RAISING DAIRY CALVES WITHOUT WHOLE MILK

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Feeding

The results of feeding experiments, involving a total of 117 Holstein-Friesian calves, were reported. No whole milk nor fresh skimmilk was fed to the calves after their second day of age. Milk substitutes containing 40 to 50 per cent dried skimmilk, 5 to 10 per cent emulsified, stabilized lard and at least 30 p.p.m. of Aureomycin (chlortetracycline) or Terramycin (oxytetracycline) in the dry matter permitted weight gains equal to, or exceeding, the Beltsville standards during the milk feeding period. Supplementary lecithin had no effect on performance of the calves. Weaning calves from milk substitutes at weights of 145 to 150 lb. was considered preferable to weaning at specified ages because of apparent differences in physiological development that exist among calves for the first few months of life.

THE EFFECT OF LEVEL AND FREQUENCY OF FEEDING WHOLE MILK ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION OF CALVES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-476
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
FRANK VAN MERLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Milk Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves, beginning at 1 wk of age, were used to estimate differences in weight gain between two feeding levels and two feeding frequencies over a period of 3 wk. Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: whole milk (WM) fed at 10% of body weight (BW) twice a day; WM fed at 10% BW, three times a day; WM fed at 12% of BW, in two feedings per day, or WM fed at 12% of BW, in three feedings per day. Body weight gains and feed conversions were 279 and 437 g per day and 12.02 and 9.51 kg whole milk per kilogram of gain for the 10 and 12% levels of feeding, respectively. There was a trend towards increased rate of gain and improved feed efficiency when calves were fed twice compared to three times a day. Cost of medication was not influenced by level or frequency of feeding. It was concluded from this study that feeding whole milk at 12% of body weight was preferable to feeding at the 10% level of intake. Key words: Milk feeding, level, frequency, dairy calves

scholarly journals Efficiency of use of supplementary lighting in rearing of dairy calves during milk feeding stage

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 989-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gledson L. P. de Almeida ◽  
Héliton Pandorfi ◽  
Fátima Baptista ◽  
Cristiane Guiselini ◽  
Vasco F. da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Light Duration ◽  
Supplementary Lighting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Roofing Materials ◽  
Average Consumption ◽  
Milk Feeding

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate programs of supplementary lighting for calves in individual shelters with different roof materials, as a strategy to stimulate concentrate consumption and the reduction of the milk feeding period and increase financial viability. Twenty seven dairy crossed Holstein × Gir female calves were randomly distributed in individual shelters with three different roofing materials (cement fiber tile, recycled tile and thatched roofs), associated with three different light duration (12, 16 and 20 h) and with three repetitions. The experimental design was completely randomized in 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. There was no interaction between the types of roofs × supplemental light; also, there was no significant effect of the covering types on the average consumption of concentrate and occurance of diarrhea in calves. On the other hand 20 h of lighting stimulated the consumption of concentrate and allowed weaning of calves at 55 days of age and 20% reduction in the cost of rearing animals during milk feeding stage.

THE EFFECT OF ALFALFA AS A SOURCE OF FIBER IN STARTER DIETS FOR HEIFER CALVES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Common Letter ◽  
Whole Milk

Starter diets were formulated to contain 6.6, 12.4, 17.7 and 21.9% fiber by the addition of 0, 20, 40 and 60% reground dehydrated alfalfa to a barley-based concentrate. Sixty Holstein heifer calves were randomly assigned at birth to one of these four diets which were fed free choice from 7 to 70 days of age. Whole milk was fed at 10% of body weight from birth to 56 days. Dry matter intakes were 0.47a, 0.59ab, 0.61b and 0.60ab kg/day and body weight gains were 0.44a, 0.58b, 0.69b and 0.56ab kg/day for diets containing, 0, 20, 40 and 60% alfalfa, respectively (means followed by a common letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05)). Diet did not influence blood components except for blood urea nitrogen which was higher for calves fed diets containing 40 and 60% alfalfa. The amount of fiber in the diet did not influence the incidence of scouring or other disorders. Calves which had scoured for 2 or more days had reduced rates of gain and feed efficiency compared with heifers that did not scour. Dry matter digestibility, as estimated by total fecal collections from six bull calves per diet, was 85.4, 78.7, 73.7 and 75.1 for the diets containing 0, 20, 40 and 60% ground dehydrated alfalfa, respectively. Key words: Alfalfa, dairy calves, digestibility, scours, feed efficiency

scholarly journals Morphological and Volumetric Characteristics of Holstein-Gir Crossbred Calves’ Stomachs Fed Diets Comprising Cheese Whey and Milk Powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Maria Vivianne F. G. de Miranda ◽  
Tiago da S. Teofilo ◽  
Ana Paula P. de Assis ◽  
Helia Maria de S. Leite ◽  
Andrezza K. B. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Whey Powder ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Rumen Development ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of powdered cheese whey and milk powder as a substitute for whole milk on rumen development in calves up to 60 days of age. Twenty-one-week-old Holstein-Gir crossbred calves were randomized across four treatments and six replicates: LI: whole milk (Control); LP: milk powder; LPS1: 80% milk powder + 20% cheese whey powder; LPS2: 60% Milk Powder + 40% Cheese Whey Powder. The animals were slaughtered at 60 days of age. The consumption, weight of stomach and its compartments, ruminal papilla height, and rumen proliferative activity were measured. Dry matter intake, absolute and relative weights of the gastric compartments were similar. Significant differences were found in the development of rumen papillae and the mean height of the ventral sac was higher in the animals that received whole milk. There were no significant differences for cell proliferation rate in rumen papillae. It is suggested that feeding calves whey with powdered milk may be a viable alternative to the use of whole milk without harming dairy calves.

