scholarly journals Members of the Trichoderma harzianum Species Complex with Mushroom Pathogenic Potential

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2434
Author(s):  
Henrietta Allaga ◽  
Anuar Zhumakayev ◽  
Rita Büchner ◽  
Sándor Kocsubé ◽  
Attila Szűcs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Green Mould

Previously, severe green mould infections could be attributed mainly to Trichoderma aggressivum Samuels & W. Gams, as well as T. pleuroti S.H. Yu & M.S. Park and T. pleuroticola S.H. Yu & M.S. Park in the case of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (button mushroom) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. (oyster mushroom), respectively. The purpose of our study was the examination of green mould agents deriving from the growing facilities of button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) located in various countries of Europe, and initially classified into the Trichoderma harzianum Rifai species complex (THSC). Species identification was carried out using the multilocus sequence typing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions, as well as translation elongation factor 1-alpha, calmodulin and RNA polymerase B subunit II gene sequences. In vitro confrontation assays were applied to test the aggressiveness of the isolates towards mushrooms, while the effect of commercial fungicides on the growth of the strains was examined by the macrodilution method. Six Trichoderma species, namely T. afroharzianum P. Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Degenkolb & Druzhin., T. atrobrunneum F.B. Rocha, P. Chaverri & Jaklitsch, T. guizhouense Q.R. Li, McKenzie & Yong Wang, T. harzianum sensu stricto, T. pollinicola F. Liu & L. Cai and T. simmonsii P. Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Samuels, Degenkolb & Jaklitsch were detected in the different samples, with T. harzianum, T. pollinicola and T. simmonsii being the most aggressive. Prochloraz was found to have strong in vitro inhibitory effect on mycelial growth on most strains, however, T. simmonsii isolates showed remarkable tolerance to it. Our data suggest that T. harzianum and T. simmonsii may also be considered as potential causal agents of mushroom green mould.

scholarly journals Disease control by chemical and biological fungicides in cultivated mushrooms: Button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Potocnik ◽  
Milos Stepanovic ◽  
Emil Rekanovic ◽  
Biljana Todorovic ◽  
Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Green Mould

The most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide and in Serbia are button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Production of their fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that are able to cause diseases which affect yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens include Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum spp., the causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease, respectively. Various Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould, also affect all three kinds of edible mushrooms. Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom. Oyster mushroom is susceptible to T. pleurotum and shiitake to T. harzianum. The bacterial brawn blotch disease, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, is distributed globally. Disease control on mushroom farms worldwide is commonly based on the use of fungicides. However, evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Only a few fungicides are officially recommended in mushroom production: chlorothalonil and thiabendazol in North America and prochloraz in the EU and some other countries. Even though decreased sensitivity levels of L. fungicola and Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz have been detected, disease control is still mainly provided by that chemical fungicide. Considering such resistance evolution, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on biofungicides, both microbiological products based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological origin, together with good programs of hygiene. Introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemicals.

scholarly journals Novel Effective Bacillus cereus Group Species “Bacillus clarus” Is Represented by Antibiotic-Producing Strain ATCC 21929 Isolated from Soil

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marysabel Méndez Acevedo ◽  
Laura M. Carroll ◽  
Manjari Mukherjee ◽  
Emma Mills ◽  
Lingzi Xiaoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Taxonomic Classification ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Species

ABSTRACT Gram-positive, spore-forming members of the Bacillus cereus group species complex are widespread in natural environments and display various degrees of pathogenicity. Recently, B. cereus group strain Bacillus mycoides Flugge ATCC 21929 was found to represent a novel lineage within the species complex, sharing a relatively low degree of genomic similarity with all B. cereus group genomes (average nucleotide identity [ANI] < 88). ATCC 21929 has been previously associated with the production of a patented antibiotic, antibiotic 60-6 (i.e., cerexin A); however, the virulence potential and growth characteristics of this lineage have never been assessed. Here, we provide an extensive genomic and phenotypic characterization of ATCC 21929, and we assess its pathogenic potential in vitro. ATCC 21929 most closely resembles Bacillus paramycoides NH24A2T (ANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values of 86.70 and 34.10%, respectively). Phenotypically, ATCC 21929 does not possess cytochrome c oxidase activity and is able to grow at a range of temperatures between 15 and 43°C and a range of pH between 6 and 9. At 32°C, ATCC 21929 shows weak production of diarrheal enterotoxin hemolysin BL (Hbl) but no production of nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe); at 37°C, neither Hbl nor Nhe is produced. Additionally, at 37°C, ATCC 21929 does not exhibit cytotoxic effects toward HeLa cells. With regard to fatty acid composition, ATCC 21929 has iso-C17:0 present in highest abundance. Based on the characterization provided here, ATCC 21929T (= PS00077AT = PS00077BT = PSU-0922T = BHPT) represents a novel effective B. cereus group species, which we propose as effective species “Bacillus clarus.” IMPORTANCE The B. cereus group comprises numerous closely related lineages with various degrees of pathogenic potential and industrial relevance. Species-level taxonomic classification of B. cereus group strains is important for risk evaluation and communication but remains challenging. Biochemical and phenotypic assays are often used to assign B. cereus group strains to species but are insufficient for accurate taxonomic classification on a genomic scale. Here, we show that antibiotic-producing ATCC 21929 represents a novel lineage within the B. cereus group that, by all metrics used to delineate prokaryotic species, exemplifies a novel effective species. Furthermore, we show that ATCC 21929 is incapable of producing enterotoxins Hbl and Nhe or exhibiting cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells at human body temperature in vitro. These results provide greater insight into the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the B. cereus group and may be leveraged to inform future public health and food safety efforts.

