scholarly journals Is the Prevalence of Leishmania infantum Linked to Breeds in Dogs? Characterization of Seropositive Dogs in Ibiza

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2579
Author(s):  
Maria Edo ◽  
Pablo Jesús Marín-García ◽  
Lola Llobat
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Doberman Pinscher ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Mediterranean Island ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
The Relationship

Leishmaniosis is an important zoonotic protozoan disease primarily spread to the Mediterranean region by Leishmania infantum, the predominant protozoan species, which accounts for the majority of cases. Development of disease depends on the immune response of the definitive host and, predictably, their genetic background. Recent studies have revealed breed-typical haplotypes that are susceptible to the spread of the protozoan parasite. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of leishmaniosis on a Mediterranean island and determine the relationship between disease prevalence and breed. In addition, information on seropositive animals was recorded to characterize animals affected by the disease. To study the prevalence, a total of 3141 dogs were analyzed. Of these, the 149 infected animals were examined for age, sex, antibody titer, and disease stage. We observed a prevalence of 4.74%, which varied between breeds (p < 0.05). The Doberman Pinscher and Boxer breeds had the highest prevalence of leishmaniosis. Significant differences were observed between breeds with common ancestors, emphasizing the important genetic component. Finally, regarding the characterization of seropositive animals, the distribution is similar to other studies. We discovered a relationship (p < 0.05) between the number of antibody titers and the clinical disease stage, which was also present in Leishmania infantum, suggesting that the development of the disease depends on the humoral or Th2 immune response with ineffective antibodies.

scholarly journals A multiplex serological assay for the characterization of IgG immune response to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Brochot ◽  
Vianney Souplet ◽  
Pauline Follet ◽  
Pauline Ponthieu ◽  
Christophe Olivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Viral Epitope ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Versatile Tool ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Combined Detection

Background: In the fight against SARS-COV-2, the development of serological assays based on different antigenic domains represent a versatile tool to get a comprehensive picture of the immune response or differentiate infection from vaccination beyond simple diagnosis. Objectives: Here we use a combination of the Nucleoprotein (NP), the Spike 1 (S1) and Spike 2 (S2) subunits, and the receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of the Spike antigens from the Syrius-CoViDiag multiplex IgG assay, to follow the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection over a long time period and depending on disease severity. Results: Using a panel of 209 sera collected from 61 patients up to eight months after infection, we observed that most patients develop an immune response against multiple viral epitope, but anti-S2 antibodies seemed to last longer. For all the tested IgGs, we have found higher titers for hospitalized patients than for non-hospitalized ones. Moreover the combination of the five different IgG titers increased the correlation to the neutralizing antibody titers than if considered individually. Conclusion: Multiplex immunoassays have the potential to improve diagnostic performances, especially for ancient infection or mild form of the disease presenting weaker antibody titers. Also the combined detection of anti-NP and anti-Spike-derived domains can be useful to differentiate vaccination from viral infection and accurately assess the antibody potential to neutralize the virus.

scholarly journals Synthesis of N-glycans implicated in asthma and allergy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gregory William Haslett
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Glycan Structure ◽  
Food Allergens ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Asthma And Allergy ◽  
Allergen Extracts ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Asthma and allergies affect a large number of people, with over 300 million people worldwide suffering from asthma alone. Although, on the ‟macroscopic‟ level, it is known how allergens trigger allergic reactions, it is not known how an allergen's ‟micro‟ structure causes such a profound allergic response in sensitised individuals. A review of inter-species carbohydrate motifs revealed a striking similarity between carbohydrate moieties (N-glycans) present on antigens derived from species known to give an allergic T helper (Th) 2 response in humans (such as pollen, schistosomes, and food allergens). Preliminary studies on mixtures of allergen extracts have suggested that these carbohydrate motifs (glycoproteins) bias the immune response to an allergic (Th2) response.  This project presents work conducted towards the synthesis of three fragments of a larger N-glycan found on allergens. The synthesis of these N-glycans will allow the first detailed study regarding the relationship between N-glycan structure and Th2 bias to be performed and thereby aid in our understanding of the molecular triggers of asthma. Ultimately, this could lead to the elucidation of the mechanisms of the allergic Th2 immune response.</p>

scholarly journals Synthesis of N-Glycans Implicated in Asthma and Allergy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gregory William Haslett
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Glycan Structure ◽  
Food Allergens ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Asthma And Allergy ◽  
Allergen Extracts ◽  
The Relationship

<p><b>Asthma and allergies affect a large number of people, with over 300 million people worldwide suffering from asthma alone. Although, on the ‟macroscopic‟ level, it is known how allergens trigger allergic reactions, it is not known how an allergen's ‟micro‟ structure causes such a profound allergic response in sensitised individuals. A review of inter-species carbohydrate motifs revealed a striking similarity between carbohydrate moieties (N-glycans) present on antigens derived from species known to give an allergic T helper (Th) 2 response in humans (such as pollen, schistosomes, and food allergens). Preliminary studies on mixtures of allergen extracts have suggested that these carbohydrate motifs (glycoproteins) bias the immune response to an allergic (Th2) response.</b></p> <p>This project presents work conducted towards the synthesis of three fragments of a larger N-glycan found on allergens. The synthesis of these N-glycans will allow the first detailed study regarding the relationship between N-glycan structure and Th2 bias to be performed and thereby aid in our understanding of the molecular triggers of asthma. Ultimately, this could lead to the elucidation of the mechanisms of the allergic Th2 immune response.</p>

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response Induced after Infection with Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökce Nur Cagatay ◽  
Denise Meyer ◽  
Michael Wendt ◽  
Paul Becher ◽  
Alexander Postel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Congenital Tremor

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a widely distributed pathogen causing congenital tremor (CT) in piglets. So far, no data are available regarding the humoral immune response against APPV. In this study, piglets and their sows from an affected herd were tested longitudinally for viral genome and antibodies. APPