scholarly journals The Submergence of the Graft Union Causes the Death of Grafted Mango Trees (Mangifera indica L.) under Flooding

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1121
Author(s):  
Akira Saeki ◽  
Naoto Iwasaki
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Root Vigor

The risk of flooding has increased as a result of climate change inspired by global warming. In this study, the difference in tolerance to flooding between grafted trees and seedlings was investigated in mango trees (Mangifera indica L.). Two levels of flooding treatment were established, in addition to a non-treated control. One was “30-flood,” in which trees were submerged up to 30 cm from the soil surface, and another was “10-flood,” in which trees were submerged up to 10 cm from the soil surface. Grafted trees treated with the 30-flood were submerged up to 5 cm above the graft union. Only the grafted trees in the 30-flood treatment began to decrease Fv/Fm and the root sugar content during treatment, then died after the completion of treatment. In grafted trees and seedlings alike, both flooding treatments also reduced root vigor, as determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction tests and root starch content. However, root vigor and root starch content in grafted trees treated with the 10-flood as well as seedlings treated with both 10- and 30-flood recovered within two months after the completion of treatment, so that no significant differences were detected between the control. These results suggest that the submergence of the graft union into water causes the decline in photosynthesis of the scion first and the death of the grafted trees as a result.

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation and Fertigation on Yield and Quality Parameters of ’Gala‘ and ’Fuji‘ Apple

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1190
Author(s):  
Vladimír Mašán ◽  
Patrik Burg ◽  
Alice Čížková ◽  
Jaromír Skoupil ◽  
Pavel Zemánek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Significant Deficit ◽  
Fuji Apple ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fruit Diameter

The climate change and growing production of crops increase the demand for the water and the efficient use of water in agriculture becomes more critical. This experiment presents the results of research in the orchard with different irrigation programs and fertigation on yield and quality parameters of the ’Gala‘ and ’Fuji‘ apple tree. Three irrigation programs were applied IR + F – full irrigation with fertigation; IR – full irrigation without fertigation; NON‑IR – non‑irrigation, only natural precipitations. There were no differences observed among these three irrigation programs for tree diameter, sugar content, starch content and fruits firmness (P < 0.05). Significant deficit of water was in program IR and NON‑IR, at the length of annual growth, where the reduction was from from 680 mm to 440 mm at the ‘GALA’ variety. Statistically important differences between the irrigation variants were found out at the variety ‘Fuji’, in parametres yield, fruit weight and fruit diameter. Between programs IR + F and NON‑IR was the difference of fruit weight 25.6 g (14.3 %) and of fruit diameter 4.5 mm (5.8 %).

POTENSI HASIL JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays saccharata, Sturt) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PAKET TEKNOLOGI PUPUK DAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH

Jurnal BiBieT ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Surtinah Surtinah
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Difference Test ◽  
Treatment Design ◽  
Fertilizer Technology

<p>Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui paket teknologi yang memberikan produksi jagung manis varietas Master Sweet yang terbaik.  Rancangan Perlakuan yang diuji adalah paket teknologi pupuk Bio Extrim dan ZPT Hormax yang terdiri dari delapan taraf, dan rancangan lingkungan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan uji beda rata-rata perlakuan DMRT pada p 0.5.    Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa paket teknologi dengan pemberian Hormax tanpa Bio Extrim menghasilkan kadar gula yang terbaik.</p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>The aim of the research was to find out the technology package that gives the best Sweet Sweet varieties production. The treatment design tested was the Bio Extreme fertilizer technology package and the Hormax ZPT consisting of eight levels, and the environmental design used was a complete randomized design with the difference test of the average DMRT treatment at p 0.5. The results showed that the technology package with Hormax without Bio Extreme resulted in the best sugar content</em></p>

scholarly journals Effect of tillage, slope, and rainfall on soil surface microtopography quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices during sheet erosion

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-241
Author(s):  
Na Ta ◽  
Chutian Zhang ◽  
Hongru Ding ◽  
Qingfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Surface Microtopography ◽  
Artificial Rainfall ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sheet Erosion

