scholarly journals Recent Development of Ruminant Vaccine Against Viral Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sk Mohiuddin Choudhury ◽  
XuSheng Ma ◽  
Wen Dang ◽  
YuanYuan Li ◽  
HaiXue Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Animal Care ◽  
Technological Platforms

Pathogens of viral origin produce a large variety of infectious diseases in livestock. It is essential to establish the best practices in animal care and an efficient way to stop and prevent infectious diseases that impact animal husbandry. So far, the greatest way to combat the disease is to adopt a vaccine policy. In the fight against infectious diseases, vaccines are very popular. Vaccination's fundamental concept is to utilize particular antigens, either endogenous or exogenous to induce immunity against the antigens or cells. In light of how past emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics were handled, examining the vaccination methods and technological platforms utilized for the animals may provide some useful insights. New vaccine manufacturing methods have evolved because of developments in technology and medicine and our broad knowledge of immunology, molecular biology, microbiology, and biochemistry, among other basic science disciplines. Genetic engineering, proteomics, and other advanced technologies have aided in implementing novel vaccine theories, resulting in the discovery of new ruminant vaccines and the improvement of existing ones. Subunit vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, and vectored vaccines are increasingly gaining scientific and public attention as the next generation of vaccines and are being seen as viable replacements to conventional vaccines. The current review looks at the effects and implications of recent ruminant vaccine advances in terms of evolving microbiology, immunology, and molecular biology.

New Approaches to the Diagnosis of Oral Soft-Tissue Disease of Viral Origin

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rodu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Hpv Types

Molecular biology is changing the face of diagnostic medicine, and infectious diseases of the oral soft tissues are among the targets of these advances in biotechnology. As an illustration of these concepts, a PCR-based detection and typing system for human papillomaviruses (HPVs) will be discussed. A single "consensus" set of oligomeric nucleotide primers can be used to amplify a 571- to 594-base-pair region of the E1 open reading frame of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18. These HPV types are commonly associated with preneoplastic and cancerous lesions of the genital, respiratory, and digestive tracts. PCR amplification yields single bands of similar size for these viruses by agarose gel electrophoresis. Digestion of the resultant products by the restriction endonuclease AccI yields distinctive and reproducible banding patterns by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (with ethidium bromide) due to their internal sequence diversity. The system is sensitive; without radioisotopes, it can detect and type HPV 18 in as little as 100 pg of DNA from HeLa cells. We have used it to confirm HPV in fresh-frozen tumors. Computer sequence analysis can be used to modify the system for the detection of new HPV types as they are characterized. Other applications of molecular-biology-based detection systems for infectious diseases of the head and neck region will be discussed.

Prediction of the Omp16 Epitopes for the Development of an Epitope-based Vaccine Against Brucellosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh Rezaei ◽  
Mohammad Rabbani-khorasgani ◽  
Sayyed Hamid Zarkesh-Esfahani ◽  
Rahman Emamzadeh ◽  
Hamid Abtahi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Bioinformatics Analysis ◽  
Epitope Prediction ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Zoonotic Diseases ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Tertiary Structures

Background:Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria that cause disease in animals and humans. Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases transmitted from animals-to-human through direct contact with infected animals and also consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Due to the wide incidence of brucellosis in Iran and economical costs in industrial animal husbandry, Vaccination is the best way to prevent this disease. All of the available commercial vaccines against brucellosis are derived from live attenuated strains of Brucella but because of the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines, protective subunit vaccine against Brucella may be a good candidate for the production of new recombinant vaccines based on Brucella Outer Membrane Protein (OMP) antigens. In the present study, comprehensive bioinformatics analysis has been conducted on prediction software to predict T and B cell epitopes, the secondary and tertiary structures and antigenicity of Omp16 antigen and the validation of used software confirmed by experimental results.Conclusion:The final epitope prediction results have proposed that the three epitopes were predicted for the Omp16 protein with antigenicity ability. We hypothesized that these epitopes likely have the protective capacity to stimulate both the B-cell and T-cell mediated immune responses and so may be effective as an immunogenic candidate for the development of an epitope-based vaccine against brucellosis.

scholarly journals Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Raquel Cid ◽  
Jorge Bolívar
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.

scholarly journals An evidence-based systematic review on emerging therapeutic and preventive strategies to treat novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) during an outbreak scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupama M. Gudadappanavar ◽  
Jyoti Benni
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Full Length Genome

AbstractA novel coronavirus infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged from Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, in December 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is believed to be originated from bats in the local wet markets. Later, animal to human and human-to-human transmission of the virus began and resulting in widespread respiratory illness worldwide to around more than 180 countries. The World Health Organization declared this disease as a pandemic in March 2020. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. Nevertheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been studied against COVID-19 in clinical trials with clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize the morphology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection. A strong rational groundwork was made keeping the focus on current development of therapeutic agents and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Among the proposed therapeutic regimen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdisevir, azithromycin, toclizumab and cromostat mesylate have shown promising results, and limited benefit was seen with lopinavir–ritonavir treatment in hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19. Early development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine started based on the full-length genome analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Several subunit vaccines, peptides, nucleic acids, plant-derived, recombinant vaccines are under pipeline. This article concludes and highlights ongoing advances in drug repurposing, therapeutics and vaccines to counter COVID-19, which collectively could enable efforts to halt the pandemic virus infection.

