scholarly journals Interactions between Plants and Plant-Soil in Functionally Complex Mixtures Including Grass Pea, Faba Bean and Niger, Intercropped with Oilseed Rape

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1493
Author(s):  
Xavier Bousselin ◽  
Nathalie Cassagne ◽  
Alice Baux ◽  
Muriel Valantin-Morison ◽  
Juan Manuel Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Grass Pea ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Plant Mixture

Winter oilseed rape (OSR) can be grown intercropped with frost-sensitive service plant mixtures. This practice may reduce weed pressure and contribute to providing N for OSR after service plant freezing. However, there is little knowledge of how plants interact together and with the soil in diverse annual crop mixtures. To assess these interactions, two contrasting legume service plants were selected: faba bean and grass pea, as well as a non-legume, the niger plant. OSR and the legumes were then grown in mesocosms alone or intercropped in mixtures of two to four species. The biomass, N contents, N2 fixation, and soil substrate-induced respiration were measured. A single species mostly drove the total dry biomass and the amount of N accumulated by the cover, OSR and faba bean for dry weight and N contents, respectively. Grass pea was highly sensitive to competition with OSR, and its N2 fixation was lower than that of faba bean. The addition of niger did not lead to additional N2 fixation of legumes or total N accumulation and contributed to reducing OSR biomass. The specific composition of the plant mixture did not explain the soil microorganism activity.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Cropping Effects on Total and Fertilizer Nitrogen Use in June-bearing and Day-neutral Strawberries

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Charles T. MacKown
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Spring Harvest

Total N and fertilizer N (FN) recovery and use by June-bearing `Redchief' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) and day-neutral `Tribute' grown in matted-row beds were studied over l-year periods. Fertilizer N was field-applied as NH NO at planting in June or September, and all plants were harvested from bed sections in late autumn (November) and at the completion of the spring harvest (June). Distribution patterns of vegetative biomass were similar in both cultivars, with leaf tissue comprising the bulk of the vegetative dry weight per plant at both sampling dates. The fall and spring fruit crops each contributed >40% of the total biomass per plant. Total N accumulation from soil N and FN increased as total biomass increased. Due in part to the additional biomass of the fall fruit crop, `Tribute' recovered 38% more total N per unit bed area than `Redchief'. Over 30% of the fall N total in `Tribute' and the spring N total in both cultivars was partitioned to the fruit. In both cultivars, greater recovery of FN applied in September that at planting time was observed by the postharvest sampling date. However, `Tribute' recovered only 14.2% of the FN applied in September, much less than the amount recovered by `Redchief' during the same interval, implying a diminished ability to absorb FN during fruiting. In all vegetative tissues, soluble reduced N (SRN) was consistently less than insoluble reduced N (IRN) in November and June. Consistent seasonal trends in SRN and IRN values were not evident in any tissue except roots, where SRN content declined from November to June. Allocation of FN to the SRN and IRN pools was related to FN application date, cropping pattern, and total biomass of the component tissue. In both cultivars, the FN content was greater in the IRN than the SRN pool and leaf IRN was the single largest vegetative sink for FN. Fruit N concentration was constant for most of the fall `Tribute' harvest period and declined in both cultivars during spring harvest. The spring `Tribute' fruit crop received more FN from the September than the planting application, while the fall crop exhibited the opposite pattern, suggesting the fruit crop receives more storage than newly absorbed FN. The accumulation of FN in the root SRN pool in November and its depletion through the spring harvest reveals that root SRN plays a significant role in the temporary seasonal storage and internal cycling of N remobilized during spring growth.

scholarly journals Potassium and Elemental Sulfur as Factors Determining Nitrogen Management Indices of Soil and Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137
Author(s):  
Przemysław Barłóg ◽  
Remigiusz Łukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
N Management ◽  
S Application ◽  
Poor Soil

