scholarly journals Long-Term Benefits of Protecting Table Grape Vineyards against Trunk Diseases in the California Desert

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1895
Author(s):  
Carmen Gispert ◽  
Jonathan D. Kaplan ◽  
Elizabeth Deyett ◽  
Philippe E. Rolshausen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are caused by several fungal species and are major limiting factors to vineyard productivity and profitability in all viticulture areas. This study is aimed at addressing the gap in the knowledge with regards to measuring the long-term benefits of post-pruning fungicide application on trunk diseases incidence and crop yield in grape production systems. It also calculated the net economic benefit of implementing such practice over the vineyard lifespan. We selected a newly planted commercial table grape vineyard in the California desert and divided it in two blocks. In one block, the registered fungicide thiophanate-methyl was mechanically applied on pruning wounds for six consecutive years, while the other half remained untreated. Our results showed a significant lower GTD incidence and vine replants in treated blocks combined with a significant increase of total and marketable fruit. Potential annual economic benefits of applying fungicide on pruning wounds appear to be in the range of $8500–$12,500 per hectare annually in a 50–75% disease control scenario.

scholarly journals Mangroves Fueling Livelihoods: A Socio-Economic Stakeholder Analysis of the Charcoal and Pole Production Systems in the World’s Longest Managed Mangrove Forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behara Satyanarayana ◽  
Melissa R. Quispe-Zuniga ◽  
Jean Hugé ◽  
Ibrahim Sulong ◽  
Husain Mohd-Lokman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Management Plans

The declining mangrove cover worldwide highlights the necessity of understanding the linkages between ecological and socio-economic dimensions of mangrove management. This study analyses the socio-economic aspects of the pole and charcoal production systems at Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), known as the world’s longest managed mangrove forest, in Malaysia. We performed a socio-economic survey to identify the roles and relationships among stakeholders in the pole/charcoal production system and quantified the cash-flows in monetary value. Altogether, 160 interviews were conducted with contractors, forest officials, workers, middle-men, and consumers. The contractors are functioning as a “hub” from production to commercialization and receive major economic benefits. The commercialization of most charcoal (>80%) aims to its exportation to Japan while the commercialization of poles is local. Although the workers’ income was less than the minimum wage, they still prefer charcoal production jobs because of the availability and geographic proximity of these jobs. Our research suggests a standard salary and health insurance schemes for the workers to reduce social inequality/poverty and improve their well-being. Considering that mangroves occur in over 120 countries, our methodology can be used as a reference to unveil the socio-economic situation of mangrove-dependent communities as well as to map the economic cash-flow of the local activities that form the basis for long-term sustainable mangrove management plans.

scholarly journals 638 The Economics of Organic Agriculture

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 557E-557
Author(s):  
Robin G. Brumfield
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Alternative Farming

Since World War II, U.S. agriculture has reduced production costs by substituting petrochemicals for labor, often resulting in overuse of agricultural chemicals. Among the adverse results of chemical overuse are increases in certain pests, groundwater and surface water contamination, and surface water run-off. There is a growing perception that consumers bear the risk of pesticide use and farmers reap the profits. For farmers, the short-term risk of losing a crop that is already planted may take precedence over the long-term risks of such things as the pests developing resistance to pesticide, environmental damage, and applicator health risks. Alternative farming programs such as ICM and organic farming allow farmers to reconcile short-term risks and long-term benefits. Before farmers adopt an alternative system, they must be convinced that economic benefits from the alternative farming program surpass the costs incurred. Few studies have compared the cost of producing organic produce vs. using conventional production systems. One study found that net returns were slightly higher in ICM and organic systems that conventional ones. This is because of lower costs when using ICM systems and price premiums for organic crops. These results suggest that there may not be any trade-off between economic efficiency and environmentally friendly farming practices. If the society desires better environmental quality, it will be ready to pay premium price for the organic or ICM-grown vegetables. In a free-market system, farmers will use the market signals in the form of price, and they will produce accordingly.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6474-6483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Cobos ◽  
Rosa María Mateos ◽  
José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez ◽  
Miguel Angel Olego ◽  
Silvia Sevillano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTGrapevine trunk fungal pathogens, such asDiplodia seriataandPhaeomoniella chlamydospora, can infect plants through pruning wounds. They cause grapevine trunk diseases and are involved in grapevine decline. Accordingly, the protection of pruning wounds is crucial for the management of grapevine trunk diseases. The efficacy of different natural antifungals in inhibiting the growth of several fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases was evaluatedin vitro. The fungi showing greaterin vitroefficacy were tested on autoclaved grape wood assays againstD. seriataandP. chlamydospora. Based on results from these assays, chitosan oligosaccharide, vanillin, and garlic extract were selected for further evaluation on pruning wounds inoculated withD. seriataandP. chlamydosporain field trials. A significant decrease in plant mortality was observed after 2 years of growth in the plants treated with the different natural antifungals compared to the mortality rate observed in infected plants that were not treated with antifungals. Also, the infection rate for the inoculated pathogens was significantly reduced in plants treated with the selected natural antifungals. Therefore, natural antifungals represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the grape-growing industry.

scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases Associated with Fungi from the Diaporthaceae Family in Croatian Vineyards / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joško Kaliterna ◽  
Tihomir Miličević ◽  
Bogdan Cvjetković
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Trunk Diseases

AbstractGrapevine trunk diseases (GTD) have a variety of symptoms and causes. The latter include fungal species from the family Diaporthaceae. The aim of our study was to determine Diaporthaceae species present in the woody parts of grapevines sampled from 12 vine-growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. The fungi were isolated from diseased wood, and cultures analysed for phenotype (morphology and pathogenicity) and DNA sequence (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). Most isolates were identified as Phomopsis viticola, followed by Diaporthe neotheicola and Diaporthe eres. This is the first report of Diaporthe eres as a pathogen on grapevine in the world, while for Diaporthe neotheicola this is the first report in Croatia. Pathogenicity trials confirmed Phomopsis viticola as a strong and Diaporthe neotheicola as a weak pathogen. Diaporthe eres turned out to be a moderate pathogen, which implies that the species could have a more important role in the aetiology of GTD.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Diplodia seriata F98.1, a Fungal Species Involved in Grapevine Trunk Diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Robert-Siegwald ◽  
Julie Vallet ◽  
Eliane Abou-Mansour ◽  
Jiabao Xu ◽  
Patrice Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACT The ascomycete Diplodia seriata is a causal agent of grapevine trunk diseases. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of D. seriata isolate F98.1 (37.27 Mb, 512 contigs, 112 scaffolds, and 8,087 predicted protein-coding genes).

scholarly journals Monitoring artisanal hilsa fishery for economic efficient fisheries policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masud Ara Mome ◽  
Ragnar Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Effort Level ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
Tenualosa Ilisha ◽  
Dynamic Path

The hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery contributes to the largest single species fishery in Bangladesh. In this paper, a simple bio-economic year-class based model was developed from 1987 & 2007 fishing data to describe the fishery and examine its properties. With the help of this model, the optimum sustainable yield of the fishery was calculated and compared to the existing situation. The model was further used to locate socially and economically reasonable dynamic paths from the current situation to the optimal state. The results indicate that the fishing effort (measured in standardized boat units) required maintaining a maximum sustainable economic benefit is about one-third of the current fishing effort. At this sustainable fishing effort level, annual net economic benefits from the fishery amounted for closed to US$ 260 million compared to virtually nothing at present. The present value of the fishery along a moderate effort adjustment path to this long term equilibrium position was US$ 3,650 million at 6% rate of discount. The dynamic path that maximized the present value of the fishery involved quite dramatic effort reductions for the first two years. Such a path would probably increase the present value of the fishery by perhaps 8-10%.Bangladesh J. Zool. 43(1): 37-53, 2015

scholarly journals Activity of Anthracenediones and Flavoring Phenols in Hydromethanolic Extracts of Rubia tinctorum against Grapevine Phytopathogenic Fungi

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Natalia Langa-Lomba ◽  
Eva Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Laura Buzón-Durán ◽  
Vicente González-García ◽  
José Casanova-Gascón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Rubia Tinctorum ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases

In this work, the chemical composition of Rubia tinctorum root hydromethanolic extract was analyzed by GC–MS, and over 50 constituents were identified. The main phytochemicals were alizarin-related anthraquinones and flavoring phenol compounds. The antifungal activity of this extract, alone and in combination with chitosan oligomers (COS) or with stevioside, was evaluated against the pathogenic taxa Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella viticola and Neofusicoccum parvum, responsible for the so-called Botryosphaeria dieback of grapevine. In vitro mycelial growth inhibition tests showed remarkable activity for the pure extract, with EC50 and EC90 values as low as 66 and 88 μg·mL−1, respectively. Nonetheless, enhanced activity was attained upon the formation of conjugate complexes with COS or with stevioside, with synergy factors of up to 5.4 and 3.3, respectively, resulting in EC50 and EC90 values as low as 22 and 56 μg·mL−1, respectively. The conjugate with the best performance (COS–R. tinctorum extract) was then assayed ex situ on autoclaved grapevine wood against D. seriata, confirming its antifungal behavior on this plant material. Finally, the same conjugate was evaluated in greenhouse assays on grafted grapevine plants artificially inoculated with the three aforementioned fungal species, resulting in a significant reduction in the infection rate in all cases. This natural antifungal compound represents a promising alternative for developing sustainable control methods against grapevine trunk diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of Pest Control Advisers in Preventative Management of Grapevine Trunk Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicken Hillis ◽  
Mark Lubell ◽  
Jonathan Kaplan ◽  
David Doll ◽  
Kendra Baumgartner
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Cost Efficacy ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Vineyards with trunk diseases (Botryosphaeria dieback, Esca, Eutypa dieback, and Phomopsis dieback) can have negative returns in the long run. Minimizing economic impacts depends on effective management, but adopting a preventative practice after infection occurs may not improve yields. Pest control advisers may reduce grower uncertainty about the efficacy of and need for prevention, which often entails future and unobservable benefits. Here, we surveyed advisers in California to examine their influence over grower decision-making, in the context of trunk diseases, which significantly limit grape production and for which curative practices are unavailable. Our online survey revealed adviser awareness of high disease incidence, and reduced yields and vineyard lifespan. Advisers rated both preventative and postinfection practices positively. Despite higher cost estimates given to postinfection practices, advisers did not recommend preventative practices at higher rates. High recommendation rates were instead correlated with high disease incidence for both preventative and postinfection practices. Recommendation rates declined with increasing cost for preventative, but not for postinfection, practices. Our findings suggest that even when advisers acknowledge the risks of trunk diseases, they may not recommend preventative practices before infection occurs. This underscores the importance of clear outreach, emphasizing both the need for prevention and its long-term cost efficacy.

scholarly journals Combining an HA + Cu (II) Site-Targeted Copper-Based Product with a Pruning Wound Protection Program to Prevent Infection with Lasiodiplodia spp. in Grapevine

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2376
Author(s):  
Pedro Reis ◽  
Ana Gaspar ◽  
Artur Alves ◽  
Florence Fontaine ◽  
Cecília Rego
Keyword(s):  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fungistatic Effect

The genus Lasiodiplodia has been reported from several grape growing regions and is considered as one of the fastest wood colonizers, causing Botryosphaeria dieback. The aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the efficacy of Esquive®, a biocontrol agent, on vineyard pruning wound protection, applied single or, in a combined protection strategy with a new site-targeted copper-based treatment (LC2017), and (ii) compare their efficacy with chemical protection provided by the commercially available product, Tessior®. For two seasons, protectants were applied onto pruning wounds, while LC2017 was applied throughout the season according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Pruning wounds of two different cultivars were inoculated with three isolates of Lasiodiplodia spp. Efficacy of the wound protectants, varied between both years of the assay and according to the cultivar studied but were able to control the pathogen to some extent. The application of LC2017 did not show clear evidence of improving the control obtained by the sole application of the other products tested. Nevertheless, LC2017 showed a fungistatic effect against Lasiodiplodia spp., in vitro, and has previously shown an elicitor effect against grapevine trunk diseases. Therefore, this combination of two protection strategies may constitute a promising long-term approach to mitigate the impact of Botryosphaeria dieback.

scholarly journals Control of the fungi Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causal agent of dieback, in cv. syrah grapevines

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e44785
Author(s):  
Carine Rusin ◽  
Fabio Rossi Cavalcanti ◽  
Patrícia Carla Giloni de Lima ◽  
Cacilda Márcia Duarte Rios Faria ◽  
Marcus André Kurtz Almança ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Grapevine trunk diseases are among the most important limiting factors of worldwide viticulture. In this context, we aimed to verify the effect of chemical fungicides, biological agents and plant extracts on the control of Lasiodiplodia theobromae in pruning wounds and their physiological effects in cv. Syrah grapevines. Plant extracts (clove, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary and lemongrass), commercial fungicides (difeconazole, tebuconazole, mancozeb, sulfur, pyraclostrobin, fosetyl-Al, and azoxystrobin), chitosan, Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis were used for the in vitro trials. The protection of pruning wounds in the potted vines was studied using fosetyl-Al, tebuconazole, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, garlic extract and clove extract. The experiments were carried out through two vegetative cycles: 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The length of wood discoloration, pathogen re-isolation percentage, fresh mass of the pruning material, peroxidase activity, fluorescence, chlorophyll index, phenological stages, shoot length and leaf area were evaluated. The treatments with clove, garlic extract, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin, mancozeb, fosetyl-Al and B. subtilis reduced mycelial growth by more than 90%. In the grapevines, the use of T. harzianum decreased the re-isolation of L. theobromae, but no differences were verified for the other plant evaluations. We concluded that the use of T. harzianum would be a potential option for wound protection without altering the physiological aspects of cv. Syrah grapevines.

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