Long-Term Productive, Competitive, and Economic Aspects of Spring Cereal Mixtures in Integrated and Organic Crop Rotations

Cultivation of spring cereal mixtures (SCMs) is one of the ways to increase the yield of crops in mountainous areas of Poland. There are only a few current long-term studies on this topic. Our study aimed at analyzing yield and competitiveness as well as the economic indicators of spring cereals in pure or mixed sowings in integrated or organic crop rotations over nine years. A field experiment including pure sowings of oats, spring barley, or spring triticale and their two-component SCMs, each in two systems, organic and integrated crop rotation, was carried out in the Mountainous Experimental Station in Czyrna, Poland, in the years 2011–2019. On average, cereals in the pure sowings and mixtures yielded 18% lower in the organic rotations compared with the integrated ones. However, SCMs yielded higher than the pure sowings, and displayed a higher leaf area index and land equivalent ratio. The average gross margin without subsidies was almost two times higher in the organic crop rotations than in the integrated ones, which was influenced mainly by the cultivation of barley in pure sowing. Summing up, the cultivation of SCMs in the mountainous areas of southern Poland is advised because of both productive and economic factors.

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Comprehensive Assessment of Performances of Long Time-Series LAI, FVC and GPP Products over Mountainous Areas: A Case Study in the Three-River Source Region, China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs14010061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Wenqi Zhang ◽

Huaan Jin ◽

Ainong Li ◽

Huaiyong Shao ◽

Xinyao Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Global Change ◽

Land Surface ◽

Gross Primary Production ◽

Source Region ◽

Mountainous Areas ◽

Area Index ◽

Vegetation Activity ◽

Long Time

Vegetation biophysical products offer unique opportunities to examine long-term vegetation dynamics and land surface phenology (LSP). It is important to understand the time-series performances of various global biophysical products for global change research. However, few endeavors have been dedicated to assessing the performances of long-term change characteristics or LSP extraction derived from different satellite products, especially in mountainous areas with highly fragmented and rugged surfaces. In this paper, we assessed the time-series characteristics and LSP detections of Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), and gross primary production (GPP) products across the Three-River Source Region (TRSR). The performances of products’ temporal agreements and their statistical relationship as a function of topographic indices and heterogeneous pixels, respectively, were investigated through intercomparison among three products during the period 2000 to 2018. The results show that the phenological differences between FVC and two other products are beyond 10 days over more than 35% of the pixels in TRSR. The long-term trend of FVC diverges significantly from GPP and LAI for 13.96% of the total pixels, and the percentages of mismatched pixels between FVC and two other products are 33.24% in the correlation comparison. Moreover, good agreements are observed between GPP and LAI, both in terms of LSP and interannual variations. Finally, the LSP and long-term dynamics of the three products exhibit poor performances on heterogeneous surfaces and complex topographic areas, which reflects the potential impacts of environmental factors and algorithmic imperfections on the quality and performances of different products. Our study highlights the spatiotemporal disparities in detections of surface vegetation activity in mountainous areas by using different biophysical products. Future global change studies may require multiple high-quality satellite products with long-term stability as data support.

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THE ROLE OF BIOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN THE INCREASE OF THE YIELD OF SPRING CEREALS IN VARIETAL TESTING IN POLAND

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0011.8132 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XX (2) ◽

pp. 162-168

Author(s):

Ludwik Wicki

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Plant Production ◽

World Population ◽

Intensity Level ◽

Yield Level ◽

Spring Triticale ◽

Effective Dissemination ◽

Spring Cereals ◽

The Impact

The growing world population and the increase in the wealth of societies are the reason for the growing demand for food. An important issue is to obtain production growth without excessive increase of use of production inputs. It is possible thanks to biological progress, whose share in creating the growth of plant production in the world is estimated at 40%. The aim of the work is to determine the impact of biological progress on the increase in the yield level of spring cereals in Poland. The analysis was based on the results of post-registration varietal testing for the years 2006-2017. It was found that the yield of varieties of spring cereals increased in the analyzed period by an average of over 15 dt/ha. The share of biological progress in the observed increase ranged from 15% for spring triticale to 38% for spring barley. On average, it was 28% at a lower production intensity level and 23% at a higher intensity level. The importance of biological progress in the increase of yields of spring cereal varieties in Poland is high, and the effective dissemination of new varieties may allow for obtaining more crop production without increasing inputs, if the level of utilization of the varieties’ potential will be higher in agriculture production.

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Effects of Long-Term Fertilisation and Weather on Soil Properties and Spring Barley Yield

Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ◽

10.34257/gjsfrdvol21is1pg35 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

V. Loide ◽

L. Edesi

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Farmyard Manure ◽

Red Clover ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Moderate Dose ◽

Hemp Oil ◽

Term Field

The purpose of the experiment was to determine long-term fertilization and the effects of weather on the soil properties and spring barley yields. A long-term field experiment—with crop rotations of potatoes (hemp oil from 2017), spring barley, spring barley with red clover (undersown), and red clover was established in 1960 Kuusiku, Estonia. Different barley varieties was used over the experimental period. With except the spring barley variety 'Anni', which was tested from 1995–2019.The experiment has three fertilizer treatments: the moderate dose of fertilization (NPK1),double NPK1 (NPK2), and moderate fertilization with farmyard manure (NPK1 + FYM). After harvest, the soil samples were collected from 0–0.2 m of topsoil and 0.2–0.4 m of subsoil from each plot, using a soil drill.

