scholarly journals Evidence-Based African Swine Fever Policies: Do We Address Virus and Host Adequately?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Busch ◽  
Céline Haumont ◽  
Mary-Louise Penrith ◽  
Alberto Laddomada ◽  
Klaas Dietze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control And Eradication

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most threatening diseases for the pig farming sector worldwide. Prevention, control and eradication remain a challenge, especially in the absence of an effective vaccine or cure and despite the relatively low contagiousness of this pathogen in contrast to Classical Swine Fever or Foot and Mouth disease, for example. Usually lethal in pigs and wild boar, this viral transboundary animal disease has the potential to significantly disrupt global trade and threaten food security. This paper outlines the importance of a disease-specific legal framework, based on the latest scientific evidence in order to improve ASF control. It compares the legal basis for ASF control in a number of pig-producing regions globally, considering diverse production systems, taking into account current scientific evidence in relation to ASF spread and control. We argue that blanket policies that do not take into account disease-relevant characteristics of a biological agent, nor the specifics under which the host species are kept, can hamper disease control efforts and may prove disproportionate.

Incidence and Control of Classical Swine Fever, with Special Reference to the Situation in the EEC

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
H. J. Bendixen
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Technical Basis ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control And Eradication

Classical swine fever (CSF) has for almost a century been a serious problem for European pig producers, but concerted efforts in the Member States of the EEC have resulted in a marked reduction of the prevalence of the disease. The EEC is determined to eliminate it from its territory. This article describes the behaviour of the virus infection in pigs and the technical basis for control and eradication. Expansion and intensified production systems in the pig sector have made it difficult to control CSF and the necessity for structural changes in pig production is urged.

Application of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests to foreign animal disease eradication

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pasick
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Infectious Individual ◽  
Companion Diagnostic ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Foreign Animal Disease

AbstractThe risk of foreign animal disease introduction continues to exist despite Canada's strict regulations concerning the importation of animals and animal products. Given the rapidity with which these diseases can spread, especially in areas with dense livestock populations, eradication efforts which rely solely on quarantine and stamping-out measures can present a formidable undertaking. This, combined with growing economic and ethical considerations, has led to renewed interest in the use of vaccination as a tool in controlling foreign animal disease outbreaks. Vaccination has effects at the individual and population levels. Efficacious vaccines reduce or prevent clinical signs without necessarily preventing virus replication. They may also increase the dose of virus needed to establish an infection and/or reduce the level and duration of virus shedding following infection. Vaccine effectiveness within a population is a function of its ability to reduce virus transmission. Transmission is best described by the reproductive ratio, R, which is defined as the average number of new infections caused by one infectious individual. By helping to reduce the R-value below 1, vaccination can be an effective adjunct in abbreviating an outbreak. Nevertheless, vaccination can also complicate serological surveillance activities that follow eradication, if the antibody response induced by vaccination is indistinguishable from that which follows infection. This disadvantage can be overcome by the use of DIVA vaccines and their companion diagnostic tests. The term DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated individuals) was coined in 1999 by J. T. van Oirschot of the Central Veterinary Institute, in the Netherlands. It is now generally used as an acronym for ‘differentiating infected from vaccinated animals’. The term was originally applied to the use of marker vaccines, which are based on deletion mutants of wild-type microbes, in conjunction with a differentiating diagnostic test. The DIVA strategy has been extended to include subunit and killed whole-virus vaccines. This system makes possible the mass vaccination of a susceptible animal population without compromising the serological identification of convalescent individuals. The DIVA approach has been applied successfully to pseudorabies and avian influenza eradication, and has been proposed for use in foot-and-mouth disease and classical swine fever eradication campaigns. This paper will survey current vaccine technology, the host immune response, and companion diagnostic tests that are available for pseudorabies, foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza.

