory Based on the Power Pignistic Probability Distance

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jing-wei Zhu ◽  
Yafei Song
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Theory ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Adaptive Combination ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fusion Methods ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Probability Distance

Existing methods employed for combining temporal and spatial evidence derived from multiple sources into a single coherent description of objects and their environments lack versatility in various applications such as multi-sensor target recognition. This is addressed in the present study by proposing an adaptive evidence fusion method based on the power pignistic probability distance. This method classifies evidence sets into non-conflicting and conflicting evidence sets based on the maximum power pignistic probability distance obtained between evidence pairs in the evidence set. Non-conflicting evidence sets are fused using Dempster’s rule, while conflicting evidence sets are fused using a weighted average combination method based on the power pignistic probability distance. The superior evidence fusion performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparisons with the performances of seven other fusion methods based on numerical examples with four different evidence conflict scenarios. The results show that the method proposed in this paper not only can properly fuse different types of evidence, but also provides an excellent focus on the components of evidence sets with high confidence, which is conducive to timely and accurate decisions.

scholarly journals Norms That Regulate the Theorem Construction Process in an Inquiry Classroom of 3D Geometry: Teacher’s Management to Promote Them

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2296
Author(s):  
Oscar Molina ◽  
Vicenç Font ◽  
Luis Pino-Fan
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Teacher ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Mathematical Practices ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Semiotic Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Whole Class ◽  
Toulmin’S Model

This paper aims to illustrate how a teacher instilled norms that regulate the theorem construction process in a three-dimensional geometry course. The course was part of a preservice mathematics teacher program, and it was characterized by promoting inquiry and argumentation. We analyze class excerpts in which students address tasks that require formulating conjectures, that emerge as a solution to a problem and proving such conjectures, and the teacher leads whole-class activities where students’ productions are exposed. For this, we used elements of the didactical analysis proposed by the onto-semiotic approach and Toulmin’s model for argumentation. The teacher’s professional actions that promoted reiterative actions in students’ mathematical practices were identified; we illustrate how these professional actions impelled students’ actions to become norms concerning issues about the legitimacy of different types of arguments (e.g., analogical and abductive) in the theorem construction process.

Integrated process of determining the level of energy consumption of workers in the workplace

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
T. K. Losik ◽  
I. V. Ivanov ◽  
E. V. Zibarev ◽  
A. V. Konyukhov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Average Heart Rate ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article presents scientifically based methods and techniques for determining the level of energy consumption, which are most appropriate and convenient for practical use in mass physiological and hygienic and experimental studies, depending on their goals and objectives.Determination of the amount of human energy consumption should be carried out by monitoring studies during the shift, followed by the calculation of the weighted average heart rate, considering the different types of work performed, technological breaks and downtime. It is necessary to take into account the full range of environmental factors and the work process that contribute to the physical and thermal stress of working men and women in accordance with their age and body weight.

scholarly journals Bonferroni Prioritized Aggregation Operators Applied to Government Transparency

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Perez-Arellano ◽  
Fabio Blanco-Mesa ◽  
Ernesto Leon-Castro ◽  
Victor Alfaro-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aggregation Operator ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Bonferroni Mean ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ordered Weighted Average ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Prioritized Aggregation Operators

This article applies the Bonferroni prioritized induced heavy ordered weighted average (OWA) to analyze a series of data and focuses on the Bonferroni average and heavy induced prioritized aggregation operators. The objective of the present work is to present a new aggregation operator that combines the heavy induced prioritized Bonferroni and its formulations and represents the Bonferroni mean with variables that induce an order with vectors that are greater than one. This work develops some extensions using prioritization. The main advantage is that different types of information provided by a group of decision makers to compare real situations are included in this formulation. Finally, an example using the operators to calculate the transparency of the websites of the 32 states of Mexico was performed. The main idea was to visualize how the ranking can change depending on the importance of the five components of the methodology. The main results show that it is possible to detect some important changes depending on the operator and the experts considered.

Context-Sensitive Heuristics in Statistical Reasoning

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fergus Bolger ◽  
Nigel Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Statistical Reasoning ◽  
Separate Component ◽  
Serial Dependence ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Data ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Data Point

Previous work has shown that people use anchor-and-adjust heuristics to forecast future data points from previous ones in the same series. We report three experiments that show that they use different versions of this heuristic for different types of series. To forecast an untrended series, our subjects always took a weighted average of the long-term mean of the series and the last data point. In contrast, the way that they forecast a trended series depended on the serial dependences in it. When these were low, people forecast by adding a proportion of the last difference in the series to the last data point. When stronger serial dependences made this difference less similar to the next one, they used a version of the averaging heuristic that they employed for untrended series. This could take serial dependences into account and included a separate component for trend. These results suggest that people use a form of the heuristic that is well adapted to the nature of the series that they are forecasting. However, we also found that the size of their adjustments tended to be suboptimal. They overestimated the degree of serial dependence in the data but underestimated trends. This biased their forecasts.

Complexity of type IV collagens: from network assembly to function

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuexin Wu ◽  
Gaoxiang Ge
Keyword(s):  
Type Iv Collagen ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Collagen Network ◽  
Complex Type ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Covalent Crosslinking

Abstract Collagens form complex networks in the extracellular space that provide structural support and signaling cues to cells. Network-forming type IV collagens are the key structural components of basement membranes. In this review, we discuss how the complexity of type IV collagen networks is established, focusing on collagen α chain selection in type IV collagen protomer and network formation; covalent crosslinking in type IV collagen network stabilization; and the differences between solid-state type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix and soluble type IV collagen fragments. We further discuss how complex type IV collagen networks exert their physiological and pathological functions through cell surface integrin and nonintegrin receptors.

Use of an optimality model to solve the immunological puzzle of concomitant infection

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 122 (S1) ◽  
pp. S61-S64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Average Response ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Concomitant Infection ◽  
Optimality Model ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Infectious Organism

Immunological data indicate that different subsets of T-helper cells work best against different types of infection. Concomitant infection of a host may thus impose either conflicting or synergistic immune response requirements, depending upon the extent to which the component optimal immune responses differ. Drawing upon empirically-determined optimal responses to single-species infections, an optimality model is here used to generate testable hypotheses for optimal responses to concomitant infection. The model is based upon the principle that the joint immune response will minimize divergence from each of the optima for single-species infections, but that it will also be weighted by the importance of mounting the correct response against each infectious organism. The model thus predicts a weighted average response as the optimal response to concomitant infection. Data on concomitant infection of murine hosts by the parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Toxoplasma gondii will provide the first test of the optimality model. If the weighted average hypothesis holds true, then there are no emergent immunological properties of concomitant infections and we may be able to understand immune responses to concomitant infection directly via our understanding of single-species infections.

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