Faba bean plays a significant role in nitrogen (N) cycling as they fix atmospheric N2 through biological symbiosis (SNF). It has been assumed that soil potential to supply plants with potassium (K) and sulfur (S) is crucial for plant and soil N management indices. The experimental factors were as follows: variable soil K availability content and fertilization (K1, K2, K3, and K4); and elemental S application (0, 25, and 50 kg S ha−1). K treatments had a positive impact on N accumulation in crop residues and SNF. The application of S increased the amount of N in grain and SNF. The most beneficial influence of S on these indices was registered on K-poor soil. The total N increase in soil (NgainT) was relatively constant across the years and ranged between 106 and 124 kg N ha−1. This parameter depended however, on the K and S treatments. The highest NgainT increase (52–54 kg N ha−1) was obtained in soil of a medium K content (K2, K3), and simultaneously fertilized with S. The results indicated that balanced fertilization with K and S guarantees not only a high grain yield but also improved soil potential to supply N to successive plants.

Effect of Temperature on Total Nitrogen Distribution in Pennisetum Americanum

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
TN Theodorides ◽  
CJ Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pennisetum Americanum ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Distribution ◽  
Weight Increment ◽  
Whole Plant

Total N uptake and distribution and relative accumulation of N and dry matter were studied from 26 days after sowing until 50% anthesis in two genotypes of Pennisetum americanum growing at day/night temperatures ranging from 18/13 to 30/25°C. Nitrogen was taken up throughout growth and there was no indication of a net loss of N from the whole plant or from individual organs. Rate of N uptake was closely correlated with dry weight increments until stem elongation: there was a single relationship between uptake and dry weight increment over the three temperatures and two genotypes (41 mg N per g whole-plant dry weight increment). Relative rates of N accumulation and dry weight increment were higher at high temperature and again a single equation related relative accumulation of N to dry weight over all treatments. However, in contrast to the constancy of N uptake per unit dry weight, N distribution within the plant was affected by temperature. Low temperatures resulted in high root N concentrations and relatively high NO3 concentrations in root and stem apices. Temperature did not affect the proportional distribution of N between organs of the top. The results are interpreted as showing that activity of components of the nitrogen pathway are adjusted to maintain a constant rate of N uptake per unit dry weight increment in vegetative growth, but that N distribution within pearl millet is sensitive to temperature.

scholarly journals Agro-ecological benefits of faba bean for rainfed Mediterranean cropping systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Ruisi ◽  
Gaetano Amato ◽  
Giuseppe Badagliacca ◽  
Alfonso Salvatore Frenda ◽  
Dario Giambalvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Subsequent Crop

This paper reviews the main results from a set of experiments carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean environment during the past 25 years on faba bean (<em>Vicia faba</em> L.), a crop traditionally grown in southern Italy and Sicily under rainfed conditions. These experiments focused on the residual effects of faba bean on subsequent crop(s) and assessment of the nitrogen (N) balance during the crop cycle, paying attention to both the environmental release of N (losses via volatilisation and denitrification) and estimates of N2 fixation as influenced by tillage system, intercropping, and presence/absence of mycorrhizal inoculum. Faba bean relied on N2 fixation more than other grain legumes typically grown in the Mediterranean region (<em>e.g.</em>, chickpea). Contributing reasons were the higher plant N demand of faba bean and its lower capacity to use soil mineral N. This implies higher N benefits for subsequent crop(s) as well as higher risk of N losses from the plant–soil– atmosphere system via leaching, denitrification, and volatilisation. Results from these experiments contribute to better defining the role of faba bean in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems and to identifying technical solutions that maximise the potential benefits of faba bean as a fertility-building crop.

scholarly journals Maximizing Nitrogen-use Efficiency in Relation to the Growth and Development of Poinsettia

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Rose ◽  
John W. White ◽  
Mark A. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Constant Rate

`Celebrate 2' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) received either a constant application rate of 200 mg N/liter or a variable rate that was linked to the N accumulation pattern of the crop. At final harvest, shoot N content, N concentration, dry weight, leaf area, and quality were similar for the treatments. However, N recovery efficiency of the variable treatment was greater (58% vs. 38%), and 41% less total N was applied compared to the constant-rate treatment. Growth analysis revealed that N accumulation rates for both treatments increased rapidly as side branches developed, reaching a maximum 50 to 60 days after potting, and decreased throughout bract development. The decrease in N accumulation rates after day 60 reflected a shift in N allocation from leaves to bracts, a tissue with a lower N concentration.

BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PERENNIAL GRASSES AGROPHYTOCENOSES WITH TETRAPLOID MEADOW CLOVER

1970 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
N. I. Kasatkina ◽  
Zh. S. Nelyubina
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
The Third

The biological properties of plants, their mutual relations under different growth conditions and at different periods of their life, must be known for obtaining highly productive agrophytocenoses with participation of a meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Botanical composition and fodder productivity of perennial grasses in agrocenoses with participation of meadow tetraploid clover Kudesnik were studied in 2014-2017. It was revealed that in the first and second years of use the agrophytocenosis, the yield of green mass was formed due to meadow tetraploid clover, the share of its participation in the first mowing was at level of 71-87% and 64-97% respectively. Specific weight of clover in multispecies agrocenoses considerably decreased by the third year of use: in the first mowing up to 32-68%, in the second - up to 8-52%. At the same time, the percentage of long-term herbaceous grasses increased: meadow timothy (Phleum pratense L.) - up to 34-54%, eastern galega (Galéga orientális Lam.) - up to 33%, changeable alfalfa (Medicago x varia Martyn) - up to 22-54%, lotus corniculatus (Lotus corniculatus L.) - up to 14-19%. The proportion of weed admixture in single-species clover planting was 12%, in agrocenoses - 2-14%. The grass mixtures clover + timothy and clover + alfalfa + timothy were less infested by weeds. High yield of dry weight of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use - 7.8 and 6.5 tons / ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover has decreased to 2.9 t / ha. On average, for three years of use, the highest yield (6.2-6.3 t / ha) was formed by agrocenoses meadow tetraploid clover + meadow timothy and meadow tetraploid clover + changeable alfalfa + meadow timothy.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Pools in Tropical Plantations of N2-Fixing and Non-N2-Fixing Legume Trees under Different Tree Stand Densities

Nitrogen ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-98
Author(s):  
Kelly Nery Bighi ◽  
Ranieri Ribeiro Paula ◽  
Marcos Vinícius Winckler Caldeira ◽  
Diego Lang Burak ◽  
Eduardo de Sá Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Biological N2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Acquisition ◽  
Nitrogen Pools ◽  
Acquisition Strategies ◽  
Tropical Plantations ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba ◽  
Slow Growing

We investigated the nitrogen pools in monocultures of legume species widely used in reforestation in Brazil that have contrasting growth and nitrogen acquisition strategies. The plantations were established with the slow-growing and N2-fixing tree Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina, and the fast-growing and non-fixing tree Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum. The measurements of N pools in the tree biomass and the soil followed standard methods and were carried out on 54 experimental plots. The N2 fixation pools were evaluated by abundance natural of 15N and the N accretion methods. The soil N content was of similar magnitude between species and stand densities. The species showed similar amounts of N in the biomass, but divergent patterns of N accumulation, as well as the 15N signature on the leaves. S. parahyba accumulated most N in the stem, while A. peregrina accumulated N in the roots and leaves. However, the N accumulation in biomass of A. peregrina stand was less constrained by environment than in S. parahyba stands. The percentage of N derived from N2 fixation in A. peregrina stands decreased with the increase of stand density. The biological N2 fixation estimates depended on the method and the response of tree species to environment.

