Low Temperature Effect on Different Varieties of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius at Seedling Stage

To address the demand for natural fibers, developing new varieties that are resistant to abiotic stress is necessary. The present study was designed to investigate the physiological and biochemical traits of three varieties of C. capularis (Y49, Y38, and Y1) and four varieties C. olitorius (T8, W57, M33, M18) under low temperature to identify the cold-tolerant varieties and elucidate the mechanisms involved in enhancing cold tolerance. Research findings revealed that the varieties Y49 and M33 exhibited the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid content. Biochemical profiles revealed that varieties Y49 and M33 were found to be able to withstand low-temperature stress by accumulating different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), glutathione (GSH), and phenolics, which participated in reducing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) caused by low temperature. Osmolytes compounds, such as total soluble sugar, significantly increased in Y49 and M33; and proline content decreased in all varieties except Y49 and M33 after low-temperature exposure. The rise in these osmolytes molecules can be a defense mechanism for the jute’s osmotic readjustment to reduce the oxidative damage induced by low temperature. Furthermore, PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis distinguished the seven varieties into three separate groups. Results confirmed that group I (Y49 and M33 varieties) were low-temperature tolerant, group II (M18, W57) were intermediate, whereas III groups (Y38, T8, and Y1) were low temperature susceptible. PCA also explained 85.72% of the variance of raw data and clearly distinguished three groups that are similar to the cluster heat map. The study thus confirmed the tolerance of selected varieties that might be an efficient adaptation strategy and utilized them for establishing breeding programs for cold tolerance.

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Optimum Harvest of Low-chill Melting and Non-melting Flesh Peach Cultivars for Direct Ripening and Ripening following Low Temperature Storage

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14502-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 487-495

Author(s):

Ming-Wei S. Kao ◽

Jeffrey K. Brecht ◽

Jeffrey G. Williamson

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Linear Correlation ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Low Temperature Storage ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Harvest Maturity ◽

Temperature Storage

The physical and chemical characteristics of two melting flesh (MF) cultivars, TropicBeauty and Flordaprince, and two non-melting flesh (NMF) cultivars, UFSun and Gulfking, with advancing maturities, were determined at harvest, after ripening at 20 °C for 7 days (i.e., direct ripening) and after storage at 0 °C for 14 days then ripening at 20 °C for 7 days (i.e., ripening following low temperature storage). The NMF cultivars were able to retain flesh firmness better than the MF cultivars as fruit matured and ripened on the tree and after the two storage treatments. The NMF fruit of the least mature to the most advanced maturity groups (MGs) were ≈2 to 7 times firmer than the MF fruit in the same MGs after ripening in both storage conditions. For both MF and NMF fruit, a significant reduction of titratable acidity (TA) occurred with no significant changes in soluble solids content (SSC) and total soluble sugar (TSS) as maturity and ripening progressed on the tree and after ripening in both storage conditions. Minimum quality standards of “ready for consumption” peaches were used as general guidelines to determine the optimum harvest maturity of all four cultivars. The NMF fruit ripened directly had wider optimum harvest maturity ranges and could be harvested at more advanced stages than the MF fruit. The MF fruit that ripened following low temperature storage needed to be picked at earlier maturity stages than those that were directly ripened. The optimum harvest maturity of NMF UFSun for the low temperature storage treatment was more advanced than that of the other three cultivars due to abnormal softening found in the lower MGs after ripening. Linear correlation analyses showed that the skin ground color (GC) a* values of both MF cultivars and NMF ‘UFSun’ were highly correlated with the flesh color (FC) a* values, suggesting that GC a* values can be an informative harvest indicator for this NMF cultivar instead of the traditionally used FC. The GC a* values also had high linear correlation with TA for all four cultivars, suggesting that TA can be a potential maturity index for both MF and NMF peaches. Significant correlations of GC a* values and flesh firmness (GC-FF) were found in all four cultivars in one year but only in MF peaches in both years, showing that flesh firmness was the most consistent maturity indicator for the MF cultivars in this study.

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Minimizing Adverse Effects of Pb on Maize Plants by Combined Treatment with Jasmonic, Salicylic Acids and Proline

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10050699 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 699 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mahmoud R. Sofy ◽

Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽

Bushra A. Alhammad ◽

Basmah M. Alharbi ◽

Heba I. Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Toxic Heavy Metal ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Pb Stress ◽

Maize Plants

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal (HM) that harms plant growth and productivity. Phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and osmoprotectants, such as proline (Pro), play an important role in the physiological and biochemical processes of plants. We investigated the effect of exogenous applications of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination on Pb-stress tolerance in maize as well as their effect on physiological, biochemical, and yield traits. Pb exposure severely affected maize plants, reducing growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, and mineral (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) nutrients, as well as enhancing electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, osmolytes, and non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. The application of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination enhanced plant growth and induced pigment biosynthesis, and decreased EL, MDA accumulation, and Pb concentration. All treatments enhanced Pro and total soluble sugar production, glutathione activity, ascorbic acid, phenol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and mineral nutrients. JA, SA, and Pro application improved physiological processes directly or indirectly, thereby enhancing the ability of maize plants to overcome oxidative damage caused by Pb toxicity. The combination of JA, SA, and Pro was the most efficient treatment for maize plant growth and development, eliminating the negative consequences of Pb stress.

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Effect of Light-Emitting Diodes and Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Soluble Sugar, Organic Acid, and Carotenoid Content of Postharvest Sweet Oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24193440 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (19) ◽

pp. 3440 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Linping Hu ◽

Can Yang ◽

Lina Zhang ◽

Jing Feng ◽

Wanpeng Xi

Keyword(s):

Organic Acid ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Light Emitting Diodes ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Red Light ◽

Carotenoid Content ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Carotenoid Accumulation ◽

Dark Shade

Mature ‘Hamlin’ sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were irradiated using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and ultraviolet (UV) light for six days after harvest. Based on evaluation of the basic ripening parameters of fruits, the contents of soluble sugars, organic acids, and carotenoids were analyzed (in pulps) on the sixth day by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that LED and UV irradiation not only accelerated orange ripening but also caused significant changes in the soluble sugar, organic acid, and carotenoid content. Compared with fruit subjected to dark shade (DS) treatment, the total soluble sugar, fructose, and glucose contents increased significantly in UV-treated (UVA, UVB, and UVC) fruits, while the sucrose content increased remarkably in white light, UVB, and UVC-treated fruits (p < 0.05). UV treatment was associated with inducing the largest effect on the total soluble sugar content. Except for UVB, other types of light notably induced an accumulation of the total organic acid content, none but blue light and red light markedly induced citric acid accumulation (p < 0.05). Interestingly, only the red light and dark shade treatments had markedly positive effects in terms of inducing carotenoid accumulation, including the total carotenoid, isolutein, zeaxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, all-trans-violaxanthin, phytofluene, cis-ζ-carotene, and β-carotene concentrations. Other light treatments had significantly negative effects on carotenoid accumulation (p < 0.05). Therefore, soluble sugar, organic acid, and carotenoid accumulation in sweet oranges vary depending on the levels of UV and LED irradiation. Appropriate light irradiation is a potentially effective way to maintain or improve postharvest fruit quality.

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Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveal Key Metabolism Pathways Contributing to Cold Tolerance in Peanut

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.752474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Wang ◽

Yue Liu ◽

Zhongkui Han ◽

Yuning Chen ◽

Dongxin Huai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Gene Networks ◽

Cold Resistance ◽

Chilling Stress ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Cold Tolerant

Low temperature (non-freezing) is one of the major limiting factors in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth, yield, and geographic distribution. Due to the complexity of cold-resistance trait in peanut, the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance and related gene networks were largely unknown. In this study, metabolomic analysis of two peanut cultivars subjected to chilling stress obtained a set of cold-responsive metabolites, including several carbohydrates and polyamines. These substances showed a higher accumulation pattern in cold-tolerant variety SLH than cold-susceptible variety ZH12 under cold stress, indicating their importance in protecting peanut from chilling injuries. In addition, 3,620 cold tolerance genes (CTGs) were identified by transcriptome sequencing, and the CTGs were most significantly enriched in the “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway. Two vital modules and several novel hub genes were obtained by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Several key genes involved in soluble sugar, polyamine, and G-lignin biosynthetic pathways were substantially higher and/or responded more quickly in SLH (cold tolerant) than ZH12 (cold susceptible) under low temperature, suggesting they might be crucial contributors during the adaptation of peanut to low temperature. These findings will not only provide valuable resources for study of cold resistance in peanut but also lay a foundation for genetic modification of cold regulators to enhance stress tolerance in crops.

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Quantification of additive response and stationarity of frost hardiness by photoperiod and temperature in Scots pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x03-100 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 1772-1784 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Gang Zhang ◽

Aija Ryyppö ◽

Elina Vapaavuori ◽

Tapani Repo

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Additive Model ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Frost Hardiness ◽

Short Photoperiod ◽

Dark Cycle ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

To present quantitative knowledge of photoperiod and temperature on frost hardiness for mathematical modelling, we carried out a growth chamber experiment for second-year Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. There were three treatments involved in the trial: a short photoperiod (7 h light : 17 h dark cycle) with a high temperature (15 °C) (SDHT), a short photoperiod (7 h light : 17 h dark cycle) with a low temperature (2 °C), and a long photo period (16 h light : 8 h dark cycle) with a low temperature (2 °C). The following variables were measured: (i) the frost hardiness of stems, needles, buds, and roots by controlled freezing tests, (ii) the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters of the stems, (iii) the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of the needles, (iv) the dry mass/fresh mass ratio, and (v) the total soluble sugar and starch concentration of the stems, needles, and roots in the non-frost-exposed organs. There was a clear difference in hardiness among the organs by the end of the experiment. Stems by some EIS parameters, needles by Fv/Fm, and stems, needles, and roots by sugar concentration differed among treatments. A stationary level of frost hardiness was reached or asymptotically approached in all organs and treatments except in the SDHT treatment of buds. Very little support was found for the concept of additive effects by photoperiod and temperature. The results show that the additive model needs revision, since the hardening response is dependent on organ, and there is an interaction in the responses to photoperiod and temperature.

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Effects of Leachate Fertigation and the Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide on Growth and Nutrient Balance in Dracaena deremensis Potted Plants

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010127 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Pedro García-Caparrós ◽

Cristina Velasquez Espino ◽

María Teresa Lao

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Solution ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Nutrient Balance ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sugar Concentration ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Peat Moss ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

The reuse of drainages for cultivating more salt tolerant crops can be a useful tool especially in arid regions, where there are severe problems for crops water management. Dracaena deremensis L. plants were cultured in pots with sphagnum peat-moss and were subjected to three fertigation treatments for 8 weeks: control treatment or standard nutrient solution (D0), raw leachates from Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl plants (DL) and the same leachate blending with H2O2 (1.2 M) at 1% (v/v) (DL + H2O2). After harvesting, ornamental and biomass parameters, leaf and root proline and total soluble sugar concentration and nutrient balance were assessed in each fertigation treatment. Plant height, leaf and total dry weight had the highest values in plants fertigated with leachates with H2O2, whereas root length, leaf number, RGB values and pigment concentration declined significantly in plants fertigated with leachates from C. lutescens with or without H2O2. The fertigation with leachates, regardless of the presence or absence of H2O2 increased root and leaf proline concentration. Nevertheless, root and leaf total soluble sugar concentration did not show a clear trend under the treatments assessed. Regarding nutrient balance, the addition of H2O2 in the leachate resulted in an increase in plant nutrient uptake and efficiency compared to the control treatment. The fertigation with leachates with or without H2O2 increased nitrogen and potassium leached per plant compared to plants fertigated with the standard nutrient solution. The reuse of drainages is a viable option to produce ornamental plants reducing the problematic associated with the water consumption and the release of nutrients into the environment.

