scholarly journals Longer Disciplined Tapers Improve Marathon Performance for Recreational Runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Smyth ◽  
Aonghus Lawlor
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Finish Time ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Marathon Performance

For marathoners the taper refers to a period of reduced training load in the weeks before race-day. It helps runners to recover from the stresses of weeks of high-volume, high-intensity training to enhance race-day performance. The aim of this study was to analyse the taper strategies of recreational runners to determine whether particular forms of taper were more or less favorable to race-day performance.Methods: We analyzed the training activities of more than 158,000 recreational marathon runners to define tapers based on a decrease in training volume (weekly distance). We identified different types of taper based on a combination of duration (1–4 weeks of decreasing training) and discipline (strict tapers progressively decrease training in the weeks before the marathon, relaxed tapers do not) and we grouped runners based on their taper type to determine the popularity of different types of taper and their associated performance characteristics.Results: Kruskal-Wallis tests (H(7)≥ 521.11, p < 0.001), followed by posthoc Dunns tests with a Bonferroni correction, confirmed that strict tapers were associated with better marathon performance than relaxed tapers (p < 0.001) and that longer tapers of up to 3 weeks were associated with better performance than shorter tapers (p < 0.001). Results indicated that strict 3-week tapers were associated with superior marathon finish-time benefits (a median finish-time saving of 5 min 32.4 s or 2.6%) compared with a minimal taper (p < 0.001). We further found that female runners were associated with greater finish-time benefits than men, for a given taper type ( ≤ 3-weeks in duration), based on Mann Whitney U tests of significance with p < 0.001.Conclusion: The findings of this study for recreational runners are consistent with related studies on highly-trained athletes, where disciplined tapers were associated with comparable performance benefits. The findings also highlight how most recreational runners (64%) adopt less disciplined (2-week and 3-week) tapers and suggest that shifting to a more disciplined taper strategy could improve performance relative to the benefits of a less disciplined taper.

scholarly journals Physiological and Race Pace Characteristics of Medium and Low-Level Athens Marathon Runners

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Aristides Myrkos ◽  
Ilias Smilios ◽  
Eleni Maria Kokkinou ◽  
Evangelos Rousopoulos ◽  
Helen Douda
Keyword(s):  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Pace Strategy ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Threshold Velocity ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Finish Time ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Velocity ◽  
Recreational Runners

This study examined physiological and race pace characteristics of medium- (finish time < 240 min) and low-level (finish time > 240 min) recreational runners who participated in a challenging marathon route with rolling hills, the Athens Authentic Marathon. Fifteen athletes (age: 42 ± 7 years) performed an incremental test, three to nine days before the 2018 Athens Marathon, to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), energy cost of running (ECr) and lactate threshold velocity (vLTh), and were analyzed for their pacing during the race. Moderate- (n = 8) compared with low-level (n = 7) runners had higher (p < 0.05) VO2 max (55.6 ± 3.6 vs. 48.9 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1), MAV (16.5 ± 0.7 vs. 14.4 ± 1.2 km·h−1) and vLTh (11.6 ± 0.8 vs. 9.2 ± 0.7 km·h−1) and lower ECr at 10 km/h (1.137 ± 0.096 vs. 1.232 ± 0.068 kcal·kg−1·km−1). Medium-level runners ran the marathon at a higher percentage of vLTh (105.1 ± 4.7 vs. 93.8 ± 6.2%) and VO2 max (79.7 ± 7.7 vs. 68.8 ± 5.7%). Low-level runners ran at a lower percentage (p < 0.05) of their vLTh in the 21.1–30 km (total ascent/decent: 122 m/5 m) and the 30–42.195 km (total ascent/decent: 32 m/155 m) splits. Moderate-level runners are less affected in their pacing than low-level runners during a marathon route with rolling hills. This could be due to superior physiological characteristics such as VO2 max, ECr, vLTh and fractional utilization of VO2 max. A marathon race pace strategy should be selected individually according to each athlete’s level.

