scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Rates on the Productivity and Nutritive Value of Forage Grass Grown under Extreme Climatic Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2572
Author(s):  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Rimantas Velička ◽  
Robertas Kosteckas ◽  
Aušra Rudinskienė ◽  
Inga Adamonytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

This vegetative experiment was carried out at the greenhouse of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy Open Access Joint Research Centre of Agriculture and Forestry (Lithuania) in 2020–2021. The aim of these studies was to determine the effect of different nitrogen rates on the productivity and nutritional quality of forage grasses (a mixture of red clover and timothy) under the most common extremes of climate change, i.e., soil moisture deficiency and surplus. Under drought and waterlogging stresses, fertilization of the red clover and timothy mixture with high N rates was ineffective. The clover and timothy mixture recovery after drought took 21 days. The aboveground dry biomass of the clover and timothy mixture grown under drought conditions was significantly lower by 36.3 to 47.2% compared to that formed under optimum soil moisture and waterlogging conditions. The root biomass of forage grass mixtures was lowest under drought conditions when fertilized at the highest N rate (N25+120). The aboveground biomass of clover grown under different soil moisture conditions depended on the number of plants (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.01) and assimilating leaf area (r2 = 0.83, p < 0.01), and that of timothy on the number of vegetative tillers (r2 = 0.46, p < 0.05). Under drought simulation conditions, increasing the N rate increased the crude protein and crude fibre contents in the aboveground biomass of the clover and timothy mixture, while the crude ash content decreased.

scholarly journals Changes in yield and nutritive value of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Festulolium (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) under drought stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Staniak
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the research was to assess the impact of water stress on the yield and content of basic nutrients in the biomass of Trifolium pratense and Festulolium braunii cultivated in pure stand and in mixture. A pot experiment was carried out in 2012–2014, at two levels of soil moisture: well-watered and drought stress. The study showed that stress significantly reduced the dry matter yield (DMY), the most in T. pratense, followed by mixture, and F. braunii. The effect of drought stress on the nutritive value was considerable less pronounced than the influence on DMY. No significant influence of water deficit on crude protein, crude fibre and crude ash contents was found, but only on water-soluble carbohydrate and crude fat content in one year of the study. It was found, that under drought stress T. pratense is more suitable for cultivation in the mixture with F. braunii than in pure stand, due to a lower reduction of DMY and no adverse effect of water deficiency on yield quality.

scholarly journals Estimation of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) forage quality parameters dependingon the variety, cut and growing year

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Drobná ◽  
J. Jančovič
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L ◽  
Crude Fibre Content

A field trial was conducted to determine the nutritive value of eight Slovak and Czech red clover varieties and to quantify the effects of variety, cut and year on red clover forage quality. The differences between forage quality of the evaluated red clover varieties were significant for protein supplied when energy is limited in the rumen (PDIE), intestinal digestibility of rumen non-degraded protein (dsi), net energy values and ash content (P &lt; 0.01). The achieved results show that the surpassing forage quality was given by diploid Viglana variety with high protein and energy values. The forage of tetraploid varieties Javorina and Dolina was outstanding in protein content, but had the lowest energy values. The nutritive value was significantly affected by cut. The first cut provided forage with a significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) crude protein (CP) content, CP digestibility, degradability of CP (degNL), protein supplied when nitrogen is limited in rumen (PDIN), PDIE and with a significantly higher crude fibre content and energy values (P &lt; 0.01). The differences between varieties were more pronounced in the second and in the third cut. Significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) PDIE, PDIN, degNL, net energy values and ash contents were found in the first production year.

