scholarly journals Dietary Calcium to Digestible Phosphorus Ratio for Optimal Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization in Growing and Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Schlegel ◽  
Andreas Gutzwiller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Volumetric Density ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Maximal Load ◽  
Bone Properties ◽  
Bone Ash

Within the context of maximizing the use of dietary phosphorus, a growing-finishing pig study was conducted to determine the optimal total dietary calcium (Ca) to digestible phosphorus (dP) ratio and to verify the possibility of mineral phosphate removal during the finishing period on growth performance and mineral status. The potential for replacing chemical and mechanical bone properties by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures on non-dissected feet was also verified. Three Ca to dP ratios (2.2:1, 2.5:1 and 2.8:1) within two dP levels (P+, P–) were fed during 91 days to 84 pigs. The grower and finisher P+ diets contained 3.0 and 2.4 and P– diets contained 2.5 and 1.7 g dP/kg, respectively. Growth performance and blood serum mineral content were independent of treatments, except that 2.2:1 impaired finisher feed conversion ratio compared to 2.5:1 and 2.8:1. Urinary P concentration increased by 37% in 2.2:1 compared to 2.5:1 and 2.8:1. Maximal load on bone and DXA mineral density were reduced in 2.2:1 compared to 2.8:1. Bone ash and volumetric density were reduced in 2.2:1 and 2.5:1 compared to 2.8:1. Diet P– reduced bone ash, maximal load, volumetric density and DXA bone mineral content and density. No interaction was observed between Ca and dP level. Therefore, 2.2:1 was insufficient for an efficient metabolic use of P, 2.5:1 was sufficient to maximize growth performance and 2.8:1 further improved bone mineralization. Increasing dietary Ca did not impair bone zinc content. Diets P– without supplemented mineral phosphates during the finisher period resulted, per pig, in a decrease of its use by 65% and of the calculated P excretion by 41%, without impaired growth performance. Finally, DXA data responded to dietary treatments as did labor intensive chemical and mechanical bone properties.

62 Growth Performance and Mineral Status of 6 Kg Piglets Fed Reduced Levels of Dietary Calcium

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 42-42
Author(s):  
Laura A Merriman ◽  
Craig Wyatt ◽  
Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy ◽  
Xaviere Rousseau ◽  
Dan Bussières
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Content ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Imbalances between calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) impair growth performance and bone mineralization. However, reducing dietary limestone may change the buffering capacity of feed in early nursery piglets, which may help prevent post-weaning diarrhea. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of reducing Ca post weaning compared to recommendations outlined by NRC (2012) or a low P diet. Dietary treatments consisted of 1) Low Ca (LCa; Phase 1, 0.51% Ca and 0.47% STTD P), 2) NRC recommendations (NRC; Phase 1, 0.85% Ca and 0.42% STTD P), and 3) a recommendation lower in phosphorus (LP; Phase 1, 0.65% Ca and 0.36% STTD P). Each diet was fed over 4 phases. Piglets (n = 953; 276/275 Fast X PIC 800 genetics) were blocked by room, sex, and initial BW (6 kg). Feed intake and pig weights were recorded weekly. At 12 d and 41 d, blood was collected and Dual-X ray (DXA) measurements were taken using 8 piglets per treatment. Fecal scores were evaluated during wk 4 and 5. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There were no differences observed in mortality, overall growth performance, plasma Ca and P, and scour scores at either time point. At 12 d, the bone mineral content was reduced (P = 0.001) in LP pigs compared to LCa and NRC. At 41 d, bone mineral content was reduced in NRC in comparison to LCa while LP was intermediate (P = 0.001). Plasma parameters showed an increased magnesium (Mg) and Ca:Mg in LCa (P < 0.01) that can be related to bone resorption to face Ca hypocalcemia. Pigs were healthy with no enteric challenges, limiting the ability to observe a benefit in fecal scores. In conclusion, piglets can maintain growth and bone mineralization through a short-term limestone removal program.

The interrelationship of porcine somatotropin administration and dietary phosphorus on growth performance and bone properties in developing gilts

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2683-2692 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Weeden ◽  
J. L. Nelssen ◽  
R. D. Goodband ◽  
J. A. Hansen ◽  
K. G. Friesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Porcine Somatotropin ◽  
Bone Properties

scholarly journals Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing and finishing pigs fed multienzyme-supplemented low-energy and -amino acid diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 602-615
Author(s):  
Kevin Jerez-Bogota ◽  
Cristian Sánchez ◽  
Jimena Ibagon ◽  
Maamer Jlali ◽  
Pierre Cozannet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Diet Type

