scholarly journals Effects of Aloe arborescens Whole Plant Homogenate on Lipid Metabolism, Inflammatory Conditions and Liver Function of Dairy Cows during the Transition Period

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Mezzetti ◽  
Andrea Minuti ◽  
Massimo Bionaz ◽  
Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli ◽  
Erminio Trevisi
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Aloe Arborescens ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lower Plasma Concentration

The anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects exerted by Aloe on monogastric mammals suggest it as a potential strategy to address the tremendous metabolic alterations that affect dairy cows during their transition to calving. A group of 20 multiparous Italian Holstein dairy cows were housed in freestalls and allocated into two homogeneous groups to receive either 200 g/d of water (CTR) or 200 g/day of Aloe arborescens Mill. whole plant homogenate through a rumen tube (AAM) between −14 and 14 days from calving (DFC). From −14 to 35 DFC, the BCS, and milk yield were measured, and blood samples were collected to assess the hematochemical profile. Data underwent ANOVA testing using a mixed model for repeated measurements, including the treatment and time and their interactions as fixed effects. Compared to CTR cows, AAM cows had a less pronounced BCS loss in early lactation (p < 0.01), indicating less mobilization of body reserves. Compared to CTR cows, AAM cows had a lower plasma concentration of nonesterified fatty acids and beta hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.01 and = 0.01 respectively) that, paired with the lower butterfat content and fat/protein ratio in their milk (p = 0.03 and < 0.01 respectively), indicates that Aloe reduced the mobilization of body fats. AAM cows had a reduced concentration of myeloperoxidase in plasma and a lower SCC in milk compared to CTR cows (p = 0.02 for both), indicating an anti-inflammatory effect of Aloe. Furthermore, AAM cows had a lower plasma concentration of ceruloplasmin (p < 0.05) and higher plasma concentration of cholesterol, retinol, and paraoxonase compared to CTR cows (p < 0.01, < 0.01 and < 0.05 respectively), indicating Aloe was effective in mitigating the acute phase response in early lactation. Finally, AAM cows had lower plasma creatinine concentrations around calving (p < 0.05), a lower concentration of plasma bilirubin, and a higher concentration of plasma tocopherol compared to CTR cows (p = 0.01 for both). These data suggest Aloe has anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effects on transition dairy cows that could have ameliorated liver and kidney function disruption and increased the availability of body antioxidants in early lactation.

Cytokine Changes in Maternal Peripheral Blood Correlate With Time-to-Delivery in Pregnancies Complicated by Premature Prelabor Rupture of the Membranes

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1266-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Ronzoni ◽  
Valerie Steckle ◽  
Rohan D’Souza ◽  
Kellie E. Murphy ◽  
Stephen Lye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Intrauterine Infection ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lower Plasma Concentration

Premature prelabor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) causes one-third of preterm births worldwide and is most likely caused by subclinical intrauterine infection and/or inflammation. We proposed that women with systemic inflammation at the time of PPROM would have shorter latency. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 20 singleton pregnant women with PPROM between 23 ± 1 and 33 ± 6 weeks. The first sample was drawn within 48 hours of admission, followed by weekly blood draws until delivery. Pregnancies complicated with acute chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, obesity, substance abuse, and chronic maternal disease were excluded. Twenty uncomplicated, gestational age-matched pregnancies served as controls. Plasma concentration of 39 cytokines was measured longitudinally using Luminex assays to investigate their value as predictive biomarkers of latency. Women with PPROM exhibited significantly lower plasma concentration of interferon-γ-inducible protein 10-Chemokine (c-x-c motif; IP10/CXCL10), Chemokine (c-x-c motif) Ligand 9 (MIG/CXCL9), Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGFbb), and cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine, also known as CCL27/CCL27 than controls at admission but significantly elevated interleukin (IL)1RA, tumor necrosis factor α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2 at delivery compared to admission. Women with PPROM who delivered within 7 days had significantly lower plasma concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL1RA than those with latency periods >7 days. The IL1RA and endotoxin activity in conjunction with clinical parameters results in excellent prediction of latency to delivery (area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve = 0.91). We concluded that higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in women with PPROM were associated with increased latency until delivery, likely due to counterbalancing of proinflammatory load. When used in conjunction with other predictive characteristics of time until delivery, cytokines may further assist clinical decision-making and optimize pregnancy outcomes in women with PPROM.

