scholarly journals Herbicide Spray Deposition in Wheat Stubble as Affected by Nozzle Type and Application Direction

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Luana M. Simão ◽  
Amanda C. Easterly ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Cody F. Creech
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Parallel Application ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Nozzle Type

Tall wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble can enhance soil water conservation during the fallow-period by trapping snow and decreasing evaporation. However, standing wheat stubble can intercept herbicide spray droplets before they reach their intended targets. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of three wheat stubble heights (>70 cm, 35 cm, and no-stubble), four nozzle types (XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI), and three application directions (angular (45°), perpendicular (90°), and parallel (0°) to the wheat row) on a spray deposition of glyphosate and a dicamba tank mixture. The ranking of droplet size from smallest to largest based on volume median diameter (VMD) was XR, TTJ, AIXR, and TTI. Wheat stubble greater than 70 cm decreased spray deposition 37%, while 35 cm stubble caused a 23% decrease. Sprayer application directions and nozzle type had significant interaction on spray deposition. Perpendicular application direction decreased spray deposition relative to the angular application direction for TTJ and TTI. Parallel application direction had lower spray deposition than angular application direction for TTJ and XR. Similarly, relatively-high-spray deposition (~75%) was provided by angular application direction regardless of the nozzle type. Applicators should consider traveling in an angular direction to the wheat rows for improved droplet deposition across spray nozzle types.

CFD Simulation of Spraying with Air Jet

2012 ◽  
Vol 455-456 ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Wei Dong Jia ◽  
Cheng Li ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Ning Yang ◽  
Zhen Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Flow Fields ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Tunnel Model ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Jet Velocity

Droplet drift is always an accompaniment of pesticide spraying and can cause serious consequences. In this paper, we used a computational fluid dynamics software package (FLUENT) to analyze flow fields of spraying with air jet under different conditions in the tunnel model, and compared the effect of air jet on spray deposition and drift. Results of this study indicate that air jet can act directly on the spray droplets and affect their distribution and movement. Larger jet velocity has better performance on the drift reduction and droplet deposition. Droplets in the flow fields with larger jet velocity can get more kinetic energy and arrive at the root of crops easilier. When droplets are released straight down, larger velocity of droplets can be given and better performance can be achieved either in terms of drift reduction or droplet deposition.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF NOZZLE TYPE, WORKING PRESSURE, AND THEIR INTERACTION ON DROPLETS QUALITY USING KNAPSACK SPRAYER

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. R. Alheidary
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Nozzle Height ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Knapsack Sprayer ◽  
Nozzle Type

The present experiment was carried out at the Dept. of Agricultural Machines and Equipment, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah.  The aim of the study is to highlight the effect of the nozzle type, working pressure and their interaction onto droplet quality using knapsack sprayer to improve their performance. Droplet characteristics were sampled on white paper cards at different distances from the nozzle. On the samples spray deposits, spray coverage, droplet size, and volume median diameter was measured using BSF tracer with water after their deposit on the sample. The main studied parameters were: Six nozzle types hollow cone, Flat fan ceramic, flat fan ISO, CFA, AirMix and flat fan air induction nozzle. Two working pressures were 15 and 25 psi. All measurements carried out at the same nozzle height of 50cm by using CRD with three replications. The main results of this study showed the best spray deposition and spray coverage with the highest values 0.06nµl.cm-2 and 63% respectively when hollow cone nozzle was compared to other nozzles under the same operating conditions.  Whereas, the Flat fan air induction nozzle appeared the most significant droplet size and VMD 377.69 µm and 378 µm respectively when it was compared to the hollow cone and flat fan nozzles.

scholarly journals Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Attributes of Wheat in Response to Single and Combined Salicylic Acid and Biochar Subjected to Limited Water Irrigation in Saline Sodic Soil