A qualitative study of the management and biosecurity practices of 13 interviewed pig owners selling via informal means in New South Wales, Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Schembri ◽  
P. K. Holyoake ◽  
M. Hernández-Jover ◽  
J.-A. L. M. L. Toribio
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
On Farm

There is increasing interest in the trading practices of producers who market pigs at live auction in Australia and the potential for infectious disease establishment and spread. The practices that underpin the commercial pork industry in Australia are well known. However, little is known about informal movements of pigs in Australia, and the biosecurity risks associated with pig production enterprises that utilise these methods of trade. The aim of this study was to qualitatively evaluate the biosecurity and pig-keeping practices of owners who trade pigs informally for Foot and Mouth Disease and Classical Swine Fever exposure and spread. Interviews were conducted with 13 pig owners who trade via informal means between April and June 2009. Information provided by producers was able to be validated for the six interviews conducted on-farm. There was limited application of recommended biosecurity practices on-farm and few kept health and management records. All interviewees reared other livestock species, such as ruminants and/or poultry, as well as pigs. Most interviewed owners claimed to quarantine introduced pigs from the main herd; however, few complied with industry recommendations. The results of this study suggest that pig owners (n = 13 interviewed) who currently trade their pigs informally pose few threats for the introduction of emergency animal disease. Pig keepers largely obtained their pig feed from reputable sources and appeared to have a sound understanding of swill feeding. However, the lack of on-farm biosecurity, variable quarantine practices and the failure to keep health records could play a role in the spread of an emergency animal disease if it was to be introduced. Further work is being undertaken to determine, qualitatively, the risk associated with the management practices undertaken by informal pig traders and Foot and Mouth Disease and Classical Swine Fever introduction and spread.

scholarly journals Assessing the value of PCR assays in oral fluid samples for detecting African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease in U.S. swine

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. e0219532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriana Beemer ◽  
Marta Remmenga ◽  
Lori Gustafson ◽  
Kamina Johnson ◽  
David Hsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Pcr Assays

scholarly journals Nosocials nominating in the nosological profile of infectious animal pathology in the southeastern zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region (on the example of the Pervomaiskiy region)

2019 ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Vladimir Nikolayevich Tihanov ◽  
Vasily Vasilevich Sochnev ◽  
Yulia Victorovna Pashkina ◽  
Tatyana Sergeevna Zhavoronkova ◽  
Natalia Grigorievna Gorchakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Biological Hazard ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Entire Depth ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Region

In the southeastern agro-climatic zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region, 51 parasitic systems function retrospectively, the co-agents of which, apart from their pathogens, were productive and unproductive domestic and wild animals. For the entire depth of retrospection (82 years), eleven nosoforms of infectious pathology in the studied region (27.6%) were dominant in the number of enzootic foci and diseased animals (rabies, dictiocaulosis, infectious atrophic rhinitis, classical swine fever, pyroplasmosis, salmonellosis, swine mucus, anthrax, fasciolosis, emkar, foot and mouth disease). Their share in the nosological profile of infectious pathology accounts for 261 epizootic focus (74.1% of the total epizootic focus of infectious animal diseases in the region for the entire depth of retrospection). At the same time, 13 nosoforms in the study area for the entire period of retrospection were recorded once, the expansion of the boundaries of their epizootic process was not established, the removal of the causative agent of these infectious diseases beyond the limits of the primary epizootic focus was pre-empted. Not allowed and relapses of their epizootic phenomena in the region. Ten nosoforms of infectious pathology of animals (18%) in the total pathology of animals in the studied region were recorded twice for the entire period of retrospection (typhoid fever, pig taineosis and cattle, pig metastrongylosis, infectious cattle, chicken ascaridiosis, cattle parainfluenza, nosomatosis bees). In the southeastern zone of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the potential danger of spontaneous emergence and spread of infectious animal pathology (anthrax, emkar, tuberculosis of cattle, fascioliasis, classical and African swine fever, pyroplasmosis, echinococcosis, rabies) has been identified. Schemes-models of the potential threat to the epizootic component of the biological hazard in the region were constructed.