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Long-term crop rotation effects on winter and spring cereals productivity

Žemės ūkio mokslai ◽

10.6001/zemesukiomokslai.v26i2.4060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽

Ingė Auželienė ◽

Vaclovas Bogužas

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Row Crops ◽

Productivity Indicators

A long-term field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the VDU Agriculture Academy (formerly Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Institute of Agroecosystems crop rotation collection (equipped in 1967), during 2015–2017. The soil of the Experimental site is moderately fine textured Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. The research was carried out on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Skagen’ and 71 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Orphelija’, which were sown in 8 different crop rotations after different preceding crops and rye monoculture. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotation combinations on testing crops yield and productivity indicators. In many cases, rye productivity indicators were lower during 50-year monocropping. The best productivity indicators were obtained by growing rye in them in grass and fallow crop sequences, and for winter wheat in fallow with vetch–oat mixture for fodder and after manure application. In rye these indicators were more dependent on the precipitation amount and the amount of the sum of temperature during the period of generative organ formation. Among these indicators and the number of productive stems, a statistically strong and medium strength correlation interaction was identified: r = 0.83, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.58, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.85, P ≤ 0.01; and winter weat r = 0.87, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.89, P ≤ 0.01. The highest winter wheat productivity was established in crop rotation after perennial grasses and leguminous crops. Crop yield in monoculture decreases, but the optimal amount of mineral fertilizers saves lower but stable yields. Spring barley is less dependent on preceding crop, so it can be grown after winter cereals. However, they are more productive when sown after row crops and in crop rotations where one of the rotation members is fertilized with organic fertilizers.

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The yield of sugar beet in constant sowing and crop rotation

Bioenergy ◽

10.47414/be.2.2020.225004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

L. D. Hlushchenko ◽

R. V. Olepir ◽

O. I. Len ◽

O. A. Samoilenko

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Anthropogenic Factors ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Field Crop

Purpose. To determine the long-term effect of a complex of factors (anthropogenic and natural) on the productivity of sugar beet for a significant period and the level of pest reproduction. Study of short crop rotations. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. The uneven distribution of precipitation during the sugar beet growing season has differently affected the efficiency of fertilizer systems and, as a consequence, the growth, development of plants and the yield of root crops. Yield of sugar beets at constant sowing on average for five years was dynamic, but its highest productivity, regardless of the fertilizer system, was in the first years of research, from 29.7 to 39.1 t/ha (on average for 1978–1982). Further cultivation in monoculture has led to yield reduction. The highest yield of sugar per hectare was also observed in the first five years, and varied in different fertilizer treatments from 4.67 to 6.22 t/ha. The lowest yield was in 1988–1992 and 1998–2002, 2.71 to 4.42 t/ha and 2.23 to 4.53 t/ha, respectively. Sugar beet yield in crop rotation was influenced by both forecrop and aftercrop. On average, during the years of research (2011–2019), the highest yield (43.0 t/ha) was obtained in the three-field crop rotation winter wheat — spring barley — sugar beet, while the lowest (41.8 t/ha) in the crop rotation sunflower — winter wheat — sugar beet, slightly higher in the four-field crop rotation soybean — winter wheat — sugar beet — corn (42.3 t/ha). The yield of sugar during continuous sowing, on average during the study period, was 3.5–5.1 t/ha, while in crop rotation it was 7.7–8.3 t/ha. According to the results of the survey of crops in the cotyledon phase, it was found that in unchanged sowing the density of common beet weevil (Bothynoderes punctiventris Germ) is quite high, 8.8 beetles/m2 (average for 2006–2008) and exceeds the harmfulness threshold (0.2–0.3 beetless/m2) several times. At this density, the damage to plant seedlings was significant. Conclusions. The yield of sugar beet is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Of the anthropogenic, in addition to fertilizers, it is important to adhere to scientifically sound crop rotation. Long-term stationary studies have shown that the cultivation of sugar beet in monoculture leads to a gradual and stable decrease in yield and, consequently, the yield of sugar per hectare. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers helps to increase yields, but not significantly. In addition to weather conditions, the yield of sugar beet in crop rotation is influenced by forecrop and aftercrop. In the studied crop rotations, the lowest yield was obtained in the crop rotation where the forecrop of beets was sunflower, and the largest yield was obtained with legumes. Observance of crop rotation affects the phytosanitary condition of sowing; therefore, in monoculture, the density of common beet weevil is much higher than threshold, which leads to additional costs.