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1346
Author(s):  
Emad M. Hafez ◽  
Ahmed M. S. Kheir ◽  
Shimaa A. Badawy ◽  
Emadeldeen Rashwan ◽  
Mohamed Farig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Given the expectancy of the water supply becoming scarce in the future and more expensive, water conservation during wheat production processes has become very crucial especially in saline sodic soil. Biochar and salicylic acid (SA) were used to assess the potential to alleviate the influences of depletion of available soil moisture (DAM) on physicochemical, physiological, biochemical attributes, as well as wheat production absorption (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Misr 1) and macro-elements. Two seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) of field trials were investigated using twelve combinations of three water treatments (50%, 70%, and 90% DAM) and foliar- and soil-applied treatments (control, biochar, salicylic acid, and biochar + SA). Biochar treated plots amplified soil physicochemical attributes, leading to improved physiological traits and antioxidant enzymes, as well as yield related traits under water limitation conditions in both years. Similarly, synergistic use of biochar and salicylic acid greatly augmented the designed characteristics such as chlorophyll a, b, K+ content, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and intrinsic water use efficiency, whilst exhibited inhibitory effects on proline content, electrolyte leakage, Na+ content SOD, POX, CAT, and MDA, consequently increased 1000-grain weight, number of grains spike−1, grain yield, as well nutrient uptake (N, P, K) under water limitation condition in both years, followed by treatment of sole biochar or SA compared to unamended plots treatment (control). Wheat productivity achieved further increasing at 70% DAM alongside synergistic use of biochar and SA which was on par with 50% DAM under unamended plots (control). It is concluded from the findings that coupled application of biochar alongside salicylic acid accomplished an efficient approach to mitigate the injurious influences of water limitation, along with further improvement of the soil, physiology, biochemical attributes, and wheat yield, as well nutrient uptake, under saline sodic soil.

scholarly journals Effects of winter wheat cover crop desiccation times on soil moisture, temperature and early maize growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Stipešević ◽  
E.J. Kladivko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Dominant Soil

Two tillage systems for maize (Zea mays) after soybean (Glycine max), no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT), which consisted of double disking in the spring, were included in the experiment on two sites in Indiana, USA. Each tillage plot had three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop levels: no cover crop (N), early desiccation (E), 3–4 weeks prior to planting the maize, and regular desiccation (R), within the maize planting week. Due to the mulching effect, both E and R for both tillage systems increased soil moisture, except in the case of spring drought, when E proved dominant. Soil temperature for both tillage systems showed N > E > R order. Young maize plants tended to grow taller and have greater shoot biomass in NT than in CT. Both E and R improved early maize growth. In the case of drought, the E proved significantly better for maize on both tillage treatments, due to the better soil water conservation, therefore the winter wheat cover crop should be desiccated early in given climate conditions.

Variables Affecting the Use of Positive Displacement Pumps to Apply Herbicides in Ultralow Volume

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hanks ◽  
Chester G. McWhorter
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Positive Displacement ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
System Components ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Paraffinic Oil

Water and paraffinic oils were used to determine variables that affect positive displacement pumps used to meter liquid flow in an air-assist spray system. Components needed to construct an air-assist spray system were described for use in spray chambers and on a tractor for field application of herbicides in ultralow volume (ULV). The flow rate of the pump varied less than 2% for the water and oil as the pump setting was varied from 0 to 100% of the pump's capacity. Linear relationships were shown for both liquids as the voltage input varied from 4 to 13 volts. Air pressures to 100 kPa and liquid temperatures to 35 C did not affect flow rate of the pump. Volume median diameter of the spray droplets decreased from 295 μm to 77 μm and 159 μm to 85 μm for water and paraffinic oil, respectively, as the air pressure was adjusted from 14 to 110 kPa.

Herbicide Formulation, Spray Nozzle Design, and Operating Pressure Affects the Droplet Size Spectra of Agricultural Sprays

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. McGinty ◽  
Gaylon D. Morgan ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Paul A. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
Drift Potential ◽  
Spray Droplets

Aims: Determine the droplet size spectra of agricultural sprays as affected by herbicide formulations, spray nozzle designs, and operating pressures. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in April 2014 at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Aerial Application Technology Research Unit Facility in College Station, Texas. Methodology: The spray droplet size spectra of six herbicide formulations as well as water alone and water with nonionic surfactant were evaluated in a low-speed wind tunnel. These spray solutions were conducted with five different flat-fan spray nozzle designs, producing a wide range of spray droplet sizes. The wind tunnel was equipped with a laser diffraction sensor to analyze spray droplet size. All combinations of spray solution and nozzle were operated at 207 and 414 kPa and replicated three times. Results: Many differences in droplet size spectra were detected among the spray solutions, nozzle designs, and pressures tested. Solutions of Liberty 280 SL exhibited the smallest median droplet size and the greatest proportion of spray volume contained in droplets 100 µm or less in size.  Solutions of Enlist Duo resulted in smaller median droplet size than many of the solutions tested, but also exhibited some of the smallest production of fine spray droplets. Median droplet size was found to vary greatly among nozzle designs, with the greatest droplet size and smallest drift-prone fine droplet production observed with air-inclusion designs utilizing a pre-orifice. Increasing the operating pressure from 207 to 414 kPa resulted in a decrease in median droplet size and an increase in the production of droplets 100 µm or less in size. Conclusion: Herbicide formulations and spray nozzle designs tested varied widely in droplet size spectra and thus the potential for spray drift. Increasing operating pressure resulted in decreased droplet size and an increase in the production of drift-prone droplets. Additionally, median droplet size alone should not be used to compare spray drift potential among spray solutions but should include relative span and V100 values to better predict the potential for spray drift due to drift-prone spray droplets.