scholarly journals Wild boar as the reservoir of pathogens, pathogenic for swine, other species of animals and for humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 6167-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUK
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Cooked Meat

This paper provides an overview of the current knowledge on wild boar as a reservoir of viruses, bacteria and parasites being pathogenic also to other species of animals, and for humans, but particularly to pigs belonging to the same species, Sus scrofa, as the wild boar. Since wild boar and domestic pigs belong to the same taxonomic species they are susceptible to the same pathogens and can infect each other. Therefore free – ranging wild boar are increasingly considered to be a threat to the pig industry and the international movement of pigs and swine products. Particularly African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot and mouth disease are those OIE-listed diseases, discussed in the paper. Additionally, domestic pigs can be infected from wild boar by PPV, PCV2, TGE and ADV. The last mentioned microorganism is causing infection and disease also in other species of animals. The wild boar is participating, by carriership, of infecting several species of animals and human by Leptospira serotypes, Brucella suis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., pathogenic serovars of Escherichia coli. The same relates to bovine tuberculosis, Japanase encephalitis virus and influenza A typ viruses. Finally trichinellosis transfer from wild boar to humans with not cooked meat containing larves of Trichinella spp. is mentioned. In general remarks it is noted that to prevent pathogen introduction from wild boar to domestic animals particularly to pigs, but also other species and to humans the surveillance of the wild boar behaviour in their living conditions and environment is recommended...

scholarly journals Current efforts towards safe and effective live attenuated vaccines against African swine fever: challenges and prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Rui Luo ◽  
Yuan Sun ◽  
Hua-Ji Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Stable Cell Line ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into Europe and Asia, the major pig-raising areas, posing a huge threat to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, prevention and control of ASF are basically dependent on strict biosecurity measures and stamping-out policy once ASF occurs. Main text The major risks of ASF spread are insufficient biosecurity measures and human behaviors. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine seems to be a reasonable demand for the prevention and control of ASF. Due to the efficacy advantage over other types of vaccines, live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), especially virulence-associated genes deleted vaccines, are likely to be put into emergency and conditional use in restricted areas if ASF is out of control in a country with a huge pig population and pork consumption, like China. However, the safety, efficacy, and genetic stability of current candidate ASF LAVs require comprehensive clinical evaluations prior to country-wide field application. Several critical issues need to be addressed to commercialize an ideal ASF LAV, including a stable cell line for manufacturing vaccines, differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), and cross-protection from different genotypes. Conclusion A safe and effective DIVA vaccine and an accompanying diagnostic assay will facilitate the prevention, control, and eradication of ASF, which is quite challenging in the near future. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Topoisomerase II as a Target for Viral Prevention and Control

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Coelho ◽  
Alexandre Leitão
Keyword(s):  
Topoisomerase Ii ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
And Control

African swine fever (ASF) is, once more, spreading throughout the world. After its recent reintroduction in Georgia, it quickly reached many neighboring countries in Eastern Europe. It was also detected in Asia, infecting China, the world’s biggest pig producer, and spreading to many of the surrounding countries. Without any vaccine or effective treatment currently available, new strategies for the control of the disease are mandatory. Its etiological agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), has been shown to code for a type II DNA topoisomerase. These are enzymes capable of modulating the topology of DNA molecules, known to be essential in unicellular and multicellular organisms, and constitute targets in antibacterial and anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we summarize most of what is known about this viral enzyme, pP1192R, and discuss about its possible role(s) during infection. Given the essential role of type II topoisomerases in cells, the data so far suggest that pP1192R is likely to be equally essential for the virus and thus a promising target for the elaboration of a replication-defective virus, which could provide the basis for an effective vaccine. Furthermore, the use of inhibitors could be considered to control the spread of the infection during outbreaks and therefore limit the spreading of the disease.

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