scholarly journals A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Liani Coronado ◽  
Carmen L. Perera ◽  
Liliam Rios ◽  
María T. Frías ◽  
Lester J. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Available Information

Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.

scholarly journals Causes of death in goats in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil: analysis of 322 cases (2000-2016)

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2080-2087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele M. Bassuino ◽  
Guilherme Konradt ◽  
Matheus V. Bianchi ◽  
Gustavo G.M. Snel ◽  
Luciana Sonne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Pregnancy Toxemia ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Conclusive Diagnosis

ABSTRACT: The diagnosis of the cause of death in goats submitted to necropsy from January 2000 to December 2016 by Setor de Patologia Veterinária from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul was reviewed. Epidemiological features, such as the breed, sex and age, in addition to the clinical and pathological features were evaluated. During this period, 322 goats were necropsied, in which a conclusive diagnosis was obtained in 290 (90%) goats. Goats that were part of other experimental study were excluded from this study. From these 290 cases, 167 (57.6%) corresponded to diseases of infectious origin and toxinfectious diseases, while 123 (42.4%) were classified as non-infectious conditions. Infectious diseases included 55 cases of bacterial origin, 59 cases with parasitary involvement, 14 cases of viral origin, and 39 toxinfectious cases. Non-infectious conditions were grouped into metabolic diseases (44 cases), plants or chemical substances poisoning (36), mineral and nutritional deficiencies (20), and neoplasms and developmental disorders (5). In the remaining 18 cases, a conclusive diagnosis was obtained, however the conditions did not fit into those criteria and were classified as “others”. The age range of the goats in this study was from 1 day-old to 10 years-old. Most of the goats were females (201), while 121 were males. Affected breeds included Boer, Saanen, Anglo-Nubian, Toggenburg and mixed breeds. Parasitic, infectious and toxin-infectious diseases were the main cause of deaths, especially haemonchosis, pleuropneumonia, eimeriosis and enterotoxemia. Among the non-infectious conditions, metabolic disorders, especially rumen acidosis, pregnancy toxemia and urolithiasis, were directly related to the management employed in the property. Plant poisoning diagnosis was also highlighted with locally present plants, such as Sida carpinifolia, as the most important.

scholarly journals A Review on the Use of Antimicrobial Peptides to Combat Porcine Viruses

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 801
Author(s):  
Guihong Pen ◽  
Na Yang ◽  
Da Teng ◽  
Ruoyu Mao ◽  
Ya Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Research Situation

Viral infectious diseases pose a serious threat to animal husbandry, especially in the pig industry. With the rapid, continuous variation of viruses, a series of therapeutic measures, including vaccines, have quickly lost their efficacy, leading to great losses for animal husbandry. Therefore, it is urgent to find new drugs with more stable and effective antiviral activity. Recently, it has been reported that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have great potential for development and application in animal husbandry because of their significant antibacterial and antiviral activity, and the antiviral ability of AMPs has become a research hotspot. This article aims to review the research situation of AMPs used to combat viruses in swine production of animal husbandry, clarify the mechanism of action of AMPs on viruses and raise some questions, and explore the future potential of AMPs in animal husbandry.

scholarly journals Zoonoses: A current issue in contemporary infectology

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 441-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bozidar Antonijevic ◽  
Nadezda Madle-Samardzija ◽  
Vesna Turkulov ◽  
Grozdana Canak ◽  
Cedomir Gavrancic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
New Host ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Three Stages

Introduction. Animal infectious diseases which can be transmitted to humans are as old as the civilization itself. It is thought that 75% of all human infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin. Zoonoses are of significant public health importance, with major social and economic impact. General facts about zoonoses. Depending on their life cycle, four groups of zoonoses are distinguished: orthozoonoses, cyclozoonoses, metazoonoses and saprozoonoses. Some zoonoses are of bacterial or viral origin, some are caused by rickettsia or chlamydia, others are mycotic or parasitic infections, whereas some are caused by arthropods or prions. Transmission of zoonoses to humans. Three stages are differentiated during the transmission of the causative agent to humans: excretion, presence in the environment and entry into the new host. There are two transmission mechanisms: transmissive (vector-borne) and non-transmissive (fecally-orally). Conclusion. Undoubtedly, new zoonoses will continue to emerge, and that is why we need to take seriously the warning of the Third Congress for the European Society for Emerging Infections "to expect the unexpected." .

scholarly journals Progress in Control Measures for Chicken Coccidiosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kitandu ◽  
R. Juranová
Keyword(s):  
Feed Additives ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Recombinant Vaccines ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Prophylactic Use

For many years, prophylactic use of anticoccidial drugs has been the primary means of controlling chicken coccidiosis in broiler industry and has played a major role in the growth of this industry. Also the use of live vaccines is well established in the control of the disease. Three groups of live vaccines can be distinguished based on the characteristics of the Eimeria species included in the product: vaccines based on live virulent strains, vaccines based on live attenuated strains, vaccines based on live strains that are relatively tolerant to the ionophores, and non-live subunit vaccines. The mounting problem of drug resitance of Eimeria species has prompted major research efforts to seek alternative means of control through increased knowledge of understanding the immunomodulation, natural-product feed additives, advances in live and recombinant vaccines. This article reviews the above mentioned methods in control of chicken coccidiosis.

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