The nutrition of artificially reared lambs 2. The effect of feed restriction at three stages of growth on growth and carcass composition

1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Morgan ◽  
J. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Feeding

SUMMARYLambs weaned from the ewe at 2 days of age were fed ad libitum or restricted in each of three periods of growth to a slaughter weight of 35 kg according to a factorial design. Restriction in the milk-feeding period was achieved by reducing the milk allowance (6·4 kg v. 13·6 kg of milk replacer) and after weaning, by restricting the daily allowance of feed.Restriction of the milk allowance reduced early growth but the effect was partly offset by the higher concentrate consumption of restricted lambs. There was also a tendency for lambs restricted in the milk period to eat more and grow faster when subsequently fed ad libitum. Performance after 15 kg on a diet containing no protein of animal origin was poor and the level of restriction was severe. Overall growth and efficiency from 15 to 35 kg were considerably reduced by any degree of restriction. However, there was no evidence that restriction in the middle period of growth had any effect on the performance of lambs fed ad libitum in the final period. Although carcass weight was not affected by treatment at any stage, restriction in the milk-feeding period and feeding ad libitum from 15 to 25 kg resulted in a greater weight of head, liver, heart and lungs (weighed together). Chemical analysis of the whole minced carcass showed that restriction of milk intake had a significant effect in reducing the carcass dry-matter content. There was also a trend towards a higher energy and fat content of the dry matter. Restriction in the final period increased the protein content of the carcass.

PERFORMANCE OF PRE-WEANED WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED SOYABEAN DIET AS REPLACER FOR MILK

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61
Author(s):  
G. O. Okagbare ◽  
A. O. Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
West African Dwarf Goats ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Weight Gains

Thirty-five early weaned west African dwarf (WAD) goats kids weighing 1-1.5kg at birth were used to evaluate the performance of pre-weaned kids fed soyabean diet (SBD) as replacer for milk. Replacement of whole milk with soyabean diet up to 50% level had no significant (P>0.05) effect on dry matter intake (g/day) of the kids. Replacement of whole milk with SBD up to 25% had no appreciable effect on weight gains, and efficiency of feed utilization of the kids (P>0.05), values observed for weight gains, and efficiency of feed utilization decreased significantly (P<0.05) as 50% of whole milk was replaced with SBD, kids running with their dam had lower weight gains (P < 0.05) when compared with those reared artificially on experimental diets between 7 and 13 weeks of age. Result suggested that replacement of milk with 25% SBD, will give adequate performance for pre-weaned kids. This level can be higher from 6 weeks after parturition but must not exceed 50% percent of replacement with SBD.

scholarly journals Characteristics and yield of slaughter of dairy calves receiving cheese whey and colostrum in a liquid diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007
Author(s):  
Renata Nayhara de Lima ◽  
Andrezza Kyarelle Bezerra de Moura ◽  
Ana Paula Pinheiro de Assis ◽  
Hélia Maria de Souza Leite ◽  
Francisca Cedma de Sousa Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of suckling with cheese and colostrum, from whole milk, on the characteristics and yields of slaughter of dairy calves at 60 days. Twenty-four uncastrated male Hosltein calves were used. The experimental treatments included: integral milk (MI); 50% integral milk + 50% in natura whey cheese (MW); and 30% colostrum + 70% whey cheese (CW). Dry matter intake of concentrate (IDMC) and hay (IDMH), mean daily gain (MDG), and total weight gain (WGT) were evaluated. In addition, weights and yields of hot and cold carcasses, loss and breaking during cooling, and length and thoracic depth of the carcass, commercial cuts, and non-carcass components were measured. Resultantly, a significant effect (P < 0.05) was observed for IDMC, live weight at slaughter, warm carcass weight, cold carcass weight, and carcass length; here, MW and CS treatment differed from LS. Thus, these substitute diets to whole milk showed no interference with physiological and biometric patterns in the animals.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Rearing during the Milk-Feeding Period on Growth of Dairy Calves

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Jan Broucek ◽  
Michal Uhrincat ◽  
Peter Kisac ◽  
Anton Hanus
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Comparable Amount ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Milk Feeding

