scholarly journals Growth Performance of Malaysian Parthenium hysterophorus under Various Environmental Variables

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Rabiatuladawiyah Ruzmi ◽  
Anis Fadzilah Muhammad Akhir ◽  
Masilamany Dilipkumar ◽  
Uma Rani Sinniah ◽  
Abdul Shukor Juraimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ecological Behavior ◽  
Parthenium Weed

Parthenium weed is an invasive weed species of economic importance worldwide. Native to the American tropics, the infestation ability of Parthenium weed to a new habitat is largely influenced by environmental factors. Despite Parthenium weed invasion in Malaysia dated back to 2013, investigation on its ecological behavior is still lacking. Hence, extensive studies on the ecological behavior of two predominant Malaysian Parthenium weed populations were executed. In the Petri dish seed bioassay, germination of Parthenium weed seeds was evident at temperatures up to 80 °C. Parthenium weed was also germinable in saline condition of up to 250 mM, osmotic pressure ranging from −1.2 to 0 MPa, and a wide range of pH (4–9), thus these abiotic conditions are by no means the limiting factors for the Parthenium weed. The pot trial observed that this invasive weed grew readily in various Malaysian soil textures. Parthenium weed successfully emerged from 0 cm to not beyond 2 cm soil burial and retained its emergence capacity under different submergence periods in water. The most favorable soil moisture condition for Parthenium weed emergence was saturated (0 kPa), followed by field capacity (−30–−50 kPa), while no emergence occurred in drought (−70 kPa) as well as flooded soils. These indicate that both Parthenium weed populations possess high tolerance to various abiotic conditions in Malaysia. Results obtained in the current study have crucially become guidelines for the local government authorities in predicting wide spread of Parthenium weed in diverse ecological zones, to further manage this pernicious weed efficiently.

scholarly journals Managing an Invasive Weed Species, Parthenium hysterophorus, with Suppressive Plant Species in Australian Grasslands

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Amalia Belgeri ◽  
Ali Ahsan Bajwa ◽  
Asad Shabbir ◽  
Sheldon Navie ◽  
Gabrielle Vivian-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Community ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Parthenium Weed ◽  
Total Diversity

Parthenium weed has been invading native and managed Australian grasslands for almost 40 years. This study quantified the potential of selected plant mixtures to suppress the growth of parthenium weed and followed their response to grazing and their impact upon plant community diversity. The first mixture consisted of predominantly introduced species including Rhodes grass, Bisset bluegrass, butterfly pea and green panic. This mixture produced biomass rapidly and showed tolerance to weed species other than parthenium weed. However, the mixture was unable to suppress the growth of parthenium weed. The second mixture of predominantly native pasture species (including forest bluegrass, Queensland bluegrass, Buffel grass and siratro) produced biomass relatively slowly, but eventually reached the same biomass production as the first mixture 12 weeks after planting. This mixture suppressed parthenium weed re-establishment by 78% compared to the control treatment. Its tolerance to the invasion of other weed species and the maintenance of forage species evenness was also superior. The total diversity was five times higher for the mixture communities as compared to the plant community in the control treatment. Therefore, using the suppressive pasture mixtures may provide an improved sustainable management approach for parthenium weed in grasslands.

Environmental factors affect seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Centaurea balsamita

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iraj Nosratti ◽  
Samira Soltanabadi ◽  
Saeid J. Honarmand ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Wide Range

Centaurea balsamita is a problematic and invasive weed of agricultural fields in western Iran. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different environmental factors on germination and seedling emergence of this weed species. Results revealed that seed germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures (from 5°C to 35°C) with the highest germination at 25°C. Seed germination of C. balsamita was similar between light and dark conditions. Germination decreased with increased in water stress levels, but some seeds were capable of germinating at –1.4 MPa osmotic potential. Seed germination was sensitive to salt stress and complete inhibition occurred at 150 mM sodium chloride. Seed germination of C. balsamita occurred over a pH range of 4–10 with lowest seed germination at pH 4. Seed germination was inhibited by increasing concentrations of potassium nitrate. No seedlings emerged when seeds were buried in the soil at depths greater than 6 cm, suggesting that using a sweep cultivator in crops and deep tillage would be beneficial in managing C. balsamita. The ability of C. balsamita to germinate under a wide range of temperature regimes and high levels of osmotic potential shows that this weed is well adapted to invade other cropping regions, especially rain-fed fields in western Iran.

