scholarly journals Sustainable Crop Production, the Concurrent Adoption of Contract Farming, and Managing Risks through Income Diversification

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 973
Author(s):  
Shoaib Akhtar ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Hazem S. Kassem ◽  
Salim Bagadeem ◽  
Raza Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
National Level ◽  
Contract Farming ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Economic Price ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
Risk Coping

This paper is aimed at evaluating the factors affecting the concurrent adoption of two risk coping strategies among hybrid maize farmers, namely income diversification supplemented with off-farm work and contract farming in the wake of changing climatic conditions. Climatic changes and food insecurity at the national level have emerged as key risk elements for hybrid maize production due to varying economic conditions. The present paper addresses these risks by examining various sources of risks faced by hybrid maize farmers and develops ideas to tackle these risks. Bivariate and multinomial probit models were employed to analyze numerous factors that influence farmers’ choice of the simultaneous adoption of income diversification (both on and off the farm) and contract farming at the farm level. The results reveal that hybrid maize farmers’ socioeconomic attributes significantly affect their adoption of risk coping tools. Similarly, the climatic, economic (price-related), biological, and financial risk perceptions and risk preference significantly influence the utilization of risk coping strategies in maize production. These outcomes extend our understanding of farmers’ risk preferences and provide parameters for policymakers to forestall diverse risk sources associated with hybrid maize production.

scholarly journals Rice Farmer Risk Management by Cropping Pattern Diversification in Rural West Java: Motivation, Behavior, and Perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Dadang Jainal Mutaqin ◽  
Koichi Usami
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
West Java ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Rice Farmer ◽  
Risk Coping

The Indonesian government have implemented agricultural production cost insurance since 2015 called Asuransi Usaha Tani Padi (AUTP). It is an issue that the rate of farmer participation in the insurance is still low. As a challenge to increase participation, it becomes important to be aware of motivation, behavior, and perception that influence the practical risk management of farmers. This study investigated the relationship between cropping pattern diversification (as risk management) and factors such as motivation, behavior, and perception. Based on a field survey of 240 smallholder farmers in Garut District, West Java Province, these were the characteristics of farmers who practiced cropping pattern diversification: (1) high-risk perception (impact and probability); (2) risk-averse; and (3) economic motivation. The study revealed that approximately one-third of farmers had risk-neutral and low-risk perceptions of whom approximately 70.7 percent practiced single cropping patterns. They may not adopt any risk- coping strategies unless they are aware of the risks that they face. Improving awareness about the negative impacts of risks on income from farming might encourage them to adopt risk-coping strategies for both on-farm risk coping (such as cropping pattern diversification) and off-farm risk-coping (such as agricultural insurance).

scholarly journals What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 578
Author(s):  
Shoaib Akhtar ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Amjed Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Abdus Samie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Contract Farming ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Farm Credit ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Arable farming is an intrinsically risky enterprise. Therefore, managing risks and uncertainties in agriculture is very important as it affects all sectors of the economy of a developing country like Pakistan. To do so, a whole suite of options is available to the farming community to safeguard against any type of risk. However, farmers’ behavior of the concurrent adoption of multiple risk management tools is largely ignored in previous studies and has formed the rationale for this research. Thus, the current study is intended to investigate farmers’ decisions of adopting risk management strategies (contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use) and to examine the impacts of a variety of factors on farmers’ risk management decisions. The present study is carried out in four districts of Punjab province, Pakistan with a focus on hybrid maize growers. A multivariate probit model is used to evaluate the impacts of independent variables on growers’ choices of adopting contract farming, off-farm income diversification, and farm credit use to manage farm risks keeping in view the potential for the concurrent adoption of these risk management strategies. Results show that 78% of farmers are risk-averse and hence ready to manage risks. The top risk faced by farmers is price risk followed by biological, climatic, and financial risks. Contract farming is the most popular strategy (61% farmers) followed by off-farm income diversification (49% farmers), and the use of farm credit (42% farmers). The findings also reveal that the decisions of adopting risk management strategies are interlinked while the adoption of one risk management tool complements farmers’ decision to adopt other risk management strategies. In addition, the risk management strategies’ adoption choices are affected by the number of factors including socioeconomic characteristics, farmers’ risk perceptions about risk sources, and their attitude towards risk. The study recommends the provision of timely information (climatic, extension) along with easy access to farm credit and the streamlining of contractual arrangements.

scholarly journals Economics of hybrid maize production in some selected areas of Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
MR Karim ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
QM Alam
Keyword(s):  
High Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
Human Labour ◽  
Hybrid Maize

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of hybrid maize cultivation, its profitability, constraints, and factors affecting hybrid maize production. The majority of the total farmers sowed seeds during the first week of December. The average seed rate was found to be 20.94 kg per hectare. About 16 varieties were found to cultivate by farmers, of which majority farmers used NK-40 followed by Pacific-II. All kinds of fertilizer used by the farmers were below the optimum level of recommendation. About 33 and 28 percent of the total variable cost was for human labour and chemical fertilizer, respectively. The average yield of hybrid maize was found higher than the national average. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 28456 on total variable cost basis. The cost per kilogram of maize cultivation was Tk. 4.12 and return from one kilogram of maize production was Tk. 7.80. It is found that the coefficient of human labour, land preparation, irrigation, urea and borax have significantly impact on gross return. Timely non-availability of seeds, high price of fertilizer, and low price of yield were the major problems for hybrid maize production. Farmers cultivated hybrid maize because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. Keywords: Gross return; gross margin; profitability. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i1.5869Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(1) : 83-93, March 2010