scholarly journals Determination metabolic and nutritional status in dairy cows during early and mid lactation

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radojica Djokovic ◽  
Zoran Ilic ◽  
Vladimir Kurcubic ◽  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
Violeta Caro-Petrovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

The objective of the present study was to investigate nutritional and metabolic status in Simmental cows during early and mid-lactation. Fifteen early lactating cows and 15 mid lactating cows were chosen for the investigation. Blood samples were collected to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST). Early lactation as compared to mid lactating cows were found to have significantly higher (P<0.05) blood serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB and AST and lower blood serum concentrations of glucose (P<0.05) and TG (P>0.05). Significantly negative correlations were observed between BHB and glucose (P<0.01), BHB and TG (P<0.05), NEFA and glucose (P<0.05). Significantly positive correlations were observed between NEFA and BHB (P<0.05), NEFA and AST (P<0.05), glucose and TG (P<0.01). The results suggest that these parameters can serve as useful indicators of the nutritional and metabolic status of dairy cows during lactation.

scholarly journals Plasma concentration of norepinephrine, β-endorphin, and substance P in lame dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Rosamel Rodriguez ◽  
Daniel Eduardo Herzberg ◽  
Marianne Patricia Werner ◽  
Heine Yacob Müller ◽  
Hedie Almagro Bustamante
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Intense Pain ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractIntroductionLameness is a painful and debilitating condition that affects dairy cows worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the plasma concentration of norepinephrine, β-endorphin, and substance P in dairy cows with lameness and different mobility scores (MS).Material and MethodsA total of 100 Friesian and Jersey cows with lameness (parity range: 1–6; weight: 400–500 kg; milk yield: 22–28 L a day, and lactation stage less than 230 days) were selected. Animals were selected and grouped according to MS (MS 0–3; n = 25), and plasma concentration of norepinephrine, substance P, and β-endorphin was measured using ELISA.ResultsCows with MS 3 had higher plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and substance P and lower plasma concentrations of β-endorphins when compared to MS 0 cows.ConclusionVariations in plasma concentration of norepinephrine, substance P, and β-endorphin could be associated with intense pain states in dairy cows with lameness, but are insufficient to differentiate these states from the mildest pain states. Further studies are necessary in order to evaluate the potential use of these biomarkers in the detection of chronic bovine painful conditions.

ACID-TREATED HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY FOR DAIRY COWS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
K. W. CLARK ◽  
H. R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Time Of Feeding ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Acetic Acids

Twelve dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to four dairy concentrates (dry barley, dry barley treated with propionic and acetic acids, high moisture barley treated with propionic and acetic acids and high moisture barley ensiled) in a changeover design. All cows received whole plant barley silage at about 40% of the total dry matter (DM) intake. The dairy concentrates were mixed with the silage at the time of feeding and the mixtures fed ad libitum. Silage intakes appeared to be lower for cows receiving high moisture barley; however, total intake was not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) for cows receiving the high moisture acid-treated grain compared to those receiving the dry untreated grain. Yield of fat corrected milk (FCM), % butterfat (BF) and % solids not fat (SNF) were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. In this study there did not appear to be any fat depression with the high moisture grains even though, on average, DM intake by the cows on this diet contained a lower proportion of silage.

scholarly journals Effect of circulating glucagon and free fatty acids on hepatic FGF21 production in dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (5) ◽  
pp. R526-R534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano S. Caixeta ◽  
Sarah L. Giesy ◽  
Christopher S. Krumm ◽  
James W. Perfield ◽  
Anthony Butterfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Key Factor

