scholarly journals Possible Relationship between Long-Term Adverse Health Effects of Gonad-Removing Surgical Sterilization and Luteinizing Hormone in Dogs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Kutzler
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Transitional Cell ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Nitric Oxide Release ◽  
Neoplastic Tissues

Spaying and neutering dogs is commonly used to prevent the birth of unwanted animals and eliminate the risk of reproductive diseases. However, removal of the gonads prevents the feedback of estrogen and testosterone on the pituitary and hypothalamus. As a result, luteinizing hormone (LH) is continuously elevated at supraphysiologic concentrations. Although the main role of LH is for reproductive function (e.g., ovulation), there are LH receptors present in several normal tissues including the thyroid and adrenal glands, gastrointestinal tract, cranial cruciate ligament and round ligament, and lymphocytes. In addition, there are LH receptors present in several neoplastic tissues (e.g., lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma, mastocytoma, transitional cell carcinoma, and osteosarcoma). The role of LH receptors in non-reproductive normal and neoplastic tissues is not known but may stimulate nitric oxide release and induce cell division. The precise etiology of the increased incidence of several non-reproductive long-term health complications following spaying and neutering is not known but may be related to LH receptor activation in these non-reproductive target tissues. How these effects may be mediated is described in this review.

scholarly journals BDNF modulates heart contraction force and long-term homeostasis through truncated TrkB.T1 receptor activation

2015 ◽  
Vol 210 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Fulgenzi ◽  
Francesco Tomassoni-Ardori ◽  
Lucia Babini ◽  
Jodi Becker ◽  
Colleen Barrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Cardiac Contraction ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Contraction Force ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Receptor Isoforms ◽  
Heart Contraction

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical for mammalian development and plasticity of neuronal circuitries affecting memory, mood, anxiety, pain sensitivity, and energy homeostasis. Here we report a novel unexpected role of BDNF in regulating the cardiac contraction force independent of the nervous system innervation. This function is mediated by the truncated TrkB.T1 receptor expressed in cardiomyocytes. Loss of TrkB.T1 in these cells impairs calcium signaling and causes cardiomyopathy. TrkB.T1 is activated by BDNF produced by cardiomyocytes, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine loop. These findings unveil a novel signaling mechanism in the heart that is activated by BDNF and provide evidence for a global role of this neurotrophin in the homeostasis of the organism by signaling through different TrkB receptor isoforms.

scholarly journals Hormones and the hippocampus

2001 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Lathe
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Exact Function ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions

Hippocampal lesions produce memory deficits, but the exact function of the hippocampus remains obscure. Evidence is presented that its role in memory may be ancillary to physiological regulation. Molecular studies demonstrate that the hippocampus is a primary target for ligands that reflect body physiology, including ion balance and blood pressure, immunity, pain, reproductive status, satiety and stress. Hippocampal receptors are functional, probably accessible to their ligands, and mediate physiological and cognitive changes. This argues that an early role of the hippocampus may have been in sensing soluble molecules (termed here 'enteroception') in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, perhaps reflecting a common evolutionary origin with the olfactory system ('exteroception'). Functionally, hippocampal enteroception may reflect feedback control; evidence is reviewed that the hippocampus modulates body physiology, including the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, blood pressure, immunity, and reproductive function. It is suggested that the hippocampus operates, in parallel with the amygdala, to modulate body physiology in response to cognitive stimuli. Hippocampal outputs are predominantly inhibitory on downstream neuroendocrine activity; increased synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus (e.g. long-term potentiation) could facilitate throughput inhibition. This may have implications for the role of the hippocampus and long-term potentiation in memory.

The Role of 5–Hydroxytryptamine (5–HT) Receptor Subtypes and Plasticity in the 5–HT Systems in the Regulation of Nociceptive Sensitivity

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Kristian Eide ◽  
Kjell Hole
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Nociceptive Sensitivity ◽  
Denervation Supersensitivity ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

This review shows that the role of 5–hydroxytryptamine (5–HT) in the regulation of nociception depends on the 5–HT receptor subtypes involved and on long-term functional changes in the 5–HT receptors. Stimulation of the 5–HT 1 receptors, as well as of the 5–HT 2 and 5–HT 3 receptors, may reduce nociceptive sensitivity. In addition, activation of 5–HT 2 and 5–HT 3 receptors may also enhance nociceptive sensitivity. Up- or down-regulation of the 5–HT receptors may result in long-lasting changes, plasticity, in the 5–HT systems. Lesioning of 5–HT neurons induces denervation supersensitivity to 5–HT, and prolonged stimulation of 5–HT receptors may produce subsensitivity to 5–HT. In the spinal cord denervation supersensitivity to 5–HT may depend on reduced release of substance P (SP). An increase in the release of SP, on the other hand, may reduce the effects of 5–HT receptor activation. Long-term treatment with antidepressants which are used in clinical pain therapy appears to up-regulate the 5–HT 1 receptors and to down-regulate the 5–HT 2 receptors.