Competition dynamics of Parthenium hysterophorus in direct-seeded aerobic rice fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A. Bajwa ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Steve Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Parthenium Weed

AbstractParthenium hysterophorus is a prolific invasive weed species, which infests many crops in over 40 countries around the world. A 2-year field study was carried out to quantify the potential impacts of this weed on direct-seeded rice. Parthenium weed was allowed to compete for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks after crop emergence, while full season weedy and weed-free plots were maintained as controls. Parthenium weed plants grew taller and attained more biomass as the competition duration prolonged. The yield and yield-related attributes of rice were negatively affected with increasing competition duration. The season-long competition caused the highest reductions in panicle number (28–34%), panicle length (26–27%), grains per panicle (22–23%) and grain yield (33 and 38%) of rice in both years. Weed competition for 2–8 weeks caused 5–34% and 6–33% losses in rice grain yield during both years, respectively. Importantly, Parthenium weed control after 8 weeks of competition did not improve rice yield significantly. The results suggested that Parthenium weed should be controlled in rice fields between 4 and 8 weeks after crop emergence under direct-seeded conditions to avoid over 10% yield losses.

Germination Ecology of Two Australian Biotypes of Ragweed Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) Relates to Their Invasiveness

Weed Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A. Bajwa ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Steve W. Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Very High ◽  
Better Than

Ragweed parthenium is a highly invasive weed species in several countries, including Australia. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature, light, salinity, pH, and moisture on germination of two Australian biotypes of ragweed parthenium: Clermont (highly invasive) and Toogoolawah (noninvasive). Although seeds of both biotypes could germinate under complete darkness, germination was improved by 20% to 49% under a 12-h photoperiod. Both biotypes germinated over a wide range of constant (8 to 35 C), and alternating day/night (15/5 to 35/25 C) temperatures. However, the Clermont biotype exhibited significantly higher germination than Toogoolawah biotype over the range of temperatures studied. Highest germination of Clermont (100%) and Toogoolawah (97%) was observed at constant temperatures of 14 to 23 C and 23 C, respectively. The best alternating day/night temperature for germination of both biotypes was 25/15 C. Clermont also germinated better than Toogoolawah under osmotic- and salt-stress conditions. Osmotic stress had moderate negative effects on germination, with 52% and 36% of the Clermont and Toogoolawah seeds able to germinate at −0.60 MPa, respectively. Complete germination inhibition for both biotypes was observed at an osmotic potential of −1.2 MPa. Both biotypes also germinated at a very high sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of 250 mM. A 50% reduction in germination of Toogoolawah and Clermont was caused by 99 and 154 mM NaCl, respectively. Germination of the Clermont biotype was not affected by a wide range of pH (4.0 to 10.0), whereas the strong acidic and alkaline pH levels (4.0 and 10.0) caused 18% and 25% reductions in germination of the Toogoolawah biotype compared with control. The Clermont biotype had a higher ability to germinate across all treatments compared with the Toogoolawah biotype, which might be a contributing factor toward the high invasive ability of the former compared with the latter.

scholarly journals Impact of Direct Soil Moisture and Revised Soil Moisture Index Methods on Hydrologic Predictions in an Arid Climate

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Jajarmizadeh ◽  
Sobri bin Harun ◽  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Shatirah Akib ◽  
Mohsen Salarpour
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Moisture Condition ◽  
Soil Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Moisture Index ◽  
Sensitive Parameters

