scholarly journals Understanding Behavioural Development of Calves in Natural Settings to Inform Calf Management

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2446
Author(s):  
Laura Whalin ◽  
Daniel M. Weary ◽  
Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Behavioural Development ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Natural Living ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Lying Down ◽  
Milk Feeding

One important type of animal welfare concern is “natural living” (i.e., that animals are able to express natural behaviours that are important to them, and to engage with aspects of the natural world that they find important). The aims of this narrative review were to describe the behavioural development of calves (Bos taurus) in natural settings and use this to identify characteristics of natural systems that may be important to consider relative to this natural living conception of animal welfare. At birth, calves are licked by their mothers and soon stand to suckle for colostrum, and during the milk-feeding period, calves spend much of their time lying down. In natural systems, calves perform a variety of social behaviours with herd-mates, and slowly transition from their mother’s milk to eating solid food, by gradually increasing time spent grazing and ruminating. In contrast, on most commercial dairy systems, dairy calves are removed from their mothers at birth, housed individually, fed restricted amounts of milk and weaned abruptly at a young age. The results of this review suggest that accommodating key natural behaviours, for example through the use of teat feeding of milk, social housing, and gradual weaning, can help address welfare concerns.

Natural landscapes and human health: an introduction and overview.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Alan W. Ewert ◽  
Denise S. Mitten ◽  
Jillisa R. Overholt
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Natural Settings

Abstract This book chapter approaches the linkage between natural landscapes and human health through the lens of two guiding questions, the first considering the various ways nature benefits human health from both historic and contemporary perspectives, and the second considering the mechanisms through which this relationship occurs. In doing so, we consider the ways societies and cultures have mediated our relationship with the natural world over time, and the ways human health and planetary health are intertwined. It also examines these influences by providing an overview of what is currently known about specific variables, such as physical activity in natural landscapes, as well as discussing some of the past and current theories that seek to explain how these connections actually work. The book provides a bridge between what we do (individually and collectively) in natural settings and how those actions impact our health and our relationships with the natural world. The hope is that the information presented here empowers students and professionals to learn more and to be part of the rich dialogue occurring in many disciplines to help find ways to increase well-being for all people. The aim is for the readers to think critically about research and be able to analyse and evaluate the results. The bottom line, based on the undertaking of this book and the experience of the authors, is that nature has been and continues to be essential and incredibly positive for human life, and that mutualistic and reciprocal connections with nature will positively influence human development, health, and wellbeing.

RAISING DAIRY CALVES WITHOUT WHOLE MILK

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Feeding

The results of feeding experiments, involving a total of 117 Holstein-Friesian calves, were reported. No whole milk nor fresh skimmilk was fed to the calves after their second day of age. Milk substitutes containing 40 to 50 per cent dried skimmilk, 5 to 10 per cent emulsified, stabilized lard and at least 30 p.p.m. of Aureomycin (chlortetracycline) or Terramycin (oxytetracycline) in the dry matter permitted weight gains equal to, or exceeding, the Beltsville standards during the milk feeding period. Supplementary lecithin had no effect on performance of the calves. Weaning calves from milk substitutes at weights of 145 to 150 lb. was considered preferable to weaning at specified ages because of apparent differences in physiological development that exist among calves for the first few months of life.

1233 A survey of management practices and producers' perceptions regarding manual and automated milk feeding systems for dairy calves

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 593-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Medrano-Galarza ◽  
J. Rushen ◽  
A. M. de Passillé ◽  
A. Jones-Bitton ◽  
T. J. DeVries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Feeding ◽  
Feeding Systems

THE EFFECT OF LEVEL AND FREQUENCY OF FEEDING WHOLE MILK ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION OF CALVES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
FRANK VAN MERLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Milk Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves, beginning at 1 wk of age, were used to estimate differences in weight gain between two feeding levels and two feeding frequencies over a period of 3 wk. Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: whole milk (WM) fed at 10% of body weight (BW) twice a day; WM fed at 10% BW, three times a day; WM fed at 12% of BW, in two feedings per day, or WM fed at 12% of BW, in three feedings per day. Body weight gains and feed conversions were 279 and 437 g per day and 12.02 and 9.51 kg whole milk per kilogram of gain for the 10 and 12% levels of feeding, respectively. There was a trend towards increased rate of gain and improved feed efficiency when calves were fed twice compared to three times a day. Cost of medication was not influenced by level or frequency of feeding. It was concluded from this study that feeding whole milk at 12% of body weight was preferable to feeding at the 10% level of intake. Key words: Milk feeding, level, frequency, dairy calves

scholarly journals Different milk feeding intensities during the first 4 weeks of rearing in dairy calves: Part 1: Effects on performance and production from birth over the first lactation

