Multi-Omics Analysis of Mammary Metabolic Changes in Dairy Cows Exposed to Hypoxia

Hypoxia exposure can cause a series of physiological and biochemical reactions in the organism and cells. Our previous studies found the milk fat rate increased significantly in hypoxic dairy cows, however, its specific metabolic mechanism is unclear. In this experiment, we explored and verified the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation based on the apparent and omics results of animal experiments and in vitro cell model. The results revealed that hypoxia exposure was associated with the elevation of AGPAT2-mediated glycerophospholipid metabolism. These intracellular metabolic disorders consequently led to the lipid disorders associated with apoptosis. Our findings update the existing understanding of increased adaptability of dairy cows exposure to hypoxia at the metabolic level.

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The production and composition of milk from dairy cows fed hay and supplemented with either brewers' grains or rolled barley grain

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9820155 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 22 (116) ◽

pp. 155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SC Valentine ◽

RB Wickes

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Price Ratio ◽

Nutritive Values ◽

Friesian Cows

Four groups of seven Friesian cows were offered 70% of their calculated metabolizable energy requirements as pasture hay and either 2.4, 4.8 or 7.2 kg/d of dry matter (DM) as wet brewers' grains or 3.9 kg DM/d as rolled barley. A further group of cows received no supplement. The quantities of brewers' grains offered were calculated from in vitro digestible DM content to provide lo%, 20% and 30%, respectively, of metabolizable energy requirements and the rolled barley 30% of metabolizable energy requirements. The cows consumed a mean of 2.2,4.3 and 6.1 kg DM/d, respectively, as brewers' grains and 3.9 kg DM/d as rolled barley. The daily yields of milk (litres), protein (kg) and solids not fat (kg), respectively, were greater (P < 0.05) for the cows offered brewers' grains at 4.8 kg DM/d (1 5.6,0.49, 1.36) and 7.2 kg DM/d (16.4, 0.54, 1.45) than for the cows offered rolled barley (13.3, 0.45, 1.21). Daily yields of milk fat from the cows offered either 4.8 or 7.2 kg DM/d of brewers' grains or rolled barley did not differ significantly. There were no significant differences between treatments in liveweight change. It was concluded that wet brewers' grains and rolled barley offered as supplements to dairy cows fed hay have similar nutritive values for milk production. It was calculated that for milk fat production the break even landed price ratio of brewers' grains to barley is 1:1.26.

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Influence of nitrate supplementation on in-vitro methane emission, milk production, ruminal fermentation, and microbial methanotrophs in dairy cows fed at two forage levels

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2021-0087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Majid Sharifi ◽

Akbar Taghizadeh ◽

Ali Hosseinkhani ◽

Valiollah Palangi ◽

Muhlis Macit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Methane Emission ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Ammonia Concentration ◽

Microbial Flora ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Nitrate Supplementation

Abstract Modifying the chemical composition of a diet can be a good strategy for reducing methane emission in the rumen. However, this strategy can have adverse effects on the ruminal microbial flora. The aim of our study was to reduce methane without disturbing ruminal function by stimulating the growth and propagation of methanotrophs. In this study, we randomly divided twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows into 4 groups in a 2×2 factorial design with two forage levels (40% and 60%) and two nitrate supplementation levels (3.5% and zero). We examined the effect of experimental diets on cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and changes of ruminal microbial flora throughout the experimental period (45-day). Additionally, in vitro methane emission was evaluated. Animals fed diet with 60% forage had greater dry matter intake (DMI) and milk fat content, but lower lactose and milk urea content compared with those fed 40% forage diet. Moreover, nitrate supplementation had no significant effect on DMI and milk yield. Furthermore, the interactions showed that nitrate reduces DMI and milk fat independently of forage levels. Our findings showed that nitrate can increase ammonia concentration, pH, nitrite, and acetate while reducing the total volatile fatty acids concentration, propionate, and butyrate in the rumen. With increasing nitrate, methane emission was considerably decreased possibly due to the stimulated growth of Fibrobacteria, Proteobacteria, type II Methanotrophs, and Methanoperedense nitroreducens, especially with high forage level. Overall, nitrate supplementation could potentially increase methane oxidizing microorganisms without adversely affecting cattle performance.

