scholarly journals Starch Granule Size Distribution and Pasting Characteristic Response to Post-Anthesis Combined Stress of Waterlogging and Shading

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Huawei Li ◽  
Zongshuai Wang ◽  
Qicui Zhuo ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Fahong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Pasting Characteristics

The combined stress of waterlogging and shading (WS) caused by continuous rain threatens the production of high-quality weak gluten wheat in China (Triticum aestivum L.). To evaluate its influences on wheat quality formation, Yangmai 158 was chosen to be subjected to WS at 0–7 days after anthesis (DAA, WS0–7), 8–15 DAA (WS8–15), 16–23 DAA (WS16–23), and 24–31 DAA (WS24–31), respectively, with non-stressed plants as control (Non-WS). Compared with Non-WS, WS reduced the amylopectin content and enhanced amylose content in the mature grains. WS enhanced the number and surface but reduced the size of the starch granules. The number, volume, and surface area percentages of B-type starch granules were enhanced, and the number and volume percentages of A-type starch granules were reduced by WS. The peak viscosity and gelatinization temperature were enhanced and the low viscosity and final viscosity were decreased by WS. WS applied at the mid-grain-filling stage (WS8–15 and WS16–23) had greater modification on the starch content, granule size distribution and pasting characteristics than that applied at early (WS0–7) or late (WS24–31). The changes of starch pasting characteristics under WS had a significant correlation with the amylase and amylopectin content, amylase/amylopectin, and the ratio of the volume percent of B-type and A-type starch granules.

Starch granule size distribution in wheat grain in relation to phosphorus fertilization

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. NI ◽  
Z. WANG ◽  
Y. YIN ◽  
W. LI ◽  
S. YAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Volume Proportion

SUMMARYStarch granule size distribution of wheat is an important characteristic that can affect its chemical composition and functionality. Phosphorus (P) fertilization has been studied extensively; however, little is known about its impact on starch granule size distribution in wheat. In the present study, two high-yield winter wheat cultivars were grown under different P fertilization conditions to evaluate its effect on starch granule size distribution and starch components in wheat grains at maturity. P fertilization resulted in a significant increase in the proportions (both by volume and by surface area) of B-type (<9·9 μm equivalent diameter (e.d.)) starch granules, with a reduction in those of A-type (>9·9 μm e.d.) starch granules. The P fertilization also increased starch content, amylose content and amylopectin content at maturity. However, P fertilization conditions significantly reduced the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, which showed a significant positive relationship with the volume proportion of granules 22·8–42·8 μm e.d. but was negatively related to the volume proportion of granules 2·8–9·9 μm e.d.

Starch granule size distribution from twelve wheat cultivars in east China’s Huaibei region

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyang Li ◽  
Suhui Yan ◽  
Xiaqing Shi ◽  
Congyu Zhang ◽  
Qingqin Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Two Populations

The granule size distribution of starch strongly influences its physicochemical properties and the functionality of wheat. Twelve wheat cultivars grown in east China’s Huanghuai region were used for investigating the granule size distribution, amylose content, and their interrelationship. The results showed that the volume distribution of starch granules show the typical bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 4.44–5.36 µm and 21.7–23.82 µm, respectively. Surface area distribution of granules was also bimodal with peak values in the ranges of 2.53–3.06 µm and 19.8–21.7 µm, respectively. The limits between the two populations both occurred at 10 µm. A typical population of number distribution of granules with peak values in the range of 0.52–0.67 µm. Proportions of granules <2.6 µm, 2.6–10 µm, and 10–40 µm were in the range of 10.06–13.63%, 28.54–41.6%, and 45.4–61.3% of total volume, respectively. Proportions of granules <10 µm were in the range of 99.9% of the total number. The amylose content was significant and negatively correlated to volume percentage of granule <10 µm, and significant and positively correlated to the volume percentage of granule 22–40 µm.