The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is a physically based model that is used extensively to simulate hydrologic processes in a wide range of climates around the world. SWAT uses spatial hydrometeorological data to simulate runoff through the computation of a retention curve number. The objective of the present study was to compare the performance of two approaches used for the calculation of curve numbers in SWAT, that is, the Revised Soil Moisture Index (SMI), which is based on previous meteorological conditions, and the Soil Moisture Condition II (SMCII), which is based on soil features for the prediction of flow. The results showed that the sensitive parameters for the SMI method are land-use and land-cover features. However, for the SMCII method, the soil and the channel are the sensitive parameters. The performances of the SMI and SMCII methods were analyzed using various indices. We concluded that the fair performance of the SMI method in an arid region may be due to the inherent characteristics of the method since it relies mostly on previous meteorological conditions and does not account for the soil features of the catchment.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on the Management of the Invasive Weed Solanum rostratum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Jackline Abu-Nassar ◽  
Maor Matzrafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Solanum Rostratum ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Late Growth

Solanum rostratum Dunal is an invasive weed species that invaded Israel in the 1950s. The weed appears in several germination flashes, from early spring until late summer. Recently, an increase in its distribution range was observed, alongside the identification of new populations in the northern part of Israel. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbicide application for the control of S. rostratum using two field populations originated from the Golan Heights and the Jezreel Valley. While minor differences in herbicide efficacy were recorded between populations, plant growth stage had a significant effect on herbicide response. Carfentrazone-ethyl was found to be highly effective in controlling plants at both early and late growth stages. Metribuzin, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and tembutrione showed reduced efficacy when applied at later growth stage (8–9 cm height), as compared to the application at an early growth stage (4–5 cm height). Tank mixes of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen with different concentrations of surfactant improved later growth stage plant control. Taken together, our study highlights several herbicides that can improve weed control and may be used as chemical solutions alongside diversified crop rotation options. Thus, they may aid in preventing the spread and further buildup of S. rostratum field populations.

Factors affecting red-osier dogwood seed germination

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1012-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Acharya ◽  
C. B. Chu ◽  
R. Hermesh ◽  
G. B. Schaalje
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Collection Site ◽  
Moisture Condition ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cornus Stolonifera ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Seeds from 55 populations of native Alberta red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) were collected over 2 years (1984 and 1985) to determine the range of variability for seed germination and the effect of ecoregion and moisture conditions in the collection sites on this trait. Each year the unscarified seeds were stored at 3 °C for 30 days, stratified at 3 °C for an additional 30 days and then incubated on an 8 h light: 16 h dark cycle at a temperature of 25:10 °C (light:dark) for germination. A wide range of germination percentages was observed among populations collected in any 1 year. However, the variability was not due to the ecoregion or moisture condition of the collection site. Germination percentage of populations collected in 1984 and 1985 formed five and seven groups, respectively. A study involving eight sites that were common to 1984, 1985, and 1986 revealed a significant effect of population on seed germination. This population effect was not obscured by the combined effects of year, precipitation, temperature, and seed size. The year effect was significant only when population was used as a covariate. Precipitation during seed formation significantly influenced germination performance even after adjustments were made for population and year. Seed germination in red-osier dogwood appears to be influenced by the population from which the seeds are collected and by yearly environmental fluctuations. Therefore, germination studies in this species must include seeds from diverse populations collected over several years. Key words: red-osier dogwood, Cornus stolonifera Michx., germination, population, environment.

Seed germination response of a noxious agricultural weed Echium plantagineum to temperature, light, pH, drought stress, salinity, heat and smoke

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Singarayer Florentine ◽  
Sandra Weller ◽  
Alannah King ◽  
Arunthathy Florentine ◽  
Kim Dowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Germination Response ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Salinity Management

Echium plantagineum is a significant pasture weed in the Mediterranean climatic zone of several countries, including Australia. This invasive weed, introduced as an ornamental into Australia (where it is known as Paterson’s curse), quickly became established and is now a significant weed of agriculture. Although E. plantagineum is a well-established, highly competitive weed that thrives under disturbance and is tolerant of a wide variety of conditions, including varying soil moisture and drought, and some aspects of its ecology remain unknown. This study investigated germination response to temperature and light, pH, soil moisture, salinity, and pre-germination exposure of seed to heat and smoke. Temperature was found to be more influential on germination than light and the species is tolerant to a wide range of pH. However, available moisture may limit germination, as may elevated salinity. Management of this weed requires approaches that minimise soil seedbank input or prevent germination of soil seedbanks.

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