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Propagation of CJD Prions in Primary Murine Glia Cells Expressing Human PrPc

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10081060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1060

Author(s):

Joo-Hee Wälzlein ◽

Karla A. Schwenke ◽

Michael Beekes

Keyword(s):

Prion Protein ◽

In Vitro Propagation ◽

Cell Model ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Cationic Lipid ◽

Brain Homogenate ◽

Proteinase K ◽

Lipid Mixture

There are various existing cell models for the propagation of animal prions. However, in vitro propagation of human prions has been a long-standing challenge. This study presents the establishment of a long-term primary murine glia culture expressing the human prion protein homozygous for methionine at codon 129, which allows in vitro propagation of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) prions (variant CJD (vCJD) and sporadic CJD (sCJD) type MM2). Prion propagation could be detected by Western blotting of pathological proteinase K-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) from 120 days post exposure. The accumulation of PrPSc could be intensified by adding a cationic lipid mixture to the infectious brain homogenate at the time of infection. Stable propagation of human prions in a long-term murine glia cell culture represents a new tool for future drug development and for mechanistic studies in the field of human prion biology. In addition, our cell model can reduce the need for bioassays with human prions and thereby contributes to further implementation of the 3R principles aiming at replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments.

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EVALUATION OF BARLEY AND WHEAT HEAD-CHOP SILAGES FOR DAIRY COWS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas89-109 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 947-954 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P. L. BURGESS ◽

G. C. MISENER ◽

R. E. McQUEEN ◽

J. W. G. NICHOLSON

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Laboratory Methods ◽

Key Words Barley ◽

Phleum Pratense L ◽

Dough Stage

Head-chop silages made from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvested at the mid- to late-dough stage of maturity were evaluated by laboratory methods and by feeding to dairy cows. There were linear decreases in crude protein (CP) content and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) when comparisons of grain, heads, heads + 15 cm straw, heads + 30 cm straw and heads + 45 cm straw were made. The barley and wheat head-chop silages produced for the cow feeding trial averaged 19.9 and 22.7% ADF and were readily accepted by the cows. The head-chop silages were fed at 22 kg cow−1 d−1 (as-fed basis) plus a grain mixture according to production level. The total grain consumption was similar to that of the control cows which were fed 1 kg of grain per 3 kg of milk produced. All cows were fed timothy (Phleum pratense L.) silage ad libitum. Cows fed the wheat head-chop consumed less total feed (P < 0.01) than those fed the other two treatments and produced less milk (P < 0.01); but, milk fat content was higher (P < 0.01) so there were no significant differences in fat corrected milk production among the treatments. It was concluded that head-chop silage was a suitable way of conserving cereal crops for feeding dairy cows. Key words: Barley, wheat, head-chop, dairy cows, silage

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Influence of yeast, probiotics and enzymes in rations on dairy cows performances during transition

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0806033s ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (5-6) ◽

pp. 33-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ljiljana Sretenovic ◽

Milan Petrovic ◽

S. Aleksic ◽

Vlada Pantelic ◽

V. Katic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Transition Period ◽

Research Result ◽

Control Group ◽

Trial Group ◽

Ruminal Bacteria ◽

Yeast Cultures ◽

The Difference

The main goal of this paper was to investigate the influence of some additives included into high yielding dairy cows rations to overcome the problems in early lactation. These substances directly affect the productive performances of dairy cows as well as udder health. The commercial name of investigated preparation is 'YEASTURE' and it is composed of live yeast cultures selected from three strains Saccharomyces cerevisisiae in combination with probiotic bacteria and enzymes (Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecium, Aspergillus oryzae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, 1,3-b and 1,6 D-Glucan, hemicellulase, Protease, Cellulase, Alpha amylase) which have the ability to modify the fermentation in rumen stimulating the development of ruminal bacteria and increasing the fibre digestion. Effects of this preparation have been investigated on 60 Holstein-Friesian cows divided into two groups. The diets were identical, and trial group received also 10 g of preparation Yeasture daily. Application of Yeasture started 15 days prior to calving and lasted until 60th day of lactation As a research result improved in vitro disappearance of diet dry matter from roughage (alfalfa hay, maize silage and ensiled sugar beet pulp) was established. Preparation Yeasture influenced quantity and composition of the milk. The difference between trial and control group was 2.57 kg 4%FCM or 8.70% (P<0.01) and 7.16% milk fat (P<0.05).Trial group supplemented with Yeasture showed lower somatic cells count by 7.3 percent points what indicated better health of cow's udder. Based on the presented results it can be concluded that inclusion of preparation Yeasture into diets for dairy cows in transition period can be recommended.