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 3096-3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Korst ◽  
C. Koch ◽  
J. Kesser ◽  
U. Müller ◽  
F.-J. Romberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Feeding

scholarly journals Perspectival pluralism for animal welfare

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Veit ◽  
Heather Browning
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Limited Perspective ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Living ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

Abstract Animal welfare has a long history of disregard. While in recent decades the study of animal welfare has become a scientific discipline of its own, the difficulty of measuring animal welfare can still be vastly underestimated. There are three primary theories, or perspectives, on animal welfare - biological functioning, natural living and affective state. These come with their own diverse methods of measurement, each providing a limited perspective on an aspect of welfare. This paper describes a perspectival pluralist account of animal welfare, in which all three theoretical perspectives and their multiple measures are necessary to understand this complex phenomenon and provide a full picture of animal welfare. This in turn will offer us a better understanding of perspectivism and pluralism itself.

scholarly journals Dependence of the leopard Panthera pardus fusca in Jaipur, India, on domestic animals

Oryx ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil Kumbhojkar ◽  
Reuven Yosef ◽  
Jakub Z. Kosicki ◽  
Patrycja K. Kwiatkowska ◽  
Piotr Tryjanowski
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
North West ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Feral Dogs ◽  
Reserve Forest

Abstract The ecology and predator–prey dynamics of large felids in the tropics have largely been studied in natural systems where wild ungulates constitute the majority of the prey base. However, in tropical countries where communities are primarily agrarian, the high density of domestic animals in human-dominated landscapes can be a potential prey source for large carnivores. We demonstrate almost complete dependence of the Vulnerable leopard Panthera pardus fusca in the Jhalana Reserve Forest in Jaipur, north-west India on domestic animals as prey. We analysed 132 leopard scats collected during the dry season of November 2017–April 2018. Domestic animals comprised the majority of the leopards' prey (89.5% frequency of occurrence): dogs Canis lupus familiaris (44%), cats Felis catus (13%), goats Capra aegagrus hircus (16%) and cattle Bos taurus (15%). Wild species, which occurred in the leopards' diet at a relatively low frequency, were rodents, the hare Lepus nigricollis, small Indian civet Viverricula indica, rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta, northern plains grey langur Semnopithecus entellus and mongoose Herpestes edwardsii. Diet is also a function of availability of potential prey, but no data are available on the density of the leopard's wild prey species in Jhalana Reserve Forest. Nevertheless, our results suggest that abundance of domestic prey around Jhalana Reserve Forest sustains the c. 25 known leopards. We conclude that these leopards, by preying on feral dogs in an urban environment, could be considered as suppliers of a service to the human population amongst whom they thrive, although this potentially exposes the leopards to the canine distemper virus.

Animal welfare during a period of intensification: The views of confinement and alternative pig producers

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
M Molnár ◽  
D Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Technological Developments

In Hungary, where intensive and non-intensive pig production co-exist, in-depth interviews were used to explore the views and priorities of pig producers regarding animal welfare and ethical animal production. Farmers using confinement systems and those with alternative, non-confinement systems shared certain core values such as attachment to animals and to traditional community values. Both groups agreed on most key elements of animal welfare (health, nutrition, etc) but had different priorities for how to achieve these within their production systems. Alternative producers considered unconfined, semi-natural environments important for animal welfare, and confinement producers with medium-sized operations (400–600 sows) generally agreed. Only the three largest producers (>1,000 sows) expressed strong confidence in confinement methods. Different producers emphasised different features for ensuring animal welfare. Producers with large-scale confinement systems depend strongly on staff and automation and require the means to find and retain good staff. Those with medium-scale confinement systems see automation and personal involvement with animals as crucial, and they need economic conditions that allow herd size to remain within their personal capacity. Those operating alternative systems see small herds and non-confinement systems as crucial for animal welfare and need markets that encourage such systems. Subsidies, regulatory systems and technological developments would need to be tailored to meet the different needs in order for producers to improve animal welfare in the different systems and according to their own values and priorities. Medium-scale confinement producers could better act on their values if economic conditions allowed them to use more natural systems.

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