AbstractTillage and slope will influence soil surface roughness that changes during rainfall events. This study tests this effect under controlled conditions quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices. When four commonly adopted tillage practices, namely, artificial backhoe (AB), artificial digging (AD), contour tillage (CT), and linear slope (CK), were prepared on soil surfaces at 2 × 1 × 0.5 m soil pans at 5°, 10°, or 20° slope gradients, artificial rainfall with an intensity of 60 or 90 mm h−1 was applied to it. Measurements of the difference in elevation points of the surface profiles were taken before rainfall and after rainfall events for sheet erosion. Tillage practices had a relationship with fractal indices that the surface treated with CT exhibited the biggest fractal dimension D value, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. Surfaces under a stronger rainfall tended to have a greater D value. Tillage treatments affected anisotropy differently and the surface CT had the strongest effect on anisotropy, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. A steeper surface would have less effect on anisotropy. Since the surface CT had the strongest effect on spatial variability or the weakest spatial autocorrelation, it had the smallest effect on runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, tillage CT could make a better tillage practice of conserving water and soil. Simultaneously, changes in semivariogram and fractal parameters for surface roughness were examined and evaluated. Fractal parameter – crossover length l – is more sensitive than fractal dimension D to rainfall action to describe vertical differences in soil surface roughness evolution.

scholarly journals Sugars promote graft union development in the heterograft of cucumber onto pumpkin

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Miao ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Tian-shu Sun ◽  
Sen Chai ◽  
Changlin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Graft Interface

AbstractThe use of heterografts is widely applied for the production of several important commercial crops, but the molecular mechanism of graft union formation remains poorly understood. Here, cucumber grafted onto pumpkin was used to study graft union development, and genome-wide tempo-spatial gene expression at the graft interface was comprehensively investigated. Histological analysis suggested that resumption of the rootstock growth occurred after both phloem and xylem reconnection, and the scion showed evident callus production compared with the rootstock 3 days after grafting. Consistently, transcriptome data revealed specific responses between the scion and rootstock in the expression of genes related to cambium development, the cell cycle, and sugar metabolism during both vascular reconnection and healing, indicating distinct mechanisms. Additionally, lower levels of sugars and significantly changed sugar enzyme activities at the graft junction were observed during vascular reconnection. Next, we found that the healing process of grafted etiolated seedlings was significantly delayed, and graft success, xylem reconnection, and the growth of grafted plants were enhanced by exogenous glucose. This demonstrates that graft union formation requires the correct sugar content. Furthermore, we also found that graft union formation was delayed with a lower energy charge by the target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibitor AZD-8055, and xylem reconnection and the growth of grafted plants were enhanced under AZD-8055 with exogenous glucose treatment. Taken together, our results reveal that sugars play a positive role in graft union formation by promoting the growth of cucumber/pumpkin and provide useful information for understanding graft union healing and the application of heterografting in the future.

scholarly journals Calcium Biogeochemical Cycle in a Typical Karst Forest: Evidence from Calcium Isotope Compositions

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Guilin Han ◽  
Anton Eisenhauer ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Man Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Calcium Isotope ◽  
Karst Forest ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Vital Factor

In order to better constrain calcium cycling in natural soil and in soil used for agriculture, we present the δ44/40Ca values measured in rainwater, groundwater, plants, soil, and bedrock samples from a representative karst forest in SW China. The δ44/40Ca values are found to differ by ≈3.0‰ in the karst forest ecosystem. The Ca isotope compositions and Ca contents of groundwater, rainwater, and bedrock suggest that the Ca of groundwater primarily originates from rainwater and bedrock. The δ44/40Ca values of plants are lower than that of soils, indicating the preferential uptake of light Ca isotopes by plants. The distribution of δ44/40Ca values in the soil profiles (increasing with soil depth) suggests that the recycling of crop-litter abundant with lighter Ca isotope has potential effects on soil Ca isotope composition. The soil Mg/Ca content ratio probably reflects the preferential plant uptake of Ca over Mg and the difference in soil maturity. Light Ca isotopes are more abundant in mature soils than nutrient-depleted soils. The relative abundance in the light Ca isotope (40Ca) is in the following order: farmland > burnt grassland > forests > grassland > shrubland. Our results further indicate that biological fractionation in a soil–plant system is a vital factor for Ca–geochemical transformations in soil surface systems.

scholarly journals Potential Fertilization Capacity of Two Grapevine Varieties: Effects on Agricultural Production in Designation of Origin Areas in the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
J. Antonio Cortiñas Rodríguez ◽  
María Fernández-González ◽  
Estefanía González-Fernández ◽  
Rosa A. Vázquez-Ruiz ◽  
F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Fertilization Capacity

In the present study, we analyzed the main parameters related with the potential fertilization ability of two grapevine varieties, Godello and Mencía, during the years 2017 and 2018. The research was carried out in two vineyards of the Galician winegrowing Designation of Origin areas of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra. Ten vines of each variety were selected for bunch and flower counting, pollen calculations, pollen viability studies by means of aceto-carmine (AC) stain and 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) methods, and the determination of their germination rate. In all vineyards the 50% fruitset was reached, except for Godello in Cenlle during 2017. The mean coulure value was higher for Godello (40.5%) than for Mencía (31%). Analyzing the pollen production per plant and airborne pollen levels, we observed important discordances between them, which can be due to the influence of weather conditions and be related with self-pollination processes. We found important differences on pollen viability depending on the applied method and variety, with higher values for the AC method than the TTC for both varieties in all study plots, and higher values for Mencía variety than Godello. Regarding germination rates, we observed a marked reduction in 2017 with respect to 2018, in all study sites and for both varieties. The analyzed parameters were useful to explain the different productive abilities of Godello and Mencía varieties in the two studied bioclimatic regions of Ribeiro and Ribeira Sacra.