scholarly journals Applications of plant growth promoting bacteria and Trichoderma spp. for controlling Orobanche crenata in faba bean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ahmed Touny El-Dabaa ◽  
Hassan Abd-El-Khair
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract Background Orobanche crenata is an obligate root parasite belonging to Orbanchaceae. Broomrape causes great damage to the faba bean. Several attempts were applied for controlling parasitic weeds. So, the aim of this work is to study the application of Trichoderma spp. as well as three rhizobacteria species in comparison to herbicidal effect of Glyphosate (Glialka 48% WSC) for controlling broomrape infesting faba bean (Vicia faba). Materials and methods Three pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons. Trichoderma inocula were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 propagules/ml and the bacterium inocula were adjusted at 107–109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml. All treatments were applied, before 1 week of sowing, at rate of 50 ml per pot in experiments I and II, while 100 ml per pot in experiment III. Results Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum, T. viride and T. vierns) as well as three rhizobacteria species (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus) enhanced the growth parameters in faba bean plants, i.e. shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf number in the first experiment when applied without O. crenata infection. In the second experiment, all bio-control could protect plants against O. crenata infection, where it had better juvenile number reduction, than glyphosate after 2 months of application. Both B. subtilis and B. pumilus had the highest reduction to juvenile fresh weight, while their effect was equal to herbicide for juvenile dry weight, respectively. The bio-control agents had high effects until the 4th month, but it was less than that of the herbicide. In experiment III, the bio-control agents could highly reduce the juvenile parameters after 2 months, as well as juvenile fresh weight and juvenile dry weight after 4 months, than the herbicide, respectively. The bio-control agents were effective until 6 months, but less than the herbicide effect. All bio-control treatments highly increased the plant growth parameters, than the herbicide. Conclusion The application of Trichoderma spp. as well as rhizobacteria species could play an important role in controlling broomrape in faba bean as a natural bioherbicide.

Estimating Nitrogenase Activity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba) by Acetylene Reduction (Ar) Assay

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdina ◽  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Closed System ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Rooting Medium

Methods of conducting acetylene reduction (AR) assay were appraised for estimating the nitrogenase activity of nodules of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Factors considered were: (i) disturbance of plants when removing the rooting medium; (ii) assay temperature; (iii) the use of whole plants rather than detached, nodulated roots; (iv) diurnal variation in nodule activity; and (v) a decline in C2H4 production after exposure to C2H2. Plants growing in jars of 'oil dry' (calcined clay) had the same AR activity when assayed in situ in a closed system as when assayed after removal of the rooting medium. Assay temperatures of 12.5, 17.5 and 22.5°C influenced the specific rate of AR with the optimum at 17.5°C. Removal of the shoot resulted in a rapid decrease in AR activity in both vegetative and reproductive plants but the effect was much larger in the latter. AR and respiration by nodulated roots were closely linked and both varied markedly over a diurnal 12 h/12 h cycle. Since no fluctuation was found after nodules were detached, diurnal variation in the respiration of nodulated roots is attributed to change in nodule activity. Half of the dark respiration of nodulated roots was associated with respiration of the nodules and thus largely with N2 fixation. Since the AR assay provides no information on how electron flow in vivo is partitioned between reduction of N2 and reduction of protons, diurnal variation in hydrogen evolution (HE) in air and Ar/O2 in an open system was used to estimate this partitioning. Diurnal variation in apparent N2 fixation estimated in this manner was examined at a 'low' PPFD (300 μmol m-2 s-1) and at 'high' (1300 μmol m-2 s-1) to explore whether variation could be attributed to change in carbohydrate supply. Although HE in air and in Ar/O2 were both closely linked with the respiration of the nodulated root, apparent N2 fixation showed only a slight diurnal variation at 'low' light and almost none at 'high'. Vegetative plants showed no C2H2-induced decline in activity with exposure to C2H2 but reproductive plants did. This difference appears to be an age effect rather than attributable to flowering per se, since a decline occurred even when plants were kept vegetative by disbudding. A closed system for AR assay appears satisfactory for vegetative faba bean but such an assay over a 40-min period during the reproductive stage would underestimate nitrogenase activity by about 20%.

Effects of processing on peat moss microflora

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvon Cormier ◽  
Anne Mériaux ◽  
Gilles Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Large Numbers

We studied the microflora of Quebec sphagnum peat moss samples taken from five different locations in a peat moss processing plant: soil, drying stacks, sedimented dust (walls and floor), and in bagged peat moss. Large numbers of microorganisms were found; the predominant ones were of the genus Monocillium (up to 112 × 106 colonies/g of dry peat) and the genus Penicillium (320 × 104 colonies/g dry weight). These moulds were more abundant in the processed peat moss than in the peat soil (e.g., Monocillium: soil, 138 × 103; processed peat, 112 × 106). Aspergillus spp. were absent in all five sample sites. We conclude that Quebec peat moss contains large quantities of microorganisms and that moulds become more concentrated during the processing of the peat from the soil to the final product.

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