scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2316
Author(s):  
Daniel Mota-Rojas ◽  
Dehua Wang ◽  
Cristiane Gonçalves Titto ◽  
Jocelyn Gómez-Prado ◽  
Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Stable Temperature ◽  
Core Body

Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.

scholarly journals Infrared thermography cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard McFarland ◽  
Louise Barrett ◽  
Andrea Fuller ◽  
Robyn S Hetem ◽  
Warren Porter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Core Body

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the physiological processes that underpin primate performance is key if we are to assess how a primate might respond when navigating new and changing environments. Given the connection between an animal’s ability to thermoregulate and the changing demands of its thermal environment, increasing attention is being devoted to the study of thermoregulatory processes as a means to assess primate performance. Infrared thermography can be used to record the body surface temperatures of free-ranging animals. However, some uncertainty remains as to how these measurements can be used to approximate core body temperature. Here, we use data collected from wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine the relationship between infrared body surface, core body, and local climate, to determine to what extent surface temperatures reflect core body temperature. While we report a positive association between surface and core body temperature – a finding that has previously been used to justify the use of surface temperature measurements as a proxy for core temperature regulation – when we controlled for the effect of the local climate in our analyses, this relationship was no longer observed. That is, body surface temperatures were solely predicted by local climate, and not core body temperatures, suggesting that surface temperatures tell us more about the environment a primate is in, and less about the thermal status of its body core in that environment. Despite the advantages of a non-invasive means to detect and record animal temperatures, infrared thermography alone cannot be used to approximate core body temperature in wild primates.

scholarly journals Comparison of Tympanic and Tail Temperatures in Angus and Brahman Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dikmen S ◽  
Davila KMS ◽  
Rodriquez E ◽  
Scheffler TL ◽  
Oltenacu PA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brahman Steers ◽  
Core Body

In cattle, core body temperature can be used as an important indicator of heat stress level. However, accurately recording core body temperature can be difficult and labor intensive. The objectives of the current study were 1) to compare the recorded tympanic and tail body temperature measurements in steers and 2) to determine the body temperature change of Angus and Brahman steers in a hot and humid environment. Data was analyzed using a repeated measure model where repeated measures were hourly tympanic and tail temperatures and their difference for individual steers during the day of the experiment. There was a significant breed effect (P=0.01), hour (P<0.0001) and breed by hour interaction (P<0.0001) for the tympanic temperature. Brahman steers, which are known to have superior thermotolerance, maintained a lower body temperature than the Angus steers during the afternoon under grazing conditions. In the Brahman steers there was only a minimal increase in the body temperature throughout the day, an evidence of the thermotolerance ability of the breed. In the Angus steers, which experienced an increase in their body temperature from hour to hour with a peak around 1600 hour; there was a significant difference between the tympanic and tail temperature during the times when the body temperature as measured by the tympanic recordings was the highest (1300 to 1700 hour). Our results indicate that the tympanic temperature can be used to accurately and continuously monitor core body temperature in a natural environment for up to several days and without disturbing the animal.

scholarly journals A Case Report on Osborn Waves of Hypothermia Induced LV Systolic Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajnandini Singha ◽  
Amazing Grace Siangshai ◽  
Jashlyn Lijo
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sinus Bradycardia ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Systolic Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Qrs Complex ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Gradual Expansion ◽  
Core Body

Hypothermia, described as a core body temperature of < 95%, is associated with ECG alteration abnormalities. Sinus bradycardia occurs when the body temperature drops below 90°F, and is correlated with gradual prolongation of the PR interval, QRS complex, QT interval. It can progress to ventricular and atrial fibrillation at a temperature reaching 89°F, which can lead to left ventricular dysfunction. Hypothermia is connected to the osborn waves, which at the end of the QRS complex consist of additional deflection. The inferior and lateral precordial leads are seen by Osborn waves, also known as J waves, Camel hump waves and hypothermic waves. As the body temperature decreases, it becomes more pronounced and a gradual expansion of the QRS complex raises the likelihood of ventricular fibrillation causing ventricle dysfunction.

scholarly journals The Effects of Hyperbaric Exposure on Immediate and Delayed Changes in Core Temperature and Its Circadian Fluctuations

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kujawski ◽  
Joanna Słomko ◽  
Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska ◽  
Mariusz Kozakiewicz ◽  
Jacek J. Klawe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Hyperbaric Exposure ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Deep Body