scholarly journals The Role of Hippocampal NMDA Receptors in Long-Term Emotional Responses following Muscarinic Receptor Activation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e0147293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Hoeller ◽  
Ana Paula R. Costa ◽  
Maíra A. Bicca ◽  
Filipe C. Matheus ◽  
Gilliard Lach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Muscarinic Receptor ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Receptor Activation

scholarly journals Self-Adaptive On-Chip System Based on Cross-Layer Adaptation Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kais Loukil ◽  
Nader Ben Amor ◽  
Mohamed Abid ◽  
Jean Philippe Diguet
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Multimedia Systems ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Main Role ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Global And Local

The emergence of mobile and battery operated multimedia systems and the diversity of supported applications mount new challenges in terms of design efficiency of these systems which must provide a maximum application quality of service (QoS) in the presence of a dynamically varying environment. These optimization problems cannot be entirely solved at design time and some efficiency gains can be obtained at run-time by means of self-adaptivity. In this paper, we propose a new cross-layer hardware (HW)/software (SW) adaptation solution for embedded mobile systems. It supports application QoS under real-time and lifetime constraints via coordinated adaptation in the hardware, operating system (OS), and application layers. Our method relies on an original middleware solution used on both global and local managers. The global manager (GM) handles large, long-term variations whereas the local manager (LM) is used to guarantee real-time constraints. The GM acts in three layers whereas the LM acts in application and OS layers only. The main role of GM is to select the best configuration for each application to meet the constraints of the system and respect the preferences of the user. The proposed approach has been applied to a 3D graphics application and successfully implemented on an Altera FPGA.

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Switch of the Role of Serotonergic 5-HT1AReceptors in Gating Long-Term Potentiation in Rat Visual CortexIn Vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Gagolewicz ◽  
Hans C. Dringenberg
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Juvenile Rats ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Way 100635 ◽  
Age Dependent

The rodent primary visual cortex (V1) is densely innervated by serotonergic axons and previousin vitrowork has shown that serotonin (5-HT) can modulate plasticity (e.g., long-term potentiation (LTP)) at V1 synapses. However, little work has examined the effects of 5-HT on LTP underin vivoconditions. We examined the role of 5-HT on LTP in V1 elicited by theta burst stimulation (TBS) of the lateral geniculate nucleus in urethane-anesthetized (adult and juvenile) rats. Thalamic TBS consistently induced potentiation of field postsynaptic potentials (fPSPs) recorded in V1. While 5-HT application (0.1–10 mM) itself did not alter LTP levels, the broad-acting 5-HT receptor antagonists methiothepin (1 mM) resulted in a clear facilitation of LTP in adult animals, an effect that was mimicked by the selective 5-HT1Areceptor antagonist WAY 100635 (1 mM). Interestingly, in juvenile rats, WAY 100635 application inhibited LTP, indicative of an age-dependent switch in the role of 5-HT1Areceptors in gating V1 plasticity. Analyses of spontaneous electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity in V1 indicated that the antagonist-induced LTP enhancement was not related to systematic changes in oscillatory activity in V1. Together, these data suggest a facilitating role of 5-HT1Areceptor activation on LTP in the juvenile V1, which switches to a tonic, inhibitory influence in adulthood.

scholarly journals CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS AS A СAUSE OF DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION

2015 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Lyzikova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Chronic Endometritis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

The review deals with the main role of chronic endometritis in the genesis of disorders of the female reproductive function and reveals the etiologic risk factors for the development and starting mechanism of chronic inflammatory processes in the endometrium, features of the pathogenesis and clinical picture of chronic endometritis. The work shows the importance of diagnosis of chronic endometritis with immunohistochemical method, reasonability of immunohistochemical research for the assessment of receptor expression and expressiveness of local immunity in the endometrium, the necessity of detection of fertility alpha-2-microglobulin (AMGF) protein for prediction of reproductive disorders.

scholarly journals Undernutrition reduces kisspeptin and neurokinin B expression in castrated male sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Christina M Merkley ◽  
Allison N Renwick ◽  
Sydney L Shuping ◽  
KaLynn Harlow ◽  
Jeffrey R Sommer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Neurokinin B ◽  
Lh Secretion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Male Sheep