The objective was to determine the impact of calves’ rearing, gender, and the sire lineage on the growth and health. One hundred-and-five Holstein calves were assigned to one of three treatments: single suckling (SS), multiple suckling (MS), and artificially rearing in hutches (H). All calves received a comparable amount of milk/milk replacer (MR) across treatments. All calves were weaned at the 84th day. After weaning, all calves were separated by sex in age-balanced groups. At weaning, the highest body weight was in MS and the lowest in H (SS 94.97 kg, MS 109.85 kg, H 80.80 kg, p < 0.001). The average gains from the birth to weaning were 0.67 kg (SS), 0.81 kg (MS), 0.48 kg (H), (p < 0.001). A difference (p < 0.01) was found for the period from birth to 180th day of life (SS 0.75 kg, MS 0.82 kg, H 0.67 kg). We did not notice a gender differences (p > 0.05). The Sire 1 progeny showed a lower body weight at 180 days (p < 0.01) and 360 days (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the method used to rear calves and sire lines had a significant impact on their later performance.

scholarly journals Effect of intake level during milk-feeding period and protein content in the post-weaning diet on performance and body composition in growing lambs

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Manso ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
T. Castro ◽  
G. R. Iason
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Intake Level ◽  
Milk Feeding

AbstractThe effect of intake level during the milk-feeding period and dietary protein content during the post-weaning period on performance, weight of components of the digestive tract and carcass and non-carcass chemical composition was investigated in 28 Churra lambs. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used with two intake levels during the milk-feeding period (Lmilk: 0·9 and Hmilk: 1·5 MJ gross energy per kg M0·75 daily) and two concentrate supplements (Lprotein:barley grain and Hprotein: barley grain plus 200 g/kg fish meal) during the post-weaningperiod. After selecting an initial slaughter group of four 2-day-old lambs, 12 lambs were assigned randomly to each of two intake levels during a 4-week milk-feeding period and given food individually. Four lambs from each intake level were slaughtered at weaning (30 days old) and the remaining 16 were weaned between 30 and 49 days old (weaning period). Eight lambs from each nutritional regimen during the milk-feeding period were further divided into two equal groups and given food individually ad libitum with hay and the post-weaning concentrate, according to the experimental design until thefinal slaughter weight (20 kg) (post-weaning period). Lmitk lambs showed a capacity to grow as well as the Hmilk during the weaning and post-weaning period and there were no differences (P > 0·05) in dry-matter intake and food conversion ratio among treatments. Before weaning, the weight of the reticulo-rumen was not affected by the intake level during the milk-feeding period. The most affected component of the gastrointestinal tract was the small intestine as proportion of the digestive tract which was lower in Lmilk lambs (P < 0·05). At 20 kg live weight, the relative size of the reticulo-rumen was greater (P < 0·01) and the abomasum (P < 0·05) and large intestine (P < 0·01) were smaller in lambs which were given the Hprotein concentrate after weaning. The organic matter apparent digestibility (OMD, P < 0·05) and crude protein apparent digestibility (CPD, P < 0·05) of the post-weaning diets was greater in Lmilk lambs and the Hprotein post-weaning diet was associated with a greater dry-matter apparent digestibility, OMD and CPD when lambs were close to final slaughter weight. At 20 kg live weight, the proportion of protein in the carcass of Lmilk lambs was greater (P < 0·05) than in Hmilk lambs. The greater growth of the reticulo-rumen of the Lmilk lambs might have increased solid food intake after the milk-feeding period, led to greater CPD of post-weaning diets and had consequences in terms of carcass composition.

scholarly journals Observational Study on Variation of Longitudinal Platelet Counts in Calves over the First 14 Days of Life and Reference Intervals from Cross-Sectional Platelet and Leukocyte Counts in Dairy Calves up to Two Months of Age

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 347
Author(s):  
Emma Strous ◽  
Arne Vanhoudt ◽  
Anja Smolenaars ◽  
Gerdien van Schaik ◽  
Matthijs Schouten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Count Reference

Platelet and leukocyte count reference intervals (RIs) for cattle differ by age and while adult RIs are known, RIs for calves are studied less. The aims of this observational study are to evaluate variation of platelet counts of Holstein Friesian calves over the first 14 days of life and to propose RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts of Holstein Friesian calves aged 0–60 days. In a longitudinal study, 19 calves were blood sampled 17 times, in the first 14 days of their lives. Blood was collected in a citrate blood tube and platelet counts were determined. We assessed the course of platelet counts. In a field study, 457 healthy calves were blood sampled once. Blood was collected in an EDTA blood tube and platelet and leukocyte counts were determined. The RIs were calculated by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles. Platelet counts started to increase 24 h after birth (mean platelet count 381 × 109/L ± 138 × 109/L) and stabilized after five days (mean platelet count 642 × 109/L ± 265 × 109/L). In calves up to six days of age, platelet counts were lower than in calves older than five days. In conclusion, the RIs of platelet and leukocyte counts in calves were wider in range than the RIs for adult cattle, therefore, calf specific RIs for platelet and leukocyte counts should be used. From 6 until 60 days of age, we propose an RI for platelet counts of 287–1372 × 109/L and for the first 60 days of life an RI for leukocyte counts of 4.0–18.9 × 109/L.

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