Effect of the Source of Zinc on the Tissue Accumulation of Zinc and Jejunal Mucosal Zinc Transporter Expression in Holstein Dairy Calves

Zinc is considered to be an anti-diarrheal agent, and it may therefore reduce the incidence of diarrhea in young calves. In the present study, we aimed to compare the effect of zinc source on growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, tissue zinc accumulation, the expression of zinc transporters, and the serum concentrations of zinc-dependent proteins in neonatal Holstein dairy calves. Eighteen male newborn Holstein dairy calves were fed milk and starter diet supplemented with or without 80 mg zinc/d in the form of Zn-Met or ZnO for 14 days, and were then euthanized. Zn-Met supplementation improved average daily gain and feed efficiency, and reduced the incidence of diarrhea, compared with control calves (p < 0.05). It also increased the serum and hepatic zinc concentrations and the mRNA expression of the ZIP4 transporter in the jejunal mucosa of the calves (p < 0.05). In addition, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and metallothionein concentration were higher in Zn-Met-treated calves than in control calves (p < 0.05). ZnO supplementation had similar effects, but these did not reach significance. Thus, Zn-Met supplementation is an effective means of increasing tissue zinc accumulation and jejunal zinc absorption, and can be used as an anti-diarrheal strategy in neonatal calves.

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280 Descriptive Characteristics of Preweaned Heifer Raising Practices on China Dairy Farms: Colostrum Quality, Passive Transfer Status and Growth Performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 148-149

Author(s):

Shuai Liu ◽

Tianyu Chen ◽

Jiaqi Li ◽

Wenli Guo ◽

Rong Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Passive Transfer ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Serum Total Protein ◽

Average Birth Weight ◽

Whole Milk ◽

Report System ◽

Few Data ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Few data are available on the descriptive characteristics of colostrum quality, passive transfer status and growth performance within a national population in China. This study included 110 dairy operations in 23 provinces, and data were obtained from management software, report system and questionnaires from 2015 to 2019. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results showed that colostrum quality was measured in 96.4% of farms and colostrum was pasteurized in 91.8% of farms. 83.6% of colostrum was excellent (Brix > 22%). Colostrum could be fed to calves within 1 hour after birth in 86.4% of farms. Besides, calves that experienced failure of passive transfer (serum total protein < 5.2 g/dl) decreased from 2015 to 2019 and accounted for 0.75% of calves in 2019. Most farms (48.8%) feed 400 kg - 600 kg milk during the preweaning period and whole milk was the main type of liquid diet accounting for 70.6% of farms. Meanwhile, 22.0% of farms chose to feed forage before weaning, and 90.1% of these farms fed oat hay. The average birth weight of calves was 37.8 kg and the average daily gain of preweaning calves was 848.3 g/d. For preweaning calves, the proportion of single housing was more than 60%, whereas postweaning calves were mainly raised in groups. The morbidity of preweaning calves in China decreased annually, from 43.3% in 2015 to 25.4% in 2019. Digestive diseases and respiratory diseases were two main diseases, and accounted for 46.0% and 38.4%, respectively. This study provides an overview on dairy calves raising practices in China.

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Supplementation of Holstein dairy calves fed two levels of crude protein with methionine and lysine

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v50i3.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 442-451

Author(s):

M. Niroumand ◽

K. Rezayazdi ◽

M. Ganjkhanlou

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Reduced Body ◽

Holstein Calves ◽

Amino Acid Balance ◽

Immunoglobin G ◽

Daily Gain

This study aimed to investigate various levels of crude protein (CP) in starter diets and their supplementation with amino acids (AAs) on efficiency, health, and serum metabolites of dairy calves. Ninety-six newborn Holstein calves were allocated to eight treatments, namely T1) 18% CP unsupplemented starter, T2) T1 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T3) T1 with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, T4) T1 with additional 20% lysine, T5) 22% CP unsupplemented starter, T6) T5 supplemented with additional 20% methionine, T7) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine and 20% methionine, and T8) T5 supplemented with additional 20% lysine. Consumption of the starter was not influenced by the level of CP. Calves that received the unsupplemented 22% CP starter had higher average daily gain (ADG) and final weight. But no significant differences among diets were found in feed efficiency. Skeletal growth did not exhibit a clear trend. Calves that received T3 had fewer bouts of diarrhea and reduced body temperature. However, there were no significant dietary effects on immunoglobin G (IgG) or total protein concentration in blood. T1–T3 decreased serum urea concentration. Thus, use of T3 resulted in an improved amino acid balance, and was less expensive than the 22% CP starter.Keywords: amino acid, feed intake, immunity, pre-ruminant calf