Abstract Changes observed in the core body temperature of divers are the result of a multifaceted response from the body to the change of the external environment. In response to repeated activities, there may be a chronic, physiological adaptation of the body’s response system. This is observed in the physiology of experienced divers while diving. The purpose of this study is to determine the immediate and delayed effects of hyperbaric exposure on core temperature, as well as its circadian changes in a group of three experienced divers. During compression at 30 and 60 meters, deep body temperature values tended to increase. Subsequently, deep body temperature values showed a tendency to decrease during decompression. All differences in core temperature values obtained by the group of divers at individual time points in this study were not statistically significant.

scholarly journals Utilization of Infrared Thermography in Cattle Production and Its Application Potency in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Diana Bansi
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Small Change

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive remote sensing method to detect temperature. Many studies have shown that temperature in several regions of the body could be representative of core body temperature. Body temperature of cattle can be used to evaluate health status, stress, thermal balance, and feed efficiency. The aim of this article is to review utilization of IRT in cattle production system and its potency to be applied in Indonesia. The ability of IRT to detect even the small change of body surface temperature has made this device is very useful in cattle production industry. Infrared thermography has been used as a tool to detect an early detection of inflammation as sign of some diseases such as mastitis, foot and mouth disease. Infrared thermography can also evaluate feed efficiency through detection of heat production produced by metabolism process. Some important constraints of cattle production in Indonesia such as diseases and low feed efficiency may have strong correlation with body temperature change. Therefore, IRT is very potential to be applied in cattle farms in Indonesia.

Decrease of Core Body Temperature in Mice by Dehydroepiandrosterone

2002 ◽  
Vol 227 (6) ◽  
pp. 382-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Catalina ◽  
Leon Milewich ◽  
William Frawley ◽  
Vinay Kumar ◽  
Michael Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serotonin Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Dose Dependent

Dietary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) reduces food intake in mice, and this response is under genetic control. Moreover, both food restriction and DHEA can prevent or ameliorate certain diseases and mediate other biological effects. Mice fed DHEA (0.45% w/w of food) and mice pair-fed to these mice (food restricted) for 8 weeks were tested for changes in body temperature. DHEA was more efficient than food restriction alone in causing hypothermia. DHEA injected intraperitoneally also induced hypothermia that reached a nadir at 1 to 2 hr, and slowly recovered by 20 to 24 hr. This effect was dose dependent (0.5–50 mg). Each mouse strain tested (four) was susceptible to this effect, suggesting that the genetics differ for induction of hypophagia and induction of hypothermia. Because serotonin and dopamine can regulate (decrease) body temperature, we treated mice with haloperidol (dopamine receptor antagonist), 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (serotonin production inhibitor), or ritanserin (serotonin receptor antagonist) prior to injection of DHEA. All of these agents increased rather than decreased the hypothermic effects of DHEA. DHEA metabolites that are proximate (5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and androstenedione) or further downstream (estradiol-17β) were much less effective than DHEA in inducing hypothermia. However, the DHEA analog, 16α-chloroepiandrosterone, was as active as DHEA. Thus, DHEA administered parentally seems to act directly on temperature-regulating sites in the body. These results suggest that DHEA induces hypothermia independent of its ability to cause food restriction, to affect serotonin or dopamine functions, or to act via its downstream steroid metabolites.

scholarly journals Heterothermy is associated with reduced fitness in wild rabbits

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 20170521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane K. Maloney ◽  
Maija K. Marsh ◽  
Steven R. McLeod ◽  
Andrea Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Core ◽  
Temperature Rhythm ◽  
Body Temperature Rhythm ◽  
Core Body ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

An increase in variation in the 24 h pattern of body temperature (heterothermy) in mammals can be induced by energy and water deficits. Since performance traits such as growth and reproduction also are impacted by energy and water balance, we investigated whether the characteristics of the body temperature rhythm provide an indication of the reproductive success of an individual. We show that the amplitude of the daily rhythm of body temperature in wild rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) prior to breeding is inversely related to the number of pregnancies in the subsequent seven months, while the minimum daily body temperature is positively correlated to the number of pregnancies. Because reproductive output could be predicted from characteristics of the core body temperature rhythm prior to the breeding season, we propose that the pattern of the 24 h body temperature rhythm could provide an index of animal fitness in a given environment.