Undernutrition impairs reproductive success through suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and subsequently luteinizing hormone (LH), secretion. Given that kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are thought to play key stimulatory roles in the generation of GnRH/LH pulses, we hypothesized that feed restriction would reduce the ARC mRNA abundance and protein expression of kisspeptin and NKB in young, male sheep. Fourteen wethers (castrated male sheep five months of age) were either fed to maintain (FM; n = 6) pre-study body weight or feed-restricted (FR; n = 8) to lose 20% of pre-study body weight over 13 weeks. Throughout the study, weekly blood samples were collected and assessed for LH concentration using RIA. At Week 13 of the experiment, animals were killed, heads were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, and brain tissue containing the hypothalamus was collected, sectioned, and processed for detection of mRNA (RNAscope) and protein (immunohistochemistry) for kisspeptin and NKB. Mean LH was significantly lower and LH inter-pulse interval was significantly higher in FR wethers compared to FM wethers at the end of the experiment (Week 13). RNAscope analysis revealed significantly fewer cells expressing mRNA for kisspeptin and NKB in FR wethers compared to FM controls, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly fewer immunopositive kisspeptin and NKB cells in FR wethers compared to FM wethers. Taken together, this data supports the idea that long-term feed restriction regulates GnRH/LH secretion through central suppression of kisspeptin and NKB in male sheep. Lay summary While undernutrition is known to impair reproduction at the level of the brain, the components responsible for this in the brain remain to be fully understood. Using male sheep we examined the effect of undernutrition on two stimulatory molecules in the brain critical for reproduction: kisspeptin and neurokinin B. Feed restriction for several weeks resulted in decreased luteinizing hormone in the blood indicating reproductive function was suppressed. In addition, undernutrition also reduced both kisspeptin and neurokinin B levels within a region of the brain involved in reproduction, the hypothalamus. Given that they have stimulatory roles in reproduction, we believe that undernutrition acts in the brain to reduce kisspeptin and neurokinin B levels leading to the reduction in luteinizing hormone secretion. In summary, long-term undernutrition inhibits reproductive function in sheep through suppression of kisspeptin and neurokinin B within the brain.

scholarly journals Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy: Oncologic Outcomes and Management of Distal Ureter; Review of the Literature

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Berger ◽  
Amr Fergany
Keyword(s):  
Open Surgery ◽  
Transitional Cell ◽  
Oncologic Outcomes ◽  
Perioperative Outcomes ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Distal Ureter ◽  
Upper Tract ◽  
Current Context

Introduction. Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LNU) is being increasingly performed at several centers across the world. We review oncologic outcomes after LNU procedure and the techniques for the management of distal ureter.Materials and Methods. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on the oncological outcomes and management of distal ureter associated with LNU for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).Results and Discussion. LNU for upper tract TCC is performed pure laparoscopically (LNU) or hand-assisted (HALNU). The management of the distal ureter is still debated. LNU appears to have superior perioperative outcomes when compared to open surgery. Intermediate term oncologic outcomes after LNU are comparable to open nephroureterectomy (ONU).Conclusions. Excision of the distal ureter and bladder cuff during nephroureterectomy remains controversial. Intermediate term oncologic outcomes for LNU compare well with ONU. Initial long-term oncologic outcomes are encouraging. Prospective randomized comparison between LNU and open surgery is needed to define the role of these modalities in the current context.

scholarly journals ON THE ROLE OF THE THIOLDISULPHYDE SYSTEM IN PROTECTION THE HUMAN BODY FROM AEROSOL AIR POLLUTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 701-706
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Vitkina ◽  
T. A. Gvozdenko ◽  
V. N. Rakitskiy ◽  
V. P. Kolosov ◽  
V. I. Yankova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Oxidative Damages ◽  
Thioredoxin System ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The City ◽  
Favorable Area

In this paper results of research of quantitative distribution and qualitative characteristics of microdispersed particles of atmospheric air in the city of Vladivostok are presented. The chronic impact of aerosols of a microsize range on inhabitants of the urbanized territory led to the development of a condition of an oxidative stress giving rise in the increase of the level of oxidative damages of cellular macromolecules and the expansion in the number of cells with the lowered power status in comparison with residents of the favorable area. The induction of oxidative processes caused the enlargement in the content of key antioxidant enzymes (thireodoxin, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and the gain of antioxidant activity in general. The main role in reparation of proteins and DNA in the oxidizing influence of microdispersed particles belongs to thioredoxin system due to restoration of thiol-disulfide communications and restoration of reparating enzymes. Thiol-disulfide-depended antioxidant processes make an essential contribution to the protection of an organism, preventing the development of the oxidative stress and the cell apoptosis. Long-term stress - induced influence of microdispersed particles can lead to exhaustion of adaptation and reparation opportunities of an organism and to promote еру development of pathology.

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