Field Evaluation of Heat Stress-Resilient Maize Hybrids for Improved and Stable Maize Production in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
KB Koirala ◽  
MP Tripathi ◽  
K Seetharam ◽  
MT Vinayan ◽  
PH Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Heat Tolerant ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
A Site

In recent years, National Maize Research Program (NMRP) aimed a paradigm shift from open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) towards hybrid maize to achieve self-sufficiency in maize for food, feed, and hybrid seed within the country. In this mission, it is necessary to identify and deploy high-yielding stress-resilient maize hybrids that can cope with climate change effects, including heat stress. Under the project “Heat Tolerant Maize for Asia (HTMA)”, NMRP introduced the hybrids that performed better in previous years in different environments from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Hyderabad for multilocation on-farm testing. Fifteen genotypes were evaluated at two locations, two sites in Madi, Chitwan, and one in Ghorahi, Dang, along with Rampur Hybrid-8 as a heat-tolerant check, and RML-86/RML-96 and RML-95/RML-96 as normal checks. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicates during the spring of 2016/17. Likewise, another 20 and 18 promising hybrids were demonstrated during the winter of 2016/17 and 2017/18, respectively, in different hybrid growing pockets considering a site – a replication. Grain yield and yield attributing traits at all locations were recorded. From the across-site data analysis, selected heat-tolerant hybrids from the experiment were CAH1432, ZH15405, ZH141592, and CAH1715 which were statistically at par with promising normal hybrid RML-86/RML-96 and superior to already released heat-tolerant Rampur Hybrid-8. In 2016/17, ZH138098, ZH1620, and VH121062 were farmers’ preferred heat-tolerant hybrids. In 2017/18, Rampur Hybrid-10, ZH141592, CAH1715, and ZH15440 were preferred by farmers. The selected bestbet are taken forward for official release/registration followed by commercialization through a public-private partnership with Nepali seed companies/cooperatives. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 27-43 (2021)

scholarly journals Toward a Commonly Shared Public Policy Perspective for Analyzing Risk Coping Strategies

Risk Analysis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Li ◽  
Araz Taeihagh ◽  
Martin Jong ◽  
Andreas Klinke
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Policy Perspective ◽  
Risk Coping

scholarly journals Response and Modeling of Hybrid Maize Seed Vigor to Water Deficit at Different Growth Stages

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3289
Author(s):  
Rongchao Shi ◽  
Ling Tong ◽  
Taisheng Du ◽  
Manoj K. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Film Mulching ◽  
Hybrid Maize

Research is imperative to predict seed vigor of hybrid maize production under water deficit in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in arid areas of northwestern China to investigate the effects of different irrigation strategies at various growth stages with drip irrigation under film mulching on grain yield, kernel weight, seed protein content, and seed vigor of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Water deficit at vegetative, flowering, and grain-filling stages was considered and a total of 16 irrigation treatments was applied. A total of 12 indices of germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot length (SL), and root length (RL) under different germination conditions (standard germination and accelerated aging); electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate; and activities of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in seeds were measured and analyzed using the combinational evaluation method (CEM). Furthermore, five water production functions (Blank, Stewart, Rao, Jensen, and Minhas) were used to predict seed vigor evaluated by CEM under water deficit. The results showed that leachate EC was higher under water deficit than that under sufficient irrigation. The SL, RL, and GI of different germination conditions increased under water deficit at the flowering stage. The Rao model was considered the best fitted model to predict the vigor of hybrid maize seeds under water deficit, and an appropriate water deficit at the flowering stage is recommended to ensure high seed vigor of hybrid maize production with drip irrigation under film mulching. Our findings would be useful for reducing crop water use while ensuring seed vigor for hybrid maize production in arid areas.

scholarly journals Determinants of Farmers’ Decisions on Risk Coping Strategies in Rural West Java

Climate ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Dadang Jainal Mutaqin
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
West Java ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Disaster Experience ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Coping

The impact of natural hazards on agriculture in Indonesia is becoming increasingly severe. Therefore, improving farmers’ capacity to undertake risk coping strategies is essential to maintaining their prosperity. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of farmers’ decisions on ex ante and ex post coping strategies in rural West Java, Indonesia. The study was based on a field survey of 180 farmers conducted in the Garut district from July to October 2017. The study used the protection motivation theory framework and applied three econometric models: binomial logit model, zero truncated Poisson regression model, and multinomial logit model. Most farmers (74.4%) adopted ex ante coping strategies. They were characterized as having higher risk aversion per capita expenditure and disaster experience, but lower discount rates and percentage of damage and locations in downstream and midstream areas. Coping appraisal perceptions were found to be important factors in the risk coping analysis. Four determinants of the decision on the number of ex ante coping strategies adopted were: per capita expenditure, land size, disaster experience, and access to financial institutions. The most common ex post coping strategy adopted by farmers was the middle-stress type.

scholarly journals Analysis on Technical Efficiency of Hybrid Maize Production in District Mirpurkhas, Sindh

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfana Noor Memon ◽  
Sanaullah Noonari ◽  
Hakimzadi Wagan ◽  
Muhammad Hanif Lakhio ◽  
Abdul Wakeel
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Hybrid Maize
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