scholarly journals Cardiac Output and Performance during a Marathon Race in Middle-Aged Recreational Runners

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique L. Billat ◽  
Hélène Petot ◽  
Morgan Landrain ◽  
Renaud Meilland ◽  
Jean Pierre Koralsztein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Cardiac Cost ◽  
Marathon Performance

Purpose. Despite the increasing popularity of marathon running, there are no data on the responses of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) to exercise in this context. We sought to establish whether marathon performance is associated with the ability to sustain high fractional use of maximal SV and CO (i.e, cardiac endurance) and/or CO, per meter (i.e., cardiac cost).Methods. We measured the SV, heart rate (HR), CO, and running speed of 14 recreational runners in an incremental, maximal laboratory test and then during a real marathon race (mean performance: 3 hr 30 min±45 min).Results. Our data revealed that HR, SV and CO were all in a high but submaximal steady state during the marathon (87.0±1.6%, 77.2±2.6%, and 68.7±2.8% of maximal values, respectively). Marathon performance was inversely correlated with an upward drift in the CO/speed ratio (mL ofCO×m−1) (r=−0.65,P<0.01) and positively correlated with the runner’s ability to complete the race at a high percentage of the speed at maximal SV (r=0.83,P<0.0002).Conclusion. Our results showed that marathon performance is inversely correlated with cardiac cost and positively correlated with cardiac endurance. The CO response could be a benchmark for race performance in recreational marathon runners.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

scholarly journals Validity of Recreational Marathon Runners’ Self-Reported Anthropometric Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1068-1078
Author(s):  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics ◽  
Recreational Runners

While studies on large samples of recreational runners have often relied on participants’ self-reported height and body mass, the validity of these data have not been investigated for this population. Hence, this study sought to examine the validity of self-reported anthropometric measures among recreational marathon runners. Female ( n = 32) and male ( n = 135) recreational marathon runners were requested to estimate their body mass and height (and we calculated their self-reported body mass index [BMI]), after which we took actual measures of their body mass and height and calculated their actual BMI. Participants’ self-reported values underestimated their actual body mass by 0.65 kg ( p < .001, η2 = 0.222) and their actual BMI by 0.35 kg ⋅ m−2 ( p < .001, η2 = 0.245). There was a significant Assessment Method × Sex Interaction for both body mass ( p = .019, η2 = 0.033) and BMI ( p = .017, η2 = 0.034), as women underestimated body mass values more than men. Participants overestimated their height by 0.44 cm ( p < .001, η2 = 0.075), but the interaction of sex and assessment method for height was not statistically significant. Underestimates of body mass correlated with marathon racing speed ( r = .24, p = .006) and body fat percentage ( r = −.29, p = .001) in men, but not in women ( p > .05). The disagreement between self-reported and measured anthropometric data in the present sample was lower than has been previously reported for the general population, suggesting that marathon runners may more accurately self-perceive and/or report their anthropometric characteristics. These findings are of practical value for health professionals and researchers (e.g., nutritionists and exercise physiologists) questionnaires to recreational marathon runners.

scholarly journals Concrete Modular Pavements – Types, Issues And Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrius Vaitkus ◽  
Judita Gražulytė ◽  
Rita Kleizienė ◽  
Viktoras Vorobjovas ◽  
Ovidijus Šernas
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Load Transfer ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Urban Streets ◽  
The Road ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pavement Construction

According to the European Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 90 per cent of the European road network is paved with asphalt. Constantly increasing traffic volume and climate change accelerate deterioration of current pavements. As a result, there arises a need to rehabilitate them prematurely. Repair and rehabilitation work lead to traffic congestion, which is one of the most significant concerns in highly trafficked roads and urban streets. Concrete modular pavements consisting of precast concrete slabs are a reasonable solution to deal with the road works since their construction, as well as repair, is time-saving. Repair works typically are implemented during a low traffic period (usually at night). A primary purpose of concrete modular pavements is heavily trafficked roads and other transport areas. This paper focuses on concrete modular pavements, their types, issues and challenges related to their design, slab fabrication and pavement construction. The conducted analysis revealed 15 different types of concrete modular pavements that differ from the techniques of slab joints and load transfer between the adjacent slabs. More than 20 issues and challenges related to the design of modular elements, slab fabrication and pavement construction were identified. Finally, the existing practice of concrete modular pavements was summarised and the gaps of scientific knowledge, as well as a need for comprehensive research, were defined.