scholarly journals Bio-efficacy of Trichoderma species against Pigeonpea wilt pathogen

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2327-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balkishan Chaudhary ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Shiva Kant Kushwaha
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Fusarium Udum

Three biocontrol agent viz., Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma harzianum were evaluated to test the antagonism against Fusarium udum under in vitro conditions. All the three biocontrol agents have the potential of parasitizing the growth of Fusarium udum in vitro. The rate of parasitism was found fastest in T. viride (61.12% over growth in 96 hrs) than T. virens and T. harzianum. The volatile compounds from Trichoderma viride suppressed the mycelial growth of Fusarium udum by 43.13% and found effective when compared to Tricho-derma virens and Trichoderma harzianum. Non-volatile compounds or culture filtrate from Trichoderma virens at 15% concentration shows complete mycelial inhibition of the test fungi. The antagonist T. virens was chosen to be the most promising bio-control agent for F. udum.

Effects of Trichoderma Species on the Growth of Fusarium Verticillioides

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-425
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kumar ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Balkishan Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Trichoderma Species

Six biocontrol treatments viz., Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma harzianum, T. harzianum + T. viride, T. harzianum + T. virens and T. viride + T. virens were evaluated to test the antagonism against Fusarium verticillioides under in vitro conditions. The maximum growth inhibition (90.6%) was recorded in consortium of T. harzianum + T. viride in dual culture technique . The volatile and non volatile compounds from the consortium of T. harzianum + T. viride also found best and suppressed the mycelial growth of F. verticillioides to the tune of 83.90 and 84.61 %, respectively. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 423-425, 2021 (June)

Trichoderma cyanodichotomus sp. nov., a new soil-inhabiting species with a potential for biological control

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1020-1029
Author(s):  
Jishun Li ◽  
Yuanzheng Wu ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Yilian Wang ◽  
Jindong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Biodiversity Survey ◽  
Close Relatives

During a biodiversity survey of Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) in coastal and lake wetlands of China, a new species, Trichoderma cyanodichotomus, was isolated from Dongting Lake wetland of Hunan province. The strain TW21990-1 was characterized as having two types of conidia and producing a distinct blue–green pigment on potato dextrose agar and cornmeal dextrose agar. The taxonomic position was analyzed using three molecular markers, internal transcribed spacer rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, and RNA polymerase II subunit B, revealing less than 95.0% homology with all known Trichoderma species. The combined phylogenetic tree further identified T. cyanodichotomus as an independent subgroup belonging to Section Pachybasium, with no close relatives. In vitro antagonistic activity by dual-culture assay exhibited broad inhibition against various plant pathogens, including Botryosphaeria dothidea, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Verticillium dahliae. In addition, TW21990-1 demonstrated moderate hydrolase activity of cellulase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and protease, which might be involved in mycoparasitism. Greenhouse experiments showed strong biocontrol effects against tomato damping-off incited by P. aphanidermatum, together with increased seedling height and weight gain. The identification of T. cyanodichotomus will provide useful information for sufficient utilization of fungal resources.

scholarly journals Novel Splice Site Pathogenic Variant of EFTUD2 Is Associated with Mandibulofacial Dysostosis with Microcephaly and Extracranial Symptoms in Korea

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
So Young Kim ◽  
Da-hye Lee ◽  
Jin Hee Han ◽  
Byung Yoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Splice Site ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Splice Donor Site ◽  
Functional Verification ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis ◽  
Minigene Assay

Elongation factor Tu guanosine-5’-triphosphate (GTP) binding domain containing 2 (EFTUD2) encodes a major component of the spliceosomal GTPase and, if mutated, causes mandibulofacial dysostosis with microcephaly (MFDM; MIM#610536). Despite the increasing number of potentially pathogenic variants reported in the literature, most previous studies have relied solely on in silico prediction of the pathogenic potential of EFTUD2 variants, which may result in misclassification of the variant’s pathogenicity. Given the importance of the functional verification of EFTUD2 variants, we identified a novel splice donor site variant, c.271+1G>A of EFTUD2, whose pathogenicity was clearly verified at the RNA level using a minigene assay. A child with MFDM, mixed hearing loss, microcephaly, and a congenital cardiac defect was identified with this variant, which arose in a de novo fashion. The minigene assay showed erroneous integration of the 118 bp IVS3 of EFTUD2 exclusively among the c.271+1G>A variant clone. We first applied the minigene assay to identify the splice function of a splice site variant of EFTUD2, thereby allowing for in vitro functional verification of splice site variants in EFTUD2.

scholarly journals Shiitake and Oyster Mushroom Production on Apple Pomace and Sawdust

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Worrall ◽  
C.S. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Alternative Substrate ◽  
Significant Differential Effect

A mixture of apple pomace and sawdust was tested as a substrate for production of shiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] and oyster mushroom [Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) Kummer and P. sajor-caju (Fr.) Sing.] on synthetic logs. MyCelia grew faster and more densely in logs containing apple pomace than in sawdust alone. Five shiitake isolates and two Pleurotus spp. produced higher fresh weights on a mixture of equal parts (by weight) of apple pomace and sawdust than on either substrate alone. An alternative substrate based on sawdust, millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), bran gave almost identical overall yield as pomace-sawdust medium, but there was a significant differential effect of the substrates on yield of the two tested shiitake isolates. Analyses and experiments in vitro suggested that optimal N levels provided by apple pomace account in part for its effectiveness.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Trichoderma spp for the biocontrol of Moniliophthora perniciosa Subgroup 1441

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lucia Garcia Simoes ◽  
Samia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo ◽  
Givaldo Rocha Niella ◽  
Daniel Mario Tapia Tapia
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Moniliophthora Perniciosa ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Biological Control Potential ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
The Individual

Trichoderma species , isolated from different producer regions of cocoa (Bahia, Brazil), were evaluated as for their capacity of usage in the biocontrol of the basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa subgroup 1441, which causes the witches’ broom in cocoa. The isolates of Trichoderma were evaluated through individual indices so called %AP (Antagonistic Potential to Moniliophthora perniciosa subgroup 1441), %PG (Potential Growth in vitro) and %PSPr (Potential of Spore Production on rice) These indices were evaluated together, also they were used for the determination of Biological Control Potential (%BCP) of each antagonistic specie to the evaluated pathogen. Afterwards, the ability of the antagonistic to colonize and to produce spores on sterilized dry brooms was also evaluated. Some of the isolates Trichoderma spp showed a high %AP to the pathogen and high %PG, but did not present a significant %PSPr, turning impossible the spore production for biocontrol at commercial level. Significant differences were found within the individual indices among the species and isolates of the same species of Trichoderma spp, pointing out a great genetic variability among them. Trichoderma harzianum 911 showed to have the best biocontrol potential to the pathogen when compared to the other isolates, presenting a %BCP de 91.86% (mainly by the high %AP of 97,76%) a %PSPr of 99.53%, also producing 22.67 spores x 109. mL-1 by dry broom segment. Trichoderma harzianum 911 showed to be as promising isolate for future researches on biocontrol of cocoa witches’ broom.

scholarly journals The activity of native Bacillus subtilis strains in control of green mould disease of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Ivana Potocnik ◽  
Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic ◽  
Olja Stanojevic ◽  
Tanja Beric ◽  
Slavisa Stankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Mushroom Production ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Green Mould ◽  
Antagonistic Potential

The study aimed to isolate potential biocontrol agents from mushroom substrate that could serve as an alternative to toxic chemicals commonly used for disease control in mushroom production. The antagonistic potential of ten native Bacillus subtilis strains against the causal agents of green mould disease of oyster mushroom, Trichoderma pleuroti and Trichoderma pleuroticola, was evaluated. The antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. strains was quantified in vitro based on dual cultivation with the pathogen. Growth inhibition of T. pleuroti ranged from 54.44% to 62.22% and no significant differences in antagonistic activity were found between the tested B. subtilis strains. Inhibition of T. pleuroticola was slightly higher, ranging from 55.56% to 69.62% and B. subtilis strain B-358 induced the highest growth inhibition. This research confirmed mushroom substrate to be a good source of antagonistic microorganisms with potentials for use in biological control of green mould in oyster mushroom production.

scholarly journals Güney Kore’de Mantar Yetiştiriciliği

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kemal Soylu ◽  
Mingu Kang
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Pleurotus Eryngii ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Mushroom Cultivation ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Mushroom Species

Mushroom cultivation in South Korea is increasing fast last decades. Mushroom cultivation of South Korea is 173577 tones and South Korea gains 800 million dollars income annually. Different kind of mushroom species are cultivated and 31% enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes), 26% king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii), 26% oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), 13% white buton mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and 4% rest of the total mushroom Lentinula edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus vb. are produced in Korea. 764 ha mushroom growing area was used for mushroom cultivation. 31% of total growing area is oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and 14% king oyster (Pleurotus eryngii), 6% winter mushroom (Flummulina velutipes), 16% white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), 3% Phellinus, 3% reishii (Ganoderma lucidum) and 27% other mushrooms. Mushroom is consumed frequently in Korea and mushroom consumption per person is 4.2 kg. Growing on log culture (oak mushroom, reishi and Phellinus), growing on shelves (Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus) and bottle culture (Flummulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii) are commonly used growing systems.

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