Modern dairy cows meet the energy demand of early lactation by calling on hormonally driven mechanisms to increase the use of lipid reserves. In this context, we recently reported that fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), a hormone required for efficient use of lipid reserves in rodents, is upregulated in periparturient dairy cows. Increased plasma FGF21 in early lactation coincides with elevated circulating concentrations of glucagon (GCG) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). To assess the relative contribution of these factors in regulating FGF21, two experiments were performed in energy-sufficient, nonpregnant, nonlactating dairy cows. In the first study, cows were injected with saline or GCG every 8 h over a 72-h period. GCG increased hepatic FGF21 mRNA by an average of fivefold over matched controls but had no effect on plasma FGF21. In the second study, cows were infused and injected with saline, infused with Intralipid and injected with saline, or infused with Intralipid and injected with GCG. Infusions and injections were administered intravenously over 16 h and subcutaneously every 8 h, respectively. Intralipid infusion increased plasma NEFA from 92 to 550 µM within 3 h and increased plasma FGF21 from 1.3 to >11 ng/ml 6 h later; FGF21 mRNA increased by 34-fold in liver but remained invariant in adipose tissue. GCG injections during the Intralipid infusion had no additional effects on plasma NEFA, liver FGF21 mRNA, or plasma FGF21. These data implicate plasma NEFA as a key factor triggering hepatic production and increased circulating concentrations of FGF21 in early lactation.

Catabolic Rate of α1-Antitrypsin of Pi Types S, and MMalton and of Asialylated M-Protein in Man

1978 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
J.-O. Jeppsson ◽  
C.-B. Laurell ◽  
B. Nosslin ◽  
D. W. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Fractional Catabolic Rate ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Simultaneous Injection ◽  
Catabolic Rate ◽  
Lower Plasma Concentration

1. Human α1-antitrypsin was isolated with preserved microheterogeneity from subjects of Pi types M, S and MMalton. The M-protein was partially (20%) and completely desialylated. The proteins were labelled with either 125I or 131I. 2. The disappearance rate of these α1-antitrypsins was studied after simultaneous injection of the two types of labelled protein into Pi M subjects. The fractional catabolic rates of S- and MMalton-protein were 0.36 and 0.34 day−1 respectively compared with 0.28 day−1 for M-protein. The ratio of extravascular to plasma pools was 1.4 for S-protein and 1.6 for MMalton-protein. The 20% desialylated M-protein showed an increase of about 100% in its fractional catabolic rate. The disappearance rate of completely desialylated α1-antitrypsin was extremely rapid. 3. The slightly higher fractional catabolic rate of S- than of M-protein can only partly explain the 40% lower plasma concentration in subjects of Pi type S. Similarly the slight increase in catabolic rate of Pi MMalton-protein is too small to explain why the α1-antitrypsin content of the blood in Pi MMalton subjects is only 15% of that normally found. A low hepatic secretion seems to be the major cause of the low α1-antitrypsin concentration found in subjects of types Pi S and MMalton, as in Pi type Z.

Metabolic adaptation during lactation in winter-shorn sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Symonds ◽  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
M. A. Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Lamb Growth

SUMMARYThe effects of winter shearing, 8 weeks before lambing, on ewe and lamb live weight changes over the first 30 days of lactation were studied in Reading between February and March 1984. Differences in ewe body condition score (BCS) and plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), 3-hydroxybutyrate, growth hormone (GH), insulin, cortisol and thyroxine between shorn and unshorn groups of ewes were measured over the same period.Lambs from shorn ewes grew, on average, 20% faster than those from unshorn controls even though both groups of lambs were of similar mean birth weight. There was no difference in maternal feed intake between shorn and unshorn groups, and ewe live weight and BCS decreased between the day of lambing and day 30 of lactation in all ewes. Plasma samples taken at hourly intervals for 24 h on days 12 and 27 of lactation demonstrated that shorn ewes had significantly lower plasma concentrations of insulin than unshorn controls; on day 27 of lactation, higher circulating concentrations of GH were recorded in the shorn group. There were no differences in the plasma concentrations of glucose, NEFA, cortisol or thyroxine between the two groups of ewes. It is concluded that metabolic adaptation by shorn ewes to the cold environment of a British winter during early lactation results in endocrine changes in ewes which are likely to increase the partition of nutrients towards milk production. This results in a higher lamb growth rate than in lambs reared by unshorn controls.

scholarly journals Use of Large and Diverse Datasets for 1H NMR Serum Metabolic Profiling of Early Lactation Dairy Cows

