Spatial and Simultaneous Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in Owners and Their Domiciled Dogs in a Major City of Southern Brazil

Although leptospirosis has been considered a major concern in urban areas, no study to date has spatially and simultaneously compared both owner and dog serology in households of major cities. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to assess the seroprevalence of Leptospira antibodies, evaluate associated risk factors and conduct spatial analyses in 565 randomly selected households, which included 597 dog owners and 729 dogs in Londrina, Southern Brazil. Seropositivity by MAT were detected in in 11/597 (1.84%) owners and in 155/729 (21.26%) dogs. The risk factors were evaluated with logistic regression analysis and spatial factors and case distribution were evaluated with kernel density analyses. The sera of 14/155 (9.03%) dogs reacted for more than one serovar with the same titer. Canicola was the most frequent serogroup, detected in 3/11 (27.27%) owners and 76/155 (49.03%) dogs. The highest titer among the owners was 1:3,200 and was detected in the same household with a titer of 1:800 in the dog. Simultaneous owner-dog seropositivity was found in 7/565 (1.23%) households, with three reacted against serogroup Canicola. Positive owners were detected in 4/565 (0.70%) households and positive dogs were detected in 141/565 (24.95%) households. The associated risks of infection for dogs were different from those associated with infection in owners. Risk analyses for Canicola also identified specific factors of infection. Regardless of owner and dog cases were not statistically clustered, the kernel map has shown dog positivity occurrence in the same hot locations and near positive owners. The dependent variable analysis and logit model suggested a greater likelihood of peri-domiciliary contact with Leptospira. In conclusion, exposure to Leptospira infection was significantly higher in dogs than in their owners and human cases spatially overlapped dog cases, implicating dogs as potential environmental sentinels for this disease. In addition, the associated risk may vary according to serogroup, and the observed simultaneous Canicola seropositivity of owner and dog has suggested intradomicile-transmitted infection.

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Recurrent Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Understanding, Management, and Future Directions

Seminars in Liver Disease ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1730950 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kristel K. Leung ◽

Maya Deeb ◽

Sandra E. Fischer ◽

Aliya Gulamhusein

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽

Sclerosing Cholangitis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Related Factors ◽

Future Directions ◽

History Of ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Associated Risk Factors

AbstractPatients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) constitute 5 to 15% of patients listed for liver transplantation worldwide. Although post-transplant outcomes are favorable, recurrent PSC (rPSC) occurs in an important subset of patients, with higher prevalence rates reported with increasing time from transplant. Given its association with poor graft outcomes and risk of retransplant, effort has been made to understand rPSC, its pathophysiology, and risk factors. This review covers these facets of rPSC and focuses on implicated risk factors including pretransplant recipient characteristics, inflammatory bowel-disease-related factors, and donor-specific and transplant-specific factors. Confirming a diagnosis of rPSC requires thoughtful consideration of alternative etiologies so as to ensure confidence in diagnosis, management, subsequent risk assessment, and counseling for patients. Unfortunately, no cure exists for rPSC; however, future large-scale efforts are underway to better characterize the natural history of rPSC and its associated risk factors with hopes of identifying potential key targets for novel therapies.

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Causes of death and associated risk factors among climacteric women from Southern Brazil: a population based-study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-14-194 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Verônica Colpani ◽

Karen Oppermann ◽

Poli Mara Spritzer

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Population Based ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Prevalence and associated risk factor of hypertension among individuals of age 18-59 years in South-eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study

Nepalese Heart Journal ◽

10.3126/njh.v16i1.23894 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prajjwal Pyakurel ◽

Deepak Kumar Yadav ◽

Jeevan Thapa ◽

Nishant Thakur ◽

Pramita Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

South Eastern ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the rising burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing region. It has also been recognized as one of the major public health problems in the developing countries since the early seventies and the rate is increasing not only in urban areas but in rural areas with low socio-economic condition. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Jogidaha Village Development Comittee(VDC) and Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district of South-Eastern Nepal. A total of 430 participants of age 18-59 years were selected. Semi-structured questionnaire (WHO NCD STEPS instrument) was used to collect information on demographic variables and associated risk factors with use of show cards. Clinical and anthropometric measurement were done. Primary outcome was prevalence of hypertension. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed to show strength of association among various risk factors with hypertension. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 25.1%. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 49.8%. Hypertension was significantly associated with age (AOR=1.09, CI=1.05-1.10) and gender (male >female; AOR= 2.12,CI =1.22-3.68). Similarly, increased waist-hip ratio(7.12; CI 2.87-17.67),alcohol consumption(OR=2.82,CI=1.77-4.52), and use of tobacco products (OR =1.8,CI=1.02-3.20) showed significant association with hypertension. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of hypertension in rural districts of South-Eastern Nepal. A community-based preventive approach with early detection and treatment and life-style modification is needed to reduce the burden of disease and make sustainable changes.

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Profile of patients seen at an outpatient hypertension facility: are there gender differences?

Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1983-1447.2014.01.43029 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 110-115

Author(s):

Anelise Sampaio CAVALHEIRO ◽

Mariana Jaeger FONSECA ◽

Graciele SBRUZZI ◽

Silvia GOLDMEIER

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Patient Records ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Significance Level ◽

Hypertension Clinic ◽

Associated Risk Factors

The objective of this study was to find out whether there are gender differences regarding socio-demographic characteristics and associated risk factors in adults monitored in an outpatient hypertension facility. Retrospective analysis of records of patients seen at the outpatient hypertension clinic in 2009-2010, in a hospital specialized in cardiology, in southern Brazil. All patients were beneficiaries from the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (SUS). The variables considered were socio-demographic profile, anthropometric measurements and risk factors for hypertension. For statistical analysis, a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05) was adopted. Of the 209 patient records assessed, most belonged to female patients (66%), 65.9% of them were married, 71.6% were white, with mean age 53.5 ± 13.8 years, and 70.1% had a sedentary behavior. Regarding risk factors, waist circumference and alcohol use were higher among men (p=0.04). It was concluded that there was no gender difference concerning the assessed variables, except for the use of alcohol.

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Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10030308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 308

Author(s):

Anou Dreyfus ◽

Marie-Thérèse Ruf ◽

Anne Mayer-Scholl ◽

Theresa Zitzl ◽

Nadine Loosli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Leptospira Spp ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

The Military

Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).

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Prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors: second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016–2017

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020961 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. e020961 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Abdul Basit ◽

Asher Fawwad ◽

Huma Qureshi ◽

A S Shera

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Haemoglobin A1c ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Diabetes Survey ◽

Associated Risk Factors

ObjectiveThe second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (second NDSP) was planned to ascertain the updated prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors at the national and provincial levels.Research design and methodsThe survey was conducted by using multistage clustering technique in all four provinces of Pakistan from February 2016 to August 2017. An estimated sample size of 10 800 was calculated using probability sampling and multistage stratified sampling technique. Twenty-seven clusters were selected out of total 213 clusters from all four provinces (strata) of Pakistan. A total of 46 subclusters were selected by using the ‘Rule of thumb’. Out of 12 486 targeted individuals, 10 834 study subjects finally participated in the study (87% response rate). Seventeen trained teams collected data using the structured questionnaire. The clinical and anthropometric measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio while the blood tests included Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), haemoglobin A1c and fasting lipid profiles. WHO criteria were used for the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes.ResultsOverall weighted prevalence of diabetes was 26.3%, of which 19.2% had known diabetes, and 7.1% were newly diagnosed people with diabetes. Prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas was 28.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Prevalence of pre-diabetes was 14.4% (15.5% in urban areas and 13.9% in rural areas). Age greater than or equal to 43 years, family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia were significant associated risk factors for diabetes.ConclusionThe findings of the 2nd NDSP imply that diabetes has reached epidemic proportion and urgently need national strategies for early diagnosis and effective management as well as cost-effective diabetes primary prevention programme in Pakistan.

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Trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence and associated risk factors in cancer patients from Southern Brazil

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/0037-8682-0202-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 768-771 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Luciane d'Avila Rosenthal ◽

Cristiane Rios Petrarca ◽

Marilia Arndt Mesenburg ◽

Marcos Marreiro Villela

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Associated Risk Factors

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Understanding HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10405-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Munyaradzi Mapingure ◽

Zindoga Mukandavire ◽

Innocent Chingombe ◽

Diego Cuadros ◽

Farirai Mutenherwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Risk ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Belief Systems ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Hiv Test ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background The influence of religion and belief systems is widely recognized as an important factor in understanding of health risk perception and myths in the general fight against the HIV pandemic. This study compares the understanding of HIV risk factors and utilization of some HIV services among religious groups in Zimbabwe. Methods We conducted secondary data statistical analysis to investigate the understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups in Zimbabwe using 2015–2016 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) data. We began by investigating associations between understanding of HIV and associated risk factors among religious groups. A multivariate stepwise backward elimination method was carried out to explore factors determining understanding of HIV risk after controlling for confounding factors using the most recent ZDHS data (2015–2016). Results The results from the three surveys showed that, in general apostolic sector had low understanding of HIV and associated risk factors compared to other religious groups. Analysis of the 2015–2016 ZDHS data showed that women belonging to the apostolic sector were less likely to know where to get an HIV test odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval, 0.665 (0.503–0.880) and to know that male circumcision reduces HIV transmission OR 0.863 (0.781–0.955). Women from this group had no knowledge that circumcised men can be infected if they do not use condoms OR 0.633 (0.579–0.693), nor that it is possible for a healthy-looking person to have HIV, OR 0.814 (0.719–0.921). They would not buy vegetables from a vendor with HIV OR 0.817 (0.729–0.915) and were less likely to support that HIV positive children should be allowed to attend school with HIV negative children OR 0.804 (0.680–0.950). Similar results were obtained for men in the apostolic sector. These men also did not agree that women were justified to use condoms if the husband has an Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) OR 0.851 (0.748–0.967). Conclusions Our results suggest that apostolic sector lack adequate knowledge of HIV and associated risk factors than other religious groups. Targeting HIV prevention programmes by religious groups could be an efficient approach for controlling HIV in Zimbabwe.

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Rising prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among young Thai Men in 2018

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87474-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Julius Eleazar dC. Jose ◽

Boonsub Sakboonyarat ◽

Mathirut Mungthin ◽

Kenrad E. Nelson ◽

Ram Rangsin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Military Training ◽

Male Partner ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Consistent Condom ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Associated Risk Factors

AbstractThe prevalence of HIV among young Thai men stabilized at 0.5% from 2005 to 2011. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the male army conscripts in 2018 at 36 military training units nationwide. All new conscripts in each selected unit were invited to participate in the study. Questionnaires were used to determine risk factors to HIV infection that had been developed from related risk factors studies among young Thai men. Among 4629 participants, 44 (1.0%) HIV positive individuals were identified. The proportion subject reporting a history of sex with another man was 10.1%. The prevalence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) was 4.0%. The proportion of consistent condom use with a male partner was 39.7%. The risk factors of HIV infection included having sex with another man, history of sexually transmitted infection and history of sex in exchange for gifts/money. Only 1.4% of MSM used pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). HIV prevention programs including PrEP in Thailand should be emphasized among MSM in both rural and urban settings.

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