scholarly journals Exercise activates compensatory thermoregulatory reaction in rats: a modeling study

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (12) ◽  
pp. 1400-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonjoo Yoo ◽  
Michelle LaPradd ◽  
Hannah Kline ◽  
Maria V. Zaretskaia ◽  
Abolhassan Behrouzvaziri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
The Core ◽  
Treadmill Speed ◽  
Core Body

The importance of exercise is increasingly emphasized for maintaining health. However, exercise itself can pose threats to health such as the development of exertional heat shock in warm environments. Therefore, it is important to understand how the thermoregulation system adjusts during exercise and how alterations of this can contribute to heat stroke. To explore this we measured the core body temperature of rats ( Tc) running for 15 min on a treadmill at various speeds in two ambient temperatures ( Ta = 25°C and 32°C). We assimilated the experimental data into a mathematical model that describes temperature changes in two compartments of the body, representing the muscles and the core. In our model the core body generates heat to maintain normal body temperature, and dissipates it into the environment. The muscles produce additional heat during exercise. According to the estimation of model parameters, at Ta = 25°C, the heat generation in the core was progressively reduced with the increase of the treadmill speed to compensate for a progressive increase in heat production by the muscles. This compensation was ineffective at Ta = 32°C, which resulted in an increased rate of heat accumulation with increasing speed, as opposed to the Ta = 25°C case. Interestingly, placing an animal on a treadmill increased heat production in the muscles even when the treadmill speed was zero. Quantitatively, this “ready-to-run” phenomenon accounted for over half of the heat generation in the muscles observed at maximal treadmill speed. We speculate that this anticipatory response utilizes stress-related circuitry.

scholarly journals Environmental Injuries: Hyperthermia and Hypothermia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda McDonald ◽  
Rebekah Stubbs ◽  
Prince Lartey ◽  
Shaeleigh Kokot
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sport Injury ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Body ◽  
Important Type ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Core Body

Environmental injuries are an important type of sport  injury to study as they can occur year-round, through a variety of activities, and occur to a broad range of athletic populations. Hyperthermia (a core body temperature above 38.5°C) and hypothermia (a core body temperature below 35°C) are two common environmental injuries that can be life threatening. This research paper examines the mechanisms of how and why these injuries occur and the effect they have on the body. This paper also outlines preventative measures to take, including identifying internal and external predisposing risk factors, as well as ways to treat hyperthermia and hypothermia to return an athlete back to play.

scholarly journals Development of a Wireless Health Monitoring System for Measuring Core Body Temperature from the Back of the Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun Wei ◽  
Hee-Joon Park ◽  
Jyung Hyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wireless Health ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Temperature Measuring ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Core Body

In this paper, a user-friendly and low-cost wireless health monitoring system that measures skin temperature from the back of the body for monitoring the core body temperature is proposed. To measure skin temperature accurately, a semiconductor-based microtemperature sensor with a maximum accuracy of ±0.3°C was chosen and controlled by a high-performance/low-power consumption Acorn-Reduced Instruction Set Computing Machine (ARM) architecture microcontroller to build the temperature measuring device. Relying on a 2.4 GHz multichannel Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) RF communication technology, up to 100 proposed temperature measuring devices can transmit the data to one receiver at the same time. The shell of the proposed wireless temperature-measuring device was manufactured via a 3D printer, and the device was assembled to conduct the performance tests and in vivo experiments. The performance test was conducted with a K-type temperature sensor in a temperature chamber to observe temperature measurement performance. The results showed an error value between two devices was less than 0.1°C from 25 to 40°C. For the in vivo experiments, the device was attached on the back of 10 younger male subjects to measure skin temperature to investigate the relationship with ear temperature. According to the experimental results, an algorithm based on the curve-fitting method was implemented in the proposed device to estimate the core body temperature by the measured skin temperature value. The algorithm was established as a linear model and set as a quadratic formula with an interpolant and with each coefficient for the equation set with 95% confidence bounds. For evaluating the goodness of fit, the sum of squares due to error (SSE), R-square, adjusted R-square, and root mean square error (RMSE) values were 33.0874, 0.0212, 0.0117, and 0.3998, respectively. As the experimental results have shown, the mean value for an error between ear temperature and estimated core body temperature is about ±0.19°C, and the mean bias is 0.05 ± 0.14°C when the subjects are in steady status.

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