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Effects of linseed oil and rumen undegradable protein:rumen degradable protein ratio on performance of Holstein dairy calves

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114520000586 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 123 (11) ◽

pp. 1247-1257 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Kazemi-Bonchenari ◽

M. Dehghan-Banadaky ◽

F. Fattahnia ◽

A. Saleh-Bahmanpour ◽

M. Jahani-Moghadam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feed Efficiency ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Production ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

High Ratio ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Protein Ratio ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Degradable Protein

AbstractThe present study evaluated the interaction effects of n-3 fatty acids (from linseed oil (LSO), 0 v. 2·5, % DM basis) with rumen undegradable:degradable protein (RUP:RDP) ratios (low ratio (LR) 27:73; high ratio (HR) 38:62 based on crude protein %) in dairy calves’ starter diet. Forty-eight 3-d-old female Holstein dairy calves (41·5 kg of body weight (BW)) were allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements in the following treatments (n 12 calves/each): (1) no supplementation of LSO with LR (NLSO-LR); (2) no supplementation of LSO with HR (NLSO-HR); (3) supplementation of LSO with LR (LSO-LR) and (4) supplementation of LSO with HR (LSO-HR). The calves were weaned on day 53 of the experiment and remained in the study until day 73. Intake was not affected by LSO and RUP:RDP ratio. However, average daily gain (ADG) was improved with LSO supplementation. Feeding the HR diet increased ADG compared with the LR diet during the entire period. Final BW was greater in calves fed on the LSO than those fed the NLSO diet. Microbial protein production did not differ among treatments. Calves fed on LSO diets had greater feed efficiency than those which were not fed on LSO diets. The calves supplemented with LSO had greater wither and hip heights compared with the unsupplemented calves. The glucose, cholesterol, HDL and insulin concentrations increased in calves supplemented with LSO. In conclusion, the HR diet improved calves’ performance post-weaning; however, LSO could enhance growth performance of dairy calves during the pre-weaning period.

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290 Impacts of dietary zinc concentrations on lamb feedlot performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.391 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 212-212

Author(s):

Ryan Knuth ◽

Hannah Cunningham ◽

Berit Bangooura ◽

Alexis Julian ◽

Chad M Page ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Gain ◽

Eimeria Species ◽

Oocyst Excretion ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Feedlot Performance ◽

Acid Complex ◽

Main Effect ◽

Zinc Concentrations ◽

Eden Prairie ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract The objectives of this study were to identify the impacts of Zn concentrations in lamb grower pellet on lamb feedlot performance and natural coccidia infection in terms of fecal Eimeria oocyst excretion. Rambouillet lambs (n = 33; 43.9 ± 1.0 kg) were used in a 63 d feeding trial to assess the effect of a diet fortified with a combination of ZnSO4 (80%) and Zn amino acid complex (20%; ZnAA; Zinpro Corp.; Eden Prairie, MN, USA) at three different dietary Zn concentrations (treatment, TRT) which met or exceeded current recommendations. These levels included 1×NRC requirements (450 mg/kg grower pellet; 1NRC), 2×NRC requirements (900 mg/kg grower pellet; 2NRC), and 3×NRC requirements (1350 mg/kg grower pellet; 3NRC). Lamb performance characteristics, including body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (gain:feed, G:F), and residual feed intake (RFI), were quantified. Fecal samples were collected every 2 wk to assess coccidia infection status via fecal oocyst counts. Treatment × period (d 0–10, 11–42, 42–63) interactions were identified for DMI (P < 0.001). No main effect of TRT was identified for BW, ADG, G:F, or RFI (P > 0.36), but was for DMI (P = 0.02). Ten Eimeria species were detected and summed for total fecal oocyst count, but focus was on the most pathogenic species (E. ahsata, E. bakuensis, E. crandallis, and E. ovinoidalis). A statistical tendency for the interaction between TRT × day was detected for E. bakuensis and E. ovinoidalis (P ≤ 0.08). Transformed counts of E. bakuensis and E. crandallis were lower for 1NRC compared to 2NRC and 3NRC lambs (P < 0.05). Results indicate greater dietary Zn concentrations increased DMI and decreased Eimeria oocysts excreted.