The distribution of ultra-low volume sprays from a light aircraft equipped with rotary atomizers

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (105) ◽  
pp. 492 ◽  
Author(s):  
NT Nguyen ◽  
JW Watt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Australian Plague Locust ◽  
Emission Height

As a preliminary basis to work on a method of chemical control of Australian plague locust nymphs, the influences of wind speed, emission height and droplet size on deposits of small insecticide droplets applied by a light aircraft equipped with Micronair rotary atomizers were investigated in a number of single-swathe trials. Deposits were sampled with small sensitive papers attached to the vegetation. The volume-median diameter of recovered droplets varied from 50 �m to 80 �m depending on the rotational speed of the atomizers. Results indicated that a strong wind (> 3 m s-1) would give good recovery of these small droplets, relatively uniform coverage and large swathe; but excessive drift could result if spray droplets were very small (60 �m) or if the emission height was too large (> 10 m).

Use of a Canopy Opener in Fungicide Applications to Improve Asian Soybean Rust Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1819-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Moura ◽  
Carolina Cardoso Deuner ◽  
Gustavo Luiz Visintin ◽  
Walter Boller
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Pesticide Deposition

Abstract. In soybeans, the leaves of the upper canopy often act as a shield against fungicide penetration, preventing pesticide deposition on target. Fungicide applications to control Asian soybean rust (ASR) are especially difficult because the infection usually starts on the lower canopy. In this study, soybean plants of an early indeterminate cultivar and a determinate cultivar were sprayed with the fungicide azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr at six different times of the day with or without the addition of a curtain of chains on the spray boom, which acted as a canopy opener. The number of uredia of cm-2 and grain yield were measured to evaluate application efficacy. We found that the use of the curtain of chains reduced ASR control on the upper canopy for the indeterminate cultivar; however, less of a negative effect was observed for the determinate cultivar. The curtain of chains improved ASR control on the lower and middle canopies at more hours of the day for the determinate cultivar. For both cultivars, the curtain of chains increased ASR control at 6:00, 9:00, and 18:00 h on the lower canopy. Grain yield was also higher with the curtain of chains at 6:00 and 9:00 h for the determinate cultivar. Our results showed that using the curtain of chains could improve fungicide droplet deposition on the lower canopy, leading to greater ASR control and possibly increasing yield. However, it is important to consider the plant architecture and hour of application to maximize the benefit of the curtain of chains. Keywords: Canopy opener, Fungicide penetration, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Plant architecture, Spray deposition.

scholarly journals SPRAY DEPOSITION AT TWO GROWTH STAGES OF CATTAIL

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
João R. V. Silva ◽  
Antonio C. da Silva Junior ◽  
Maria R. R. Pereira ◽  
Dagoberto Martins
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Droplet Surface ◽  
Brilliant Blue ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Uniform Deposition ◽  
Different Growth Stages

ABSTRACT Surfactant use in spray solutions has a major advantage of reducing droplet surface tension and increasing deposition. We aimed to evaluate droplet deposition on cattail plants (Typha subulata) using food coloring (Brilliant Blue - FD & C-1) as marker added to spray solution at two different growth stages: vegetative (4 leaves) and flowering (5 leaves). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications and five plants per plot (16.2-L tanks). Treatments consisted of adding into spray solutions Brilliant Blue alone (control), Brilliant Blue + 0.5% v/v Aterbane and Brilliant Blue + 0.01% v/v Silwet. Spraying was performed by a pressurized CO2 sprayer at 220 kPa using two Teejet XR 8002 nozzles at a spray volume of 200 L ha-1. We observed that surfactant addition provided uniform deposition of spray solution on T. subulata plants at both growth stages compared to treatments without surfactant. However, this product has not increased spray deposits on cattail leaves at both stages.

Monosize droplet deposition as a means to investigate droplet behavior during spray deposition

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1333-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Q. Armster ◽  
Enrique J. Lavernia ◽  
J. -P. Delplanque ◽  
W. -H. L. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Droplet Behavior
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