Evolution of the slopes of ST2 and galectin-3 during marathon and ultratrail running compared to a control group

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-321
Author(s):  
Caroline Le Goff ◽  
Jean-François Kaux ◽  
Jordi Farre Segura ◽  
Violeta Stojkovic ◽  
Arnaud Ancion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Recreational Runners

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that exercising may induce cardiac damage. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) are very interesting biomarkers for heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. We aimed to compare the kinetics of emerging fibrosis cardiac biomarkers as Gal-3 and ST-2 in endurance runners, and recreational runners before and after a running event represented by a marathon and an ultratrail event.MethodsBlood samples were taken from 19 healthy non-elite marathon runners (42 km), 27 ultratour runners (67 km), and 14 recreational runners who represented the control group (10 km) just before the run (T0), just after (T1) and 3 h after (T2), in order to analyze Gal-3, ST2, hsTnT, NT-proBNP, CKMB and hsCRP. We compared the percentage of evolution and the slopes obtained from T0 to T1 (pT0T1) and from T1 to T2 (pT1T2), between the different groups of runners participating in three different races.ResultsPlasma cardiac biomarker concentrations increased significantly from baseline to immediately post-exercise and most of the time decreased over the subsequent 3-h period. For pT0T1 and pT1T2, the markers Gal-3 and ST2 showed a significant difference between types of run (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). During the recovery time, Gal-3 returned to the baseline values but not ST2 which continued to increase.ConclusionsGal-3 and ST2 are considered as a reflection of cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. The evolution of both was different, particularly after the recovery time. ST2 values exceeding cutoff values at any time.

scholarly journals Intra-individual physiological response of recreational runners to different training mesocycles: a randomized cross-over study

2020 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 2705-2713
Author(s):  
Peter Düking ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Philipp Kunz ◽  
Robert Leppich ◽  
Billy Sperlich
Keyword(s):  
Interval Training ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Uptake Velocity ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Purpose Pronounced differences in individual physiological adaptation may occur following various training mesocycles in runners. Here we aimed to assess the individual changes in performance and physiological adaptation of recreational runners performing mesocycles with different intensity, duration and frequency. Methods Employing a randomized cross-over design, the intra-individual physiological responses [i.e., peak ($${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak ) and submaximal ($${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax ) oxygen uptake, velocity at lactate thresholds (V2, V4)] and performance (time-to-exhaustion (TTE)) of 13 recreational runners who performed three 3-week sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), high-volume low-intensity training (HVLIT) or more but shorter sessions of HVLIT (high-frequency training; HFT) were assessed. Results $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax , V2, V4 and TTE were not altered by HIIT, HVLIT or HFT (p > 0.05). $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak improved to the same extent following HVLIT (p = 0.045) and HFT (p = 0.02). The number of moderately negative responders was higher following HIIT (15.4%); and HFT (15.4%) than HVLIT (7.6%). The number of very positive responders was higher following HVLIT (38.5%) than HFT (23%) or HIIT (7.7%). 46% of the runners responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. Conclusion On a group level, none of the interventions altered $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm submax}}$$ V ˙ O 2 submax , V2, V4 or TTE, while HVLIT and HFT improved $${\dot{\text V}}{\text O}_{2 {\rm peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak . The mean adaptation index indicated similar numbers of positive, negative and non-responders to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT, but more very positive responders to HVLIT than HFT or HIIT. 46% responded positively to two mesocycles, while 23% did not respond to any. These findings indicate that the magnitude of responses to HIIT, HVLIT and HFT is highly individual and no pattern was apparent.