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PREDICTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTRAPOPULATION SELECTION VERSUS SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC COMBINING ABILITY IN SWINE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas84-093 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 799-806

Author(s):

R. M. McKAY ◽

G. W. RAHNEFELD

Keyword(s):

Combining Ability ◽

Genetic Variance ◽

Additive Genetic Variance ◽

Effective Means ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Mass Selection ◽

Genetic Covariance ◽

Selection For ◽

Sib Selection ◽

Daily Gain

Additive genetic variance estimates for purebred (Lacombe) and crossbred (Lacombe × Yorkshire) populations and the additive genetic covariance between purebred and crossbred progeny were calculated for postweaning average daily gain, total probe fat, total carcass fat, and litter size in swine. These estimates were used to predict the effectiveness of four methods of intrapopulation selection (IP) relative to selection for specific combining ability (SCA) to determine the most effective means of improving crossbred performance. The intrapopulation methods were mass selection based on information from both sexes (BS), mass selection based on information from one sex (OS), full-sib selection (FS), and half-sib selection (HS). The Lacombe population was selected over 12 generations for increased postweaning average daily gain and the Lacombe × Yorkshire population was generated by breeding Lacombe boars with randomly selected gilts from a Yorkshire control population. Selection for combining ability was the most effective means of improving average daily gain except when information was available on both sexes and the relative selection intensity (SCA/IP) was less than 0.60. Mass selection was superior to SCA for improving total probe fat except when information was restricted to one sex and the relative selection intensity was less than 0.47. For total probe fat and total carcass fat, SCA was superior to FS and HS for relative selection intensities less than 0.65 and 0.74, respectively. Selection for combining ability was superior to OS for litter size regardless of the generation interval length. Key words: Intrapopulation selection, selection for combining ability, additive genetic variance, additive genetic covariance, swine

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Associations of mucosal disaccharidase kinetics and expression in the jejunum of steers with divergent average daily gain

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Wyatt N Smith ◽

Derek W Brake ◽

Amanda K Lindholm-Perry ◽

William T Oliver ◽

Harvey C Freetly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Maximum Velocity ◽

Jejunal Mucosa ◽

Mineral Supplement ◽

Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Mucosal Protein ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Menten Constant

Abstract The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the activity of jejunal maltase and isomaltase between two groups of steers with average dry matter intake (DMI) and differing average daily gain (ADG). DMI and ADG were measured in crossbred steers (n = 69; initial body weight = 456 ± 5.0 kg) consuming a finishing diet containing 67.8% dry-rolled corn, 20.0% wet distillers grains with solubles, 8.0% alfalfa hay, and 4.2% vitamin/mineral supplement on a dry matter basis for 84 d. Jejunal mucosal samples were collected from eight steers with the greatest (high) or least (low) ADG and average DMI (± 0.55 standard deviation). Homogenates of jejunal mucosa were incubated with increasing amounts of maltose and isomaltose to determine the disaccharidase kinetics. Total mucosal protein concentration (mg protein/g tissue; P = 0.45) of the mucosa and small intestinal weights (P = 0.69) did not differ between the groups. Neither the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of isomaltase (P = 0.15) nor maltase (P = 0.21) differed between groups. The isomaltase maximum velocity (Vmax) expressed per gram of protein tended to differ (P = 0.10) between groups of steers but did not differ (P = 0.13) when expressed on a tissue basis. Similarly, neither the maltase Vmax expressed per gram of protein (P = 0.31) nor tissue (P = 0.32) differed between groups. While previous studies have indicated that disaccharidase expression is associated with differences in ADG, data presented here indicate that differences in enzyme activity at the end of the finishing period are minimal.

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Carryover effects of varying hay concentration on the transition to silage-based feeding of weaned dairy calves

South African Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4314/sajas.v49i6.7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 1028-1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Z.A. Qamar ◽

M.A. Rashid ◽

T.N. Pasha ◽

M.I. Malik ◽

A Saleem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feed Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Rhodes Grass ◽