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. W. Luke ◽  
Jennie E. Pryce ◽  
Aaron C. Elkins ◽  
William J. Wales ◽  
Simone J. Rochfort
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
The Impact

Most livestock metabolomic studies involve relatively small, homogenous populations of animals. However, livestock farming systems are non-homogenous, and large and more diverse datasets are required to ensure that biomarkers are robust. The aims of this study were therefore to (1) investigate the feasibility of using a large and diverse dataset for untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) serum metabolomic profiling, and (2) investigate the impact of fixed effects (farm of origin, parity and stage of lactation) on the serum metabolome of early-lactation dairy cows. First, we used multiple linear regression to correct a large spectral dataset (707 cows from 13 farms) for fixed effects prior to multivariate statistical analysis with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that farm of origin accounted for up to 57% of overall spectral variation, and nearly 80% of variation for some individual metabolite concentrations. Parity and week of lactation had much smaller effects on both the spectra as a whole and individual metabolites (<3% and <20%, respectively). In order to assess the effect of fixed effects on prediction accuracy and biomarker discovery, we used orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression to quantify the relationship between NMR spectra and concentrations of the current gold standard serum biomarker of energy balance, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). Models constructed using data from multiple farms provided reasonably robust predictions of serum BHBA concentration (0.05 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.18). Fixed effects influenced the results biomarker discovery; however, these impacts could be controlled using the proposed method of linear regression spectral correction.

scholarly journals Effects of Ketoprofen Administration on Relation between Acute Phase Proteins and Metabolic Parameters in Cows during Early Lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorana Kovacevic ◽  
Branislava Belic ◽  
Marko R. Cincovic ◽  
Nenad Stojanac ◽  
Ognjen Stevancevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Background: Acute phase proteins (APPs) are clinically useful parameters for measuring the occurrence and severity of inflammatory responses in cattle. As large group of proteins, APPs are mainly secreted by hepatocytes whose concentration increase or decrease as response to tissue injury, inflammation or infection. The transition from late pregnancy to early lactation is associated with a compromised immune status coupled with increased acute phase response. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in treatment of inflammatory conditions. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of a preventive administration of the NSAID (ketoprofen) in post-calving dairy cows on concentration of APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen) and their relationship with indicators of liver function.Materials, Methods & Results: The treatment group (n = 15) was given an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen in the concentration of 3 mg/kg during three consecutive days after calving. The control group (n = 15) was not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were taken from coccygeal vein, on the first day of treatment and in the first and second week postpartum and they were analyzed for metabolic parameters (albumin and aspartat aminotransferaze) and APPs such as haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Compared with control, ketoprofen administration decrease the levels of haptoglobin and fibrinogen and AST activity. Increase in albumin concentration was recorded in experimental group of cows compared with control. Negative correlations (P < 0.01) were found between the haptoglobin concentration and albumin concentration and aspartate aminotransferaze activity. Discussion: As inflammatory indicator in dairy cows, it is recorded that serum concentrations of haptoglobin is increased during mastitis. Beside haptoglobin, fibrinogen represents one of the APPs whose serum concentration increases during response in the acute phase. During the first and second week after partus, in cows with acute puerperal metritis, an increase in fibrinogen concentration was observed in relation to clinically healthy animals. Based on our results, it can be concluded that an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen (3 mg × kg. bw.-1) administered in cows in the first days following parturition reduces the concentration of some APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen). In regard to Hp concentration, the treatment success agreed with previous results using i.m. acetyl-lysine salicylate during the first 5 days of lactation. Reduction in APPs concentration in our research results could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of ketoprofen. In addition, use of ketoprofen reduces the intensity of relationship between inflammatory markers and indicators of liver funcition. Impaired functional capacity of the liver may be associated with reduced albumin concentration in the peripartal period, and during inflammatory or infectious diseases. Increase in albumin concentration in experimental group of cows compared to the control in our research could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of ketoprofen. Hence it can be concluded that the use of ketoprofen immediately after calving reduces the intensity of relationship between inflammatory marker liver function and that NSAID treatment could be used in in improving animal well-being and controlling of the occurence and intesity of postpartum diseases.

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