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Combined effects of intrinsic host gene (TRAPPC9) and extrinsic nutrient (folate) on resistance against S. aureus induced bovine mastitis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-91975/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Siyuan Mi ◽

Minyan Song ◽

Yichun Dong ◽

Zhichao Zhang ◽

Lijun Fan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Cell Model ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Folic Acid Supplementation ◽

Host Gene ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Beneficial Effects

Abstract Background: Drug-resistance and immunological escape of Staphylococcus aureus and its “superbug”, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), have become one of main causes of bacterial infection in both human and animals. In dairy cattle, elimination of bovine mastitis induced by S. aureus is of importance because S. aureus-infected cows normally are culled passively. Methods: Here, we investigated the beneficial effects of bovine trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9) gene and folic acid supplementation in the control of mastitis induced by S. aureus or MRSA by a series of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results: The data showed that the genetic mutations and DNA methylation of TRAPPC9 were highly linked with the mastitis resistance of dairy cows. Additionally, knockdown of bovine TRAPPC9 was significantly involved in the mRNA expression levels of interleukin’s genes (increased IL-1β and IL-6), and down-regulated the protein level of NF-κB-P65 in the mastitis cell model induced by MRSA. Meanwhile, dose-dependent folic acid addition can inhibit the invasion of MRSA into Mac-T cells and improve TRAPPC9 expression in dairy cows. Conclusions: Altogether, our data suggest that an appropriate dose of folic acid can significantly reduce the inflammation caused by MRSA partially through TRAPPC9 mediated NF-κB pathway. These findings provide new insights to control the drug-resistant pathogens and to restrict the overuse of antibiotics through combined effects of the intrinsic host gene and extrinsic nutrient.

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Effect of soybean molasses-adsorbents on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk production performance in lactating dairy cows

10.1101/496224 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Liang Chen ◽

Bin Li ◽

Ao Ren ◽

Zhiwei Kong ◽

Chuanshe Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Control Diet ◽

Gas Production ◽

Production Performance ◽

Corn Meal ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro fermentation characteristics of corncob powder (CRP), wheat bran (WB), rice husk (RH), defatted bran (DB) and soybean hulls (SH) when mixed with soybean molasses at a ratio of 30:100 (dry matter basis), using a batch culture incubation. During in vitro study, SH showed better fermentation characteristics (including greater maximum gas production, shorter time to achieve half of Vf, greater concentrations of acetate, propionate and total VFA, and less initial fractional rate of degradation) than other four substrates, while WB had the greatest values of DM and NDF disappearance, NH3-N and butyrate concentrations among substrates. A randomized complete block designed in vivo experiment was conducted with 24 Holstein cows (534 ± 58 kg BW, 2.8 ± 0.7 parity, 129 ± 23 d in milk) randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Control, WB (WB adsorbed to soybean molasses replaced 150 g of corn meal per 1000 g of diet dry matter [DM]) or SH (SH adsorbed to soybean molasses replaced 100 g of wheat bran and 50 g corn meal per 1000 g of diet DM). The results indicated that cows received WB diet had greater (P<0.01) milk fat and total milk solid content than cows fed control and SH diets, and cows received WB and SH diets tended to have greater (P<0.01) milk protein content and blood glutamic-pyruvic transaminase concentration than cows fed control diet. Furtherly, cows received WB diet had greater (P<0.01) blood amylase and lactate dehydrogenase concentration than that of cows fed control diet during middle lactation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of molasses adsorbed by-products like WB and SH have positive effect on promoting rumen fermentation, milk quality and blood metabolism in early- and middle-lactating dairy cows. The results offered a new products and feeding way in dairy farming