scholarly journals The effect of phenological stage and season on nutritive value, chemical composition and nutrient digestibility of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) green forage in the alimentary tract of cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Niwińska ◽  
Strzetelski JA ◽  
J. Kowalczyk ◽  
F. Borowiec ◽  
P. Domański
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Green forage of fourteen lucerne varieties grown at four Experimental Stations of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka was harvested in these stages: the first growth in the budding stage (cut I), re-growths in the pre-bloom stage of maturity (cut II) 35 days after the first cut, and the next cut, 42 days later (cut III). Three bulls equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas were used to study rumen degradability by the nylon bag technique and intestinal digestibility by the mobile bag method. The nutritive value of lucerne green forage was estimated according to IZ-INRA (2001) feed evaluation system. The composition of the lucerne cuts differed in DM content (P &lt; 0.01); the highest was found in cut III (226.9 g/kg), the lowest in cut II (182.0&nbsp;g/kg).The crude protein content (CP) in DM of cuts I and II was similar (P &gt; 0.05) but lower in cut III (P &lt; 0.05). Cut II contained the highest (P &lt; 0.05) levels of crude fibre, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose (CE), and acid detergent lignin (ADL), and the lowest of non-structural carbohydrates (NFC) and soluble in neutral detergent cell content (CC), (P &lt; 0.01). The differences between cut I and III in the contents of these components were not significant (P &gt; 0.05). The highest DM digestibility in the total alimentary tract was found for cut I (P &lt; 0.05). The DM of cuts II and III was digested at a similar rate (P &gt; 0.05). There were no significant differences between the cuts in effective degradability, digestibility in the small intestine of the fraction not digested in the forestomachs and total digestibility of CP, CF, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose (P &gt; 0.05). The digestion of rumen undegraded CP in the post-rumen part of the alimentary tract was lower compared with the digestion of essential amino acids (81% and 98%; respectively). The first cut harvested in the spring in the budding stage contained about 5% more PDIA and PDIN, but 7% less LFU compared with both cuts of regrowth (cuts II and III) which contained on average: 58 g PDIA; 123 g PDIN and 0.93 kg LFU. All the cuts contained similar levels of PDIE, UFL per kg of DM (106 and 0.76 g, respectively). &nbsp;

Responses of Corn (Zea mays L.) Nitrogen Status Indicators to Nitrogen Rates and Soil Moisture

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Juan ZHU ◽  
Yin-Li LIANG ◽  
TREMBLAY Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

scholarly journals Profiling of Sub-Lethal in Vitro Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Reveals Changes in Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Keshavan ◽  
Fernando Torres Andón ◽  
Audrey Gallud ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Knut Reinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemokine Receptors ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Chemokine Signaling ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Engineered nanomaterials are potentially very useful for a variety of applications, but studies are needed to ascertain whether these materials pose a risk to human health. Here, we studied three benchmark nanomaterials (Ag nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs) procured from the nanomaterial repository at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Having established a sub-lethal concentration of these materials using two human cell lines representative of the immune system and the lungs, respectively, we performed RNA sequencing of the macrophage-like cell line after exposure for 6, 12, and 24 h. Downstream analysis of the transcriptomics data revealed significant effects on chemokine signaling pathways. CCR2 was identified as the most significantly upregulated gene in MWCNT-exposed cells. Using multiplex assays to evaluate cytokine and chemokine secretion, we could show significant effects of MWCNTs on several chemokines, including CCL2, a ligand of CCR2. The results demonstrate the importance of evaluating sub-lethal concentrations of nanomaterials in relevant target cells.

scholarly journals Forage yield and nutritive value of Elephant grass, Italian ryegrass and spontaneous growing species mixed with forage peanut or red clover

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1845-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Schalemberg Diehl ◽  
Clair Jorge Olivo ◽  
Carlos Alberto Agnolin ◽  
Ricardo Lima de Azevedo Junior ◽  
Vinícius Felipe Bratz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Grazing Systems

The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with elephant grass (EG), Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + red clover (RC), during the winter and summer periods in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments, two replicates with repeated measures. Lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% BW-daily feed supplement with concentrate were used in the evaluation. Eight grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period. The values of pre forage mass and stocking rate were 2.52, 2.60 and 2.99 t ha-1 and 2.64, 2.77 and 3.14 animal unit ha-1, respectively for GS. Samples of forage were collected by hand-plucking technique to analyze the crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) of forage present between rows of elephant grass, in the rows of elephant grass and the legumes. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF were observed for the grazing systems mixed with legumes forage.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

Aboveground Biomass of Reaumuria soongorica Shrub Effect on Soil Moisture and Nutrient Spatial Distribution in Arid and Semi-Arid Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3803-3806
Author(s):  
Bing Ru Liu ◽  
Jun Long Yang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Desert Plant ◽  
Important Species

In order to revel aboveground biomass of R. soongorica shrub effect on soil moisture and nutrients spatial distribution, and explore mechanism of the changes of soil moisture and nutrients, soil moisture content, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) at three soil layers (0-10cm,10-20cm, and 20-40cm) along five plant biomass gradients of R. soongorica were investigated. The results showed that soil moisture content increased with depth under the same plant biomass, and increased with plant biomass. Soil nutrient properties were evidently influenced with plant biomass, while decreased with depth. SOC and TN were highest in the top soil layer (0-10 cm), but TN of 10-20cm layer has no significant differences (P < 0.05). Moreover, soil nutrient contents were accumulated very slowly. These suggests that the requirement to soil organic matter is not so high and could be adapted well to the desert and barren soil, and the desert plant R. soongorica could be acted as an important species to restore vegetation and ameliorate the eco-environment.

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