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementing corn–soybean meal-based diets with a multienzyme on growth performance, bone mineralization, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of growing pigs. A total of 276 pigs (body weight [BW] = 33.99 ± 4.3 kg) were housed by sex in 45 pens of 6 or 7 pigs and fed 5 diets (9 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with multienzyme. The multienzyme used supplied at least 1,800, 1,244, 6,600, and 1,000 units of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase, and phytase per kilogram of diet, respectively. The PC diet was adequate in all nutrients according to NRC recommendations and had greater digestible P content than NC1 or NC2 diet by 0.134 percentage points. The PC diet had greater net energy (NE) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (AA) content than NC1 diet by 3%, and than NC2 diet by 5%. The diets were fed in 4 phases based on BW: Phase 1: 34–50 kg; Phase 2: 50–75 kg; Phase 3: 75–100 kg; and Phase 4: 100–120 kg. Nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization were determined at the end of Phase 1. Overall (34–120 kg BW), pigs fed the PC and NC1 diets did not differ in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake. Pigs fed NC2 diet had lower (P < 0.05) ADG and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed PC diet. Pigs fed PC diet had greater (P < 0.05) bone ash content and ATTD of P than those fed NC1 diet. The ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that for NC2 diet, and tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for NC1 diet. Multienzyme interacted (P < 0.05) with negative control diet type on overall ADG and AID of GE such that multienzyme did not affect overall ADG and AID of GE for the NC1 diet, but increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and AID of GE for NC2 diet by 5.09 and 8.74%, respectively. Multienzyme did not interact with negative control diet type on overall G:F, bone ash content, AID of AA, and ATTD of nutrients. Multienzyme increased (P < 0.05) overall G:F, AID of methionine, ATTD of GE and P, and tended to increase (P = 0.056) bone ash content. The ADG, bone ash content, and ATTD of GE and P for the multienzyme-supplemented diets were similar to (P > 0.10) PC diet. Thus, NE and digestible AA and P can be lowered by ≤5% in multienzyme-supplemented diets without effects on growth performance and bone ash of pigs.

scholarly journals PSV-10 Effects of storing three phytase sources for 90 days under high temperature and humidity on phytase stability, growth performance, and bone mineralization of nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Mariana Boscato Menegat ◽  
Kiah M Gourley ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Nursery Pig

Abstract This study evaluated storing 3 commercial phytases for 90 d in an environmental chamber set at 29.4°C and 75% humidity on phytase stability and nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. The phytases [HiPhos GT (20,000 FYT/g, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ); Axtra Phy TPT (20,000 FTU/g, Dupont, Wilmington, DE), and Quantum Blue G (40,000 FTU/g, AB Vista, Plantation, FL)] were kept as pure forms or blended in a vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix and sampled on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Regardless of source and form, analyzed phytase activity decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as storage increased. Afterwards, 300 nursery pigs (11.7 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a RCBD with 4-5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments included a negative (NC, 0.12% aP) and positive control (PC, 0.27% aP) without phytase; or NC with added phytase to provide 0.15% aP (1,000, 651 and 500 FTU/kg for HiPhos, Axtra Phy, and Quantum Blue, respectively). Negative control with added phytase treatments were manufactured with each phytase source previously stored in pure form or VTM premix for 90d. Pigs fed PC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG compared to pigs fed Axtra Phy stored in VTM or NC. Feed intake was similar for PC, phytases stored in pure forms, and HiPhos and Quantum Blue stored in VTM, and greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed NC. Pigs fed PC or HiPhos stored in pure form had improved (P < 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Bone mineralization was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed PC compared to NC, phytases stored in VTM, and Axtra Phy and Quantum Blue stored in pure form. Regardless of source and form, phytase activity decreased as storage increased. In this study, bone ash was reduced when phytases were stored for 90d in a VTM compared to the PC.

CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS OF TWO BREEDS OF CHICKENS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVEL OF DIETARY PHOSPHORUS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. GARDINER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Dietary Phosphorus ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Calcium Interaction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Single Comb

Two factorial experiments were conducted to compare the dietary calcium requirements of two breeds of chickens and to determine the relationship between breed, dietary phosphorus level, and dietary calcium levels. Both experiments used two breeds of chickens (broiler crossbreds and Single Comb White Leghorns), two levels of added dietary phosphorus (0.18 and 0.36%), and six levels of added dietary calcium (experiment 1: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.4%; experiment 2: 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%). Criteria observed included body weight (4-week), feed efficiency, mortality, and percent bone-ash. Breed and calcium level had a consistent significant effect on body weight, feed efficiency, and percent bone-ash. The breed × calcium interaction was significant for all the criteria measured, indicating that the Leghorn and broiler-type chickens differ in their dietary calcium requirements.

scholarly journals Kebutuhan Kalsium Ayam Broiler Fase Starter dengan Penambahan Enzim Fitase

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Eny Sholikhatin ◽  
Ferry Poernama ◽  
Nanung Danar Dono ◽  
Zuprizal .
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Bone Ash