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Endogenous hydrogen sulfide sulfhydrates IKKβ at cysteine 179 to control pulmonary artery endothelial cell inflammation

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20190514 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 133 (20) ◽

pp. 2045-2059 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Da Zhang ◽

Xiuli Wang ◽

Siyao Chen ◽

Selena Chen ◽

Wen Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Endothelial Cell ◽

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Cell Model ◽

Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽

Critical Event ◽

Hypertensive Rats ◽

Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cell

Abstract Background: Pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) inflammation is a critical event in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the pathogenesis of PAEC inflammation remains unclear. Methods: Purified recombinant human inhibitor of κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ) protein, human PAECs and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats were employed in the study. Site-directed mutagenesis, gene knockdown or overexpression were conducted to manipulate the expression or activity of a target protein. Results: We showed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inhibited IKKβ activation in the cell model of human PAEC inflammation induced by monocrotaline pyrrole-stimulation or knockdown of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), an H2S generating enzyme. Mechanistically, H2S was proved to inhibit IKKβ activity directly via sulfhydrating IKKβ at cysteinyl residue 179 (C179) in purified recombinant IKKβ protein in vitro, whereas thiol reductant dithiothreitol (DTT) reversed H2S-induced IKKβ inactivation. Furthermore, to demonstrate the significance of IKKβ sulfhydration by H2S in the development of PAEC inflammation, we mutated C179 to serine (C179S) in IKKβ. In purified IKKβ protein, C179S mutation of IKKβ abolished H2S-induced IKKβ sulfhydration and the subsequent IKKβ inactivation. In human PAECs, C179S mutation of IKKβ blocked H2S-inhibited IKKβ activation and PAEC inflammatory response. In pulmonary hypertensive rats, C179S mutation of IKKβ abolished the inhibitory effect of H2S on IKKβ activation and pulmonary vascular inflammation and remodeling. Conclusion: Collectively, our in vivo and in vitro findings demonstrated, for the first time, that endogenous H2S directly inactivated IKKβ via sulfhydrating IKKβ at Cys179 to inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway activation and thereby control PAEC inflammation in PAH.

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Rapeseed Oil and Sunflower Oil Diets Enhance Platelet In Vitro Aggregation and Thromboxane Production in Healthy Men when Compared with Milk Fat or Habitual Diets

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1648446 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 67 (03) ◽

pp. 352-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Marja Mutanen ◽

Riitta Freese ◽

Liisa M Valsta ◽

Irma Ahola ◽

Antti Ahlström

Keyword(s):

Sunflower Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Rapeseed Oil ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Collagen Concentration ◽

Aggregation Pattern ◽

Thromboxane Production ◽

Low Erucic Acid ◽

Platelet Thromboxane

SummaryIn this highly controlled trial, 26 normolipidemic men (average age 28 years, range 18 to 60) were fed a baseline diet high in milk fat (MF) (fat 36% of energy, saturates 19%, monounsaturates 11%, polyunsaturates 4%), followed by a diet high in sunflower oil (SO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 13%, monounsaturates 10%, polyunsaturates 13%) and another diet high in low erucic-acid rapeseed oil (RO) (fat 38% of energy, saturates 12%, monounsaturates 16%, polyunsaturates 8%). All diets were mixed natural diets with the same cholesterol contents. The baseline milk fat diet was given for 14 days and the oil diets for 24 days in a blind cross-over design. The platelet in vitro aggregation (slope %/min) induced by 1, 2 and 3 pM ADP and collagen (25 pg/ml PRP) was highly significantly (p <0.001) increased after both oil diets when compared with the results from the milk fat diet. The aggregation pattern determined by threshold collagen concentration confirmed increased collagen sensitivity of the platelets after the rapeseed oil diet (p <0.001). The enhancement of platelet aggregation was associated with increased in vitro platelet thromboxane production after the oil diets vs. the milk fat diet (p <0.05 after the sunflower oil diet and p <0.001 after the rapeseed oil diet).

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Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/aoas-2020-0094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ryszard Mordak ◽

Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽

Robert Kupczyński

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Milk Components ◽

Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

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