Starch granule size distribution in wheat grain in relation to shading after anthesis

2009 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. LI ◽  
S. YAN ◽  
Y. YIN ◽  
Z. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Starch Granules

SUMMARYGranule size distribution of wheat starch is an important characteristic that may affect the functionality of wheat products. Light intensity is one of the main factors affecting grain yield and quality. Two high-yield winter wheat cultivars were grown under shade to evaluate the effect of low light intensity after anthesis on starch granule size distribution and starch components in wheat grains at maturity. Shading caused a marked drop in both grain yield and starch yield and led to a significant reduction in the proportion (both by volume and by surface area) of B-type starch granules (⩽9·9 μm), with an increase in those of A-type starch granules (>9·9 μm). This would suggest that the production of B-type starch granules was more sensitive to shading than that of A-type starch granules. It was also found that the proportion by volume of A-type starch granules was significantly increased and that of B-type starch granules was significantly decreased by shading at different grain filling stages, especially at middle and late grain-filling stages. However, shading had little effect on the proportional number of B-type starch granules. The present results suggested that, under dim light conditions, the limited substrate for starch accumulation was mainly partitioned towards hypertrophy (larger granules) not hyperplasia (more) of starch granules.

scholarly journals Late-Maturity Alpha-Amylase in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Its Impact on Fresh White Sauce Qualities

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Galex K. S. Neoh ◽  
Mark J. Dieters ◽  
Keyu Tao ◽  
Glen P. Fox ◽  
Phuong T. M. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Product Usage ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Pasting Characteristics ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
New Applications ◽  
White Sauce

When wheat experiences a cold-temperature ‘shock’ during the late stage of grain filling, it triggers the abnormal synthesis of late-maturity α-amylase (LMA). This increases the enzyme content in affected grain, which can lead to a drastic reduction in falling number (FN). By commercial standards, a low FN is taken as an indication of inferior quality, deemed unsuitable for end-product usage. Hence, LMA-affected grains are either rejected or downgraded to feed grade at the grain receiving point. However, previous studies have found no substantial correlation between low FN-LMA and bread quality. The present study extends previous investigations to semi-solid food, evaluating the physical quality of fresh white sauce processed from LMA-affected flour. Results show that high-LMA flours had low FNs and exhibited poor pasting characteristics. However, gelation occurred in the presence of other components during fresh white sauce processing. This demonstrates that LMA-affected flours may have new applications in low-viscosity products.

scholarly journals A carbohydrate-binding protein, B-GRANULE CONTENT 1, influences starch granule size distribution in a dose-dependent manner in polyploid wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tansy Chia ◽  
Marcella Chirico ◽  
Rob King ◽  
Ricardo Ramirez-Gonzalez ◽  
Benedetta Saccomanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Polyploid Wheat ◽  
Gene Dose ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
B Granules

Abstract In Triticeae endosperm (e.g. wheat and barley), starch granules have a bimodal size distribution (with A- and B-type granules) whereas in other grasses the endosperm contains starch granules with a unimodal size distribution. Here, we identify the gene, BGC1 (B-GRANULE CONTENT 1), responsible for B-type starch granule content in Aegilops and wheat. Orthologues of this gene are known to influence starch synthesis in diploids such as rice, Arabidopsis, and barley. However, using polyploid Triticeae species, we uncovered a more complex biological role for BGC1 in starch granule initiation: BGC1 represses the initiation of A-granules in early grain development but promotes the initiation of B-granules in mid grain development. We provide evidence that the influence of BGC1 on starch synthesis is dose dependent and show that three very different starch phenotypes are conditioned by the gene dose of BGC1 in polyploid wheat: normal bimodal starch granule morphology; A-granules with few or no B-granules; or polymorphous starch with few normal A- or B-granules. We conclude from this work that BGC1 participates in controlling B-type starch granule initiation in Triticeae endosperm and that its precise effect on granule size and number varies with gene dose and stage of development.

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

2010 ◽  
Vol 196 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Zhang ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
Y. Yin ◽  
R. Cai ◽  
S. Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Water Deficits

scholarly journals Identification and molecular characterization of mutant line deficiency in three waxy proteins of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Yaping Hu ◽  
Mengyun Hu ◽  
Lijing Sun ◽  
Xiyong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Premature Stop Codon ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Null Line ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Waxy Proteins ◽  
Total Starch