THE EFFECT OF OIL PALM KERNEL SHELL IN PRODUCING DIFFERENT TYPES OF POFA BASED MORTAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim ◽  
Mohd Warid Hussin ◽  
Abdul Rahman Mohd. Sam ◽  
Mostafa Samadi ◽  
Mohamed A. Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Palm Oil Fuel Ash ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Oil Fuel

This paper presents the utilization of palm oil fuel ash and oil palm kernel shell as cement and sand replacement, respectively in the production of palm oil fuel ash based mortar mixes as part of new and innovative materials in the construction industry. The study includes basic properties such as water absorption, density, compressive strength, and microstructure test with regards to variations in the mix design process. In order to get better performance in terms of strength development, the ash used was subjected to heat treatment and grounded to the size of less than 2 µm. High volume of 80% palm oil fuel ash was used as cement replacement, while 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of oil palm kernel shell was used as sand replacement. The results indicated that the density of the mortar decreases with increasing volume of oil palm kernel ash as sand replacement. Three different types of mortar were produced with different percentages of oil palm kernel shell, which was high strength, medium strength, and low strength lightweight mortars.

New Concept: Different Types of Insufficiency of the Saphenofemoral Junction Identified by Duplex as a Chance for a More Differentiated Therapy of the Great Saphenous Vein

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Stücker ◽  
R Moritz ◽  
P Altmeyer ◽  
S Reich-Schupke
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Optimal Therapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Saphenofemoral Junction

Even though the item ‘saphenofemoral junction’ (SFJ) is anatomically well defined, the incontinence of the SFJ is often incompetently described in clinical practice and studies. Especially with regard to the optimal therapy of the great saphenous vein, it might be of importance to have a more distinct regard to the SFJ as it is known that about 10–30% of the saphenous refluxes have no femoral origin. Considering the terminal and preterminal valve three types of incompetence of the SFJ may be differentiated: Type 1: Incompetent terminal, but competent preterminal valve; Type 2: Competent terminal, but incompetent preterminal valve; Type 3: Incompetent terminal and preterminal valve (complete incompetence). A review on prior studies and reports leads to the assumption that the differentiation of the distinct types of SFJ-incompetence allows a more individual and – perhaps – more effective therapy. Finally, studies are necessary to evaluate the here given new concept.

scholarly journals High Intensity Resistance Training Methods with and without Protein Supplementation to Fight Cardiometabolic Risk in Middle-Aged Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kemmler ◽  
Andreas Wittke ◽  
Michael Bebenek ◽  
Michael Fröhlich ◽  
Simon von Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Intensity Training

Time-effective protocols may potentially increase people’s compliance with exercise. The purpose of this paper was to compare the relative effects of 16 weeks of high intensity (resistance) training (HIT) with and without protein supplementation (HIT&P) and HVHIT (high volume/high intensity training) versus a nontraining control group on cardiometabolic risk factors. One hundred and twenty untrained males 30–50 years old were randomly assigned to 3 subgroups: (a) a HIT group; (b) a HIT&P group, and (c) a waiting-control group (phase I) that crossed over to (d) high volume/high intensity training (HVHIT) during the second study phase. HIT was defined as “single set to failure protocol” while HVHIT consistently applied two sets. Protein supplementation provided an overall intake of 1.5 g/kg/body mass. Primary study endpoint was the metabolic syndromeZ-Score (MetS-Z-Score). MetS-Z-Score significantly improved in all exercise groups (p≤0.001) with no significant difference between HIT, HIT&P, and HVHIT (p≥0.829). However, all the exercise groups differed significantly from the CG (p<0.001) which deteriorated significantly (p=0.039). In conclusion, all exercise protocols were similarly effective in improving cardiometabolic risk factors. Thus, HIT may be the best choice for people with low time budgets looking to improve their cardiometabolic health.

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