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Effect of long-term crop rotations on soil CO2 emission and earthworms

Žemės ūkio mokslai ◽

10.6001/zemesukiomokslai.v26i2.4062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Lina Skinulienė ◽

Vaclovas Bogužas ◽

Vaida Steponavičienė ◽

Aušra Sinkevičienė ◽

Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Plant Residue ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Soil Co2 ◽

Soil Co2 Emission

Long-term field experiment was established in 1966 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, in the crop rotation collection of the Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Science established in 1967. The soil is brown drained deeper carbonic shallow clayey (RDg8–k2) – Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (sicco) (CMg-p-w-can). The experiment was carried out in crops of winter wheat, rye and barley of different crop rotation in sequence of different preceding/catch crops. Crops of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, wheat ‘Skagen’ and spring barley ‘Orphelija’ were sown in 8 crop rotations in sequence of different preceding (catch) crop and rye monocrops. The research aim was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotations on the soil CO2 emission, and on the number and mass of earthworms. After pre-crops, leaving a large amount of plant residues in the soil, the CO2 emission intensity was the highest. It was established that after harvesting of winter cereals and spring barely, the plant residue had the most significant influence on the amount of earthworms.

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Crop rotations with clover and their productivity

Multifunctional adaptive feed production № 23 (71) ◽

10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-38-42 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ol'ga Gladysheva ◽

Oksana Artyuhova ◽

Vera Svirina

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Gray Forest Soil ◽

Arable Land ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Crop Rotations ◽

Field Crop ◽

Pure Steam ◽

Positive Effect

The results of long-term research in experiments with crop rotations with different clover saturation are presented. It is shown that the cluster has a positive effect on the main indicators of vegetation of dark-gray forest soil. The introduction of two fields of perennial grasses into the six-field crop rotation significantly increases both the humus reserves and increases the productivity of arable land by 1.5–2 times compared to the crop rotation with a field of pure steam.

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SELECTION WORK TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVE AND BREWING QUALITIES OF SPRING BARLEY

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2018/6/38-40 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

О. V. Levakova ◽

L. М. Eroshenko ◽

А. N. Eroshenko

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Humus Content ◽

Stability Index ◽

Field Studies ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Extract Content ◽

Labile Phosphorus ◽

Loam Soil

The article presents and analyzes data of competitive varietal testing of promising varieties and lines of spring barley for yield and brewing qualities. Field studies were conducted in 2014–2017 on dark gray forest heavy loam soil. Agrochemical parameters are total nitrogen – 0.24%, humus content in a layer of 0-40 cm (according to Tyurin) – 5.19%, hydrolysis nitrogen – 123.5 mg / kg, salt extract pH – 4.92 mg-eq / 100g; labile phosphorus - 34.6 mg / 100g, labile potassium – 20.0 mg / 100g. The forerunner is winter wheat. Meteorological conditions in the years of research differed from each other and from the average long-term value. Barley samples were assessed by the protein content in the grain (GOST 10846-91), extract content (GOST 12130-77), weight 1000 grains (GOST 10842-89). Ecological plasticity was determined by the method proposed by E.D. Nettevich, A.I. Morgunov and M.I. Maksimenko, stability index (Ľ) by A. A. Gryaznov, indicator of stability level (Puss) by E. D. Nettevich and A. I. Morgunov. The main measure for assessing quality indicators is protein content. Many other biochemical and technological features of grain depend on its level. The experimental data convincingly testify to the significant influence of the soil and climatic conditions on the yield and, especially, on the brewing qualities of barley in the conditions of the Central Region of the Nonchernozem Zone. According to the studied traits, new valuable varieties Nadezhny, Sir, Noble and selection lines 141 / 1-09 h 746, 23 / 1-10 h 784, distinguished by high adaptability and resistance to adverse environmental factors, have been identified.

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Current situation with the core collection of spring triticale of the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine

Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources) ◽

10.36814/pgr.2018.23.07 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 75-85

Author(s):

S.V. Chernobai ◽

V.K. Riabchun ◽

T.B. Kapustina ◽

V.S. Melnyk ◽

O.E. Shchechenko

Keyword(s):

Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Plant Production ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Growing Season Length ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Foreign Countries ◽

Spring Triticale

Goal. To build up a spring triticale genetic bank to provide breeding, scientific and educational institutions with initial material and to preserve the existing diversity. To update the database of accessions with a set of valuable economic and morphological features. Results and discussion. The methodology and results of the collection formation and evaluation of spring triticale accessions in the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine of Plant Production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev are presented. The formed collection includes 1,935 accessions from 27 countries: 42 varieties and 1,478 breeding lines from Ukraine, 92 varieties and 248 lines from foreign countries and also 75 genetic lines. The collection was formed by major valuable economic features (plant height, growing season length, spike threshing, yield, 1000-grain weight, disease resistance, technological properties, etc.). Accessions with the majority of morpho-biological and valuable economic features were selected. All the accessions in the collection are certificated. 1,762 accessions were packed for storage into the National Depository; 1,507 of them were packed for long-term storage. Conclusions. The gene pool of spring triticale from the collection of the Gene Bank of Plants of Ukraine is widely used for breeding. This allows conducting hybridization of genetically and ecologically remote forms with various expressions of features and obtaining whole new breeding material. Involvement of collection accessions in breeding allows generating new genetic sources of valuable economic features.

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