scholarly journals Numerical Investigation to the Effect of Suction-Induced Seepage on the Settlement in the Underwater Vacuum Preloading with Prefabricated Vertical Drains

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Shu Lin ◽  
Dengfeng Fu ◽  
Zefeng Zhou ◽  
Yue Yan ◽  
Shuwang Yan
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Seepage Flow ◽  
Excess Pore Pressure ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Vacuum Preloading ◽  
Prefabricated Vertical Drains ◽  
Vertical Drains ◽  
The Difference

Vacuum preloading combined with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) has the potential to improve the soft sediments under water, however, its development is partly limited by the unclear understanding of the mechanism. This paper aims to extend the comprehension of the influential mechanism of overlapping water in the scenario of underwater vacuum preloading with PVDs. The systematic investigations were conducted by small strain finite element drained analyses, with the separated analysis schemes considering suction-induced consolidation, seepage and their combination. The development of settlement in the improved soil region and the evolution of seepage flow from the overlapping water through the non-improved soil region into improved zone are examined in terms of the build-up of excess pore pressure. Based on the results of numerical analyses, a theoretical approach was set out. It was capable to estimate the time-dependent non-uniform settlement along the improved soil surface in response to the combined effects of suction-induced consolidation and seepage. The difference of underwater and onshore vacuum preloading with PVDs is discussed with some practical implication and suggestion provided.

A Histochemical Study of Dehydrogenase Activity in the Pectoralis Major Muscle of the Pigeon and certain other Vertebrate Skeletal Muscles

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (48) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
J. C. GEORGE ◽  
K. S. SCARIA
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Breast Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
The Individual

Certain dehydrogenases in the breast muscle of the pigeon and fowl and the leg muscle of the fowl and frog were studied histochemically by the use of 2:3:5: triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The dehydrogenase activity was found to have a relationship with the colour and the mitochondrial content of the individual muscle fibres. In the pigeon breast muscle, however, the broad white fibres did not show the presence of any of the enzymes studied. It is therefore concluded that these fibres in the pigeon breast muscle are a unique system in which none of the oxidative processes concerned takes place; they cannot be considered as analogous to the white fibres of the other muscles studied.

Study on some of the physiological and biochemical indexes under the age of development of banana fruit (Musa paradisiaca L.) grown in Thanh Tri, Hanoi

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Trong Le Van ◽  
Khanh Nguyen Nhu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Fruit Formation ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Research to determine the ripening time of the fruit is the scientific basis for better harvesting and preservation. Physiological and biochemical methods were used to analyze the changes of some indicators according to the growth and development of banana fruit grown in Thanh Liet commune, Thanh Tri district, Hanoi from the time of its formation until the fruit ripening. The results showed that the banana reached the maximum size at 16 weeks old, at this time the peel was yellow due to the decrease in chlorophyll and increased carotenoid content. The content of vitamin C and total organic acid content reached their maximum when the fruit at 12 weeks old, then decreased gradually. Starch content increased to 14 weeks old, then decreased. Reduced sugar content increased gradually to 16 weeks old and then decreased. Protein content decreased gradually from fruit formation until fruit ripening, lipid content increased gradually to 15 weeks old, then decreased. Through the research process, we have determined that the physiological ripe time of banana fruit was 16 weeks old, this is the time when the fruit stops growing and accumulates many nutrients.

Oxygen uptake and tetrazolium reduction during skin cycle of the mouse

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira M. Dushoff ◽  
John Payne ◽  
Falls B. Hershey ◽  
Robert C. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Intact Skin ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Coefficient Of Regression ◽  
Tetrazolium Reduction

Quantitative measurements of oxygen consumption and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction by intact skin were made during various stages of the skin cycle of the mouse. Values are highest during early anagen, when growth is most rapid: Qo2 is 2.47 ± 0.10 (mean ± se) and TTC is 537 ± 24.6. In late anagen the activities decrease 40–50%: Qo2 is 1.24 ± 0.10 and TTC is 315 ± 20.8. There is a close relationship between tetrazolium reduction and oxygen consumption during all phases of the growth cycle of mouse skin. The coefficient of regression of TTC on Qo2 is 163.2 ( P < .001).

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