Abstract Background: Starch is the main component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and a key factor in determining wheat processing quality. The Wx gene encodes the granule bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) and is the sole gene responsible for amylose synthesis. Results: A waxy mutant (Wx-null) was isolated by screening M3 seeds derived from 1.0% EMS mutagenized materials with I2-KI staining of endosperm starch. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis confirmed that the Wx-null line lacked all three waxy proteins. DNA sequencing revealed three SNPs and a 3-bp InDel in the first exon, and a 16-bp InDel at the junction region of the first Wx-A1 intron from the Wx-null line. Six SNPs were identified in Wx-B1 gene of Wx-null line compared to the wild-type Gao 8901, including four missense mutations. One nonsense mutation was found at position 857 in the fourth exon, which resulted in a premature stop codon. Expression levels of Wx genes were dramatically reduced in the Wx-null line. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) may be triggered to degrade the non-functional Wx mRNA. There were no detectable differences in granule size and morphology between Wx-null and wild-type, but the Wx-null line contained a larger proportion of B-type starch granules. The amylose content of the Wx-null line (0.22%) was remarkably lower compared to the wild-type Gao 8901 (20.82%). Total starch is also lower in the Wx-null line. Conclusions: All three waxy proteins were non-functional in the Wx-null line. NMD may be the cause for reduced expression levels of Wx genes in the Wx-null line. The Wx-null line exhibited more B-type starch granules, dramatically lower amylose content, and decreased total starch. The Wx-null line may provide a potential waxy material with high agronomic performance in wheat breeding programs.

scholarly journals Characterization, Functional Properties, and Resistant Starch of Freshwater Macrophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Farahin N. N. Syed ◽  
Muta H. Zakaria ◽  
Japar S. Bujang ◽  
Annie Christianus
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Nelumbo Nucifera ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Properties ◽  
Total Starch

Several aquatic macrophytes such as Colocasia esculenta, Eleocharis dulcis, Nelumbo nucifera, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Trapa bispinosa, and Typha angustifolia possessed carbohydrate mainly in their storage and reproductive parts. Starch morphology, total starch, and amylose content of these six freshwater plant species were determined. Their functional properties, i.e., starch crystallinity, thermal properties, and rheological behaviour were assessed. Large starch granules were in N. nucifera rhizome (>15 μm), medium-sized was N. nucifera seed (8-18 μm), while the rest of the starches were small starch granules (<8 μm). Shapes of the starch granules varied from oval and irregular with centric hilum to elongated granules with the eccentric hilum. Eleocharis dulcis corm starch had significantly higher total starch content (90.87%), followed by corms of C. esculenta (82.35%) and S. sagittifolia (71.71%). Nelumbo nucifera seed starch had significantly higher amylose content (71.45%), followed by T. angustifolia pollen (36.47%). In comparison, the waxy starch was in N. nucifera rhizome (7.63%), T. bispinosa seed (8.83%), C. esculenta corm (10.61%), and T. angustifolia rhizome (13.51%). Higher resistant starch was observed mostly in rhizomes of N. nucifera (39.34%)>T. angustifolia (37.19%) and corm parts of E. dulcis (37.41%)>S. sagittifolia (35.09%) compared to seed and pollen starches. The XRD profiles of macrophytes starches displayed in all the corms and N. nucifera seed had A-type crystallinity. The T. bispinosa seed had CA-type, whereas the rest of the starches exhibited CB-type crystallinity. Waxy starches of C. esculenta corm had higher relative crystallinity (36.91%) and viscosity (46.2 mPa s) than regular starches. Based on thermal properties, high-amylose of N. nucifera seed and T. angustifolia pollen resulted in higher gelatinization enthalpy (19.93 and 18.66 J g-1, respectively). Starch properties showed equally good potential as commercial starches in starch-based food production based on their starch properties and functionality.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation in Starch Accumulation and Starch Granule Size in Cassava Genotypes in a Tropical Savanna Climate

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anon Janket ◽  
Nimitr Vorasoot ◽  
Banyong Toomsan ◽  
Wanwipa Kaewpradit ◽  
Poramate Banterng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Starch Yield

The information on genotypic responses to the seasonal variation in the starch content, starch yield, and starch quality of cassava is limited. The objective of this research was to investigate the seasonal variation of starch characteristics of three cassava genotypes grown under irrigation. The experiment was conducted at four planting dates (20 April, 30 June, 5 October, and 15 December 2015). Three cassava genotypes (CMR38-125-77, Kasetsart 50, and Rayong 11) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications and the plants were harvested at 12 months. The planting date contributed the largest portion of the total variation in the starch content, starch yield, and starch granule size. The amylose content variability was heavily influenced by genotype. Cassava planted on 5 October or 15 December had greater starch content, starch yield, and starch granule in most genotypes. This was likely due to a higher temperature and solar radiation during the 3–9 months post-planting. CMR38-125-77 showed a consistently high starch content, starch yield, and high amylose content for most planting dates except for the starch yield on 20 April, of which Rayong 11 was the best. These findings will be useful for choosing suitable cassava genotypes for different growing seasons and for facilitating breeding efforts for high starch-yielding and high-quality cassava starch in the future.

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