The aim of this study was to determine the calcium requirements of broiler chickens in starter phase with the addition of phytase enzyme. This experiment used 1,200 broiler chickens (mixed sex) for 21 days rearing period in a closed house. The basal diets was corn and soybean meal which contained 0.097% Ca and 0.123% P-av. The treatments consisted of 6 diets treatment: P1 (basal diet with the addition of 0.42% non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), and then P2 to P6 were basal diet with the addition of 0.22% NPP and 1,000 FTU/kg phytase and the addition of calcium (Ca) at different levels: 0.82% (P2); 0.74% (P3); 0.66% (P4); 0.58% (P5) and 0.50% (P6). The growth performance, feed efficiency, and bone mineralization parameters were studied using Oneway ANOVA in a Completely Randomized Design. Duncan's new Multiple Ranges Test was used to separate means with significant differences. Results showed that 0.90% Ca supplementation without phytase and the reduction levels of Ca from 0.82% to 0.50% increased the amount of feed consumed by birds in all growth phases (P<0.05). The addition of phytase had beneficial effects on increasing body weight (P<0.05) and average of body weight gain (P<0.05), and decreased the value of FCR in 11 - 21 days and 1 - 21 days. The addition of phytase increased protein and energy consumption, followed by increased in the value of PER and  EER (P<0.05). When phytase was added in the diets, reduction levels of Ca in the diets up to 0.50% did not give any adverse effect on the tibia bone ash. It can be concluded that feeding with phytase can sustain growth performance, feed efficiency, and bone mineralization.

scholarly journals Effects of a novel E. coli phytase expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed corn–soybean meal diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ren ◽  
Laia Blavi ◽  
Caroline González-Vega ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Deana Hancock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bone Ash

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of a novel Escherichia coli phytase expressed in Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth performance, bone mineralization, and nutrient digestibility in pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets. In experiment 1, 160 nursery pigs (9.79 ± 1.22 kg) were randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 10 pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. Phase I and phase II diets were provided from d 0 to d 14 and d 14 to d 28, respectively. Treatments included: positive control (PC) with all nutrients meeting requirements; negative control (NC) with standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P reduced by 0.15% and 0.14% compared with PC in phase I and phase II, respectively; and NC diets containing 250 or 500 units of phytase (FTU) per kilogram. Results demonstrated that pigs fed PC had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F for the overall experimental period, and greater (P &lt; 0.01) bone ash and P concentrations, compared with pigs fed NC or diets with phytase supplementation. Pigs fed diets containing phytase had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F for the overall experimental period compared with pigs fed the NC diet without phytase, and bone ash and P weights were increased (P &lt; 0.01) as well. In experiment 2, 63 growing barrows (56.25 ± 2.54 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of seven treatments with nine pens per treatment and one pig per pen. A basal corn–soybean meal diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirements for growing pigs with the exception that STTD P was reduced by 0.18% compared with the requirement, and Ca was included to achieve a Ca:STTD P ratio of 2.15. Six additional diets were formulated by adding 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,500, or 2,000 FTU/kg of phytase to the basal diet. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 12 d with 7 d of adaptation and 5 d of fecal sample collection. Results indicated that there was a linear (P &lt; 0.01) increase in apparent total tract digestibility of ash and ether extract, and STTD of Ca and P also increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) in response to increasing doses of phytase. Increasing phytase levels in the diets resulted in increase (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in apparent ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Ile, Lys, Trp, Asp, and Glu. In conclusion, the novel E. coli phytase was effective in increasing growth performance, bone mineralization, and Ca and P digestibility in pigs fed corn–soybean meal-based diets. Results also indicated that this phytase had the potential to enhance the digestibility of fat and certain AA.

scholarly journals 173 Effects of dietary analyzed calcium to analyzed phosphorus ratio on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and bone mineralization in 26- to 127-kg pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Márcio A D Gonçalves ◽  
Uislei A D Orlando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Growth Trial ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different analyzed calcium to phosphorus (Ca:P) ratios on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg. A total of 1,134 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initial BW 26.3 ± 0.71 kg) were used in a 110-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 7 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 0:75:1, 1.00:1, 1.25:1, 1.50:1, 1.75:1, and 2.00:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio. All diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were formulated to contain adequate standardized total tract digestible P (approximately 122% of NRC 2012 estimates) for the weight range in all 4 dietary phases. Treatments were achieved by increasing calcium carbonate at the expense of corn while maintaining a constant level of monocalcium phosphate. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. Feed efficiency (G:F) was relatively similar across analyzed Ca:P ratios of 0.75:1 to 1.75:1 but worsened (quadratic, P < 0.05) at the highest ratio of 2.00:1. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and carcass ADG increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) while carcass yield decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. Bone mineralization increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio. For ADG, ADFI, G:F, and bone ash, the quadratic polynomial model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum responses in ADG, ADFI, G:F, HCW, and bone ash were estimated at 1.38:1, 1.49:1, 1.29:1, 1.25:1, and 1.93:1 analyzed Ca:P ratio, respectively. In conclusion, for growing-finishing pigs from 26 to 127-kg fed diets adequate in STTD P, the analyzed Ca:P ratio to maximize growth performance and HCW criteria ranged from 1.25:1 to 1.49:1. A higher analyzed Ca:P ratio, estimated at 1.93:1, was required to maximize bone mineralization.

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