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Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Salt Tolerance and Ginsenosides Content in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Sprouts

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1313

Author(s):

Md. Jahirul Islam ◽

Byeong Ryeol Ryu ◽

Md. Obyedul Kalam Azad ◽

Md. Hafizur Rahman ◽

Md. Soyel Rana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Principal Component ◽

Total Soluble Protein ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Biochemical Processes

The effect of exogenously applied putrescine (Put) on salt stress tolerance was investigated in Panax ginseng. Thirty-day-old ginseng sprouts were grown in salinized nutrient solution (150 mM NaCl) for five days, while the control sprouts were grown in nutrients solution. Putrescine (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) was sprayed on the plants once at the onset of salinity treatment, whereas control plants were sprayed with water only. Ginseng seedlings tested under salinity exhibited reduced plant growth and biomass production, which was directly interlinked with reduced chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence due to higher reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide; H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) production. Application of Put enhanced accumulation of proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. At the same time, activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase in leaves, stems, and roots of ginseng seedlings were increased. Such modulation of physio-biochemical processes reduced the level of H2O2 and MDA, which indicates a successful adaptation of ginseng seedlings to salinity stress. Moreover, protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides enhanced by both salinity stress and exogenous Put treatment. On the other hand, protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides enhanced in roots and reduced in leaves and stems under salinity stress condition. In contrast, they enhanced by exogenous Put application in all parts of the plants for most cases, also evidenced by principal component analysis. Collectively, our findings provide an important prospect for the use of Put in modulating salinity tolerance and ginsenosides content in ginseng sprouts.

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Osmoregulatory capacity at low temperature is critical for insect cold tolerance

Current Opinion in Insect Science ◽

10.1016/j.cois.2021.02.015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 38-45

Author(s):

Johannes Overgaard ◽

Lucie Gerber ◽

Mads Kuhlmann Andersen

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Osmoregulatory Capacity ◽

Insect Cold Tolerance

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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Gene Modules Associated with Cold Tolerance in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation ◽

10.1007/s00344-021-10437-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xing Huang ◽

Yongsheng Liang ◽

Baoqing Zhang ◽

Xiupeng Song ◽

Yangrui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Stress ◽

Cold Tolerance ◽

Cold Resistance ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Calcium Signal ◽

Protein Kinase Activity ◽

Comparative Transcriptome ◽

Climate Conditions

AbstractSugarcane is an important crop worldwide, and most sugar is derived directly from sugarcane. Due to its thermophilic nature, the yield of sugarcane is largely influenced by extreme climate conditions, especially cold stress. Therefore, the development of sugarcane with improved cold tolerance is an important goal. However, little is known about the multiple mechanisms underlying cold acclimation at the bud stage in sugarcane. In this study, we emphasized that sensitivity to cold stress was higher for the sugarcane variety ROC22 than for GT42, as determined by physical signs, including bud growth capacity, relative conductivity, malonaldehyde contents, and soluble sugar contents. To understand the factors contributing to the difference in cold tolerance between ROC22 and GT42, comparative transcriptome analyses were performed. We found that genes involved in the regulation of the stability of the membrane system were the relative determinants of difference in cold tolerance. Additionally, genes related to protein kinase activity, starch metabolism, and calcium signal transduction were associated with cold tolerance. Finally, 25 candidate genes, including 23 variety-specific and 2 common genes, and 7 transcription factors were screened out for understanding the possible cold resistance mechanism. The findings of this study provide candidate gene resources for cold resistance and will improve our understanding of the regulation of cold tolerance at the bud stage in sugarcane.

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Effects of Shading on Carbohydrates of Syzygium samarangense

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha47411637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 1252-1257

Author(s):

Ying JIAN ◽

Guolin WU ◽

Donghui ZHOU ◽

Zhiqun HU ◽

Zhenxuan QUAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Digital Object Identifier ◽

Digital Object ◽

Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Carbohydrate Levels

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit tree cultivated in Southeast Asian. It produces red pear-like shape fruits. The fruit flesh is considered high in antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids that have a potential to contribute to the human healthy diet, and was proved to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. To allow year-round marketing of high quality wax apple fruit, growers always perform shading to inhibit new flushes so as to repress vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. To investigate the effect of shading on carbohydrates, wax apple trees were shaded with sun shade nets under field conditions. The effects of shading on shoot growth were studied and leaf carbohydrate levels of the trees were determined. The results showed that shading inhibit the the growth of the terminal shoots and promoted bud dormancy. Shading also reduced total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch levels of leaves. The results suggested that shading reduced carbohydrate accumulation and repressed vegetative growth. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

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