Condition Score ◽

Faecal Score ◽

Daily Gain

Objectives of the experiment were to determine effects of dietary hay concentration in a dry total mixed ration and its carryover effects on intake, growth performance, faecal score, and feed efficiency of weaned dairy calves. Eighteen Friesian × Jersey weaned calves (n = 6 calves/treatment) were randomly assigned to three rhodes grass hay treatments (RG13, RG26, and RG39). The experimental diets were rhodes grass hay-based total mixed rations containing 13%, 26%, and 39% chopped hay on a DM basis. The experiment had two phases of four weeks each. In phase 1 (weeks 1–4), weaned calves were fed RG13, RG26, or RG39. Then, in phase 2 (weeks 5–8), all calves were shifted to a maize silage-based diet. All the diets were iso-nitrogenous and were fed ad libitum. Calves were housed in individual pens and had free access to water and feed. Average daily gain and daily dry matter intake were analysed as repeated measures, whereas bodyweight and feed efficiency were analysed using one-way ANOVA. In phases 1 and 2 dry matter intakes were similar. Growth rate decreased linearly with increasing concentration of hay in phase 1. Overall, daily dry matter intake, average daily gain, change in body condition score and structural measurements were not affected by dietary treatments. However, overall feed efficiency was improved for calves fed RG26 compared with RG13 and RG39. Thus, feeding a moderate level of hay had positive impacts on the transition to a silage-based TMR. Keywords: dietary transition, total mixed ration, intake, growth, feed efficiency, body condition score, faecal score

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The effects of socializing and environmental enrichments on sow and piglet behavior and performance

The Ohio Journal of Science ◽

10.18061/ojs.v115i2.4564 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karlie Ledergerber ◽

Benjamin Bennett ◽

Nicole Diefenbacher ◽

Crystal Shilling ◽

Brian D Whitaker

Keyword(s):

Agonistic Behavior ◽

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Effective Means ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Lactating Sows ◽

Nursery Pig ◽

Barrier Removal ◽

And Performance ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Lying Down

This study was conducted to, 1) determine the effects of socializing piglets prior to weaning on piglet behavior and performance and sow behavior, and 2) determine the effects of socializing piglets prior to weaning and inclusion of pen enrichment on nursery pig behavior and performance. Socialized piglets spent a shorter amount of time lying down during the first 24 hours following barrier removal compared to all other times and exhibited an increase in agonistic behavior. Sows had higher levels of cortisol and spent less time lying down during the first 48 hours after piglet socialization compared to all other times. In the nursery, piglets that were socialized prior to weaning had higher average daily gain (ADG) (0.48 ± 0.02 kg) and lower occurrence of agonistic behavior (30.0 ± 2.5 percent) during the first six hours after weaning compared to those piglets that were not socialized prior to weaning (0.39 ± 0.03 kg and 85.0 ± 3.5 percent, respectively). Pens with environmental enrichment contained fewer piglets displaying agonistic behavior compared to pens without environmental enrichment during the first 12 hours after weaning. The results of this study suggest that socializing piglets from different litters prior to weaning leads to temporary stress in lactating sows and an increase in agonistic behavior in piglets, but improves their performance after weaning. Inclusion of environmental enrichment in the nursery is an effective means to reduce agonistic behavior between piglets.

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Performance of dairy calves fed diet containing Ca-palm oil fatty acid and Sapindusrarak fruit

Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner ◽

10.14334/jitv.v23i2.1828 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Elizabeth Wina ◽

Yenni Widiawati ◽

Budi Tangendjaja

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Net Energy ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Daily Gain

<p class="abstrak2">Calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid (Ca-FA) is a high dense energy source that is protected from degradation in the rumen. Sapindusrarak fruits (SrF) contain high level of saponin and have been reported to increase body weight sheep or cattle and reduced protozoa population in the rumen. This experiment used a combination of Ca-FA and SrF to improve the performance of weaned dairy calves. Thirty two heads of weaned Indonesian Holstein were used in factorial block design experiment (2 x 2). The first factor was Ca-FA(with 2.5% and without addition of Ca-FA) while the second factor was SrF (with 0.3% and without addition of SrF in total diet) and sex of the animal as block was applied. The feed as total mixed ration contained crude protein (CP)17%, total digestible nutrien (TDN)minimum 69%, Net energy for maintenance 1.70Mcal/kg and Net energy for gain 1.03Mcal/kg. It was fed 3% of body weight of the animals for 14 weeks included 2 weeks of adaptation period. Feces collection for measuring digestibility of feed was conducted at the end of experiment. Average daily gain (ADG) of calves received SrF was higher than without SrF (896.9 vs 853.7 g/day) while ADG received CaFA was lower than without CaFA (860.6 vs 890 g/day) but both effects were not significantly different (P>0.05). DM intake due to SrF treatment tended to be higher than control treatment (4.4 vs 4.3 kg/day). DM digestibility was not different among treatments. In conclusion,calves received supplementation of 0.3% SrF fruit in the diet had similar average daily gain with those given unsupplemented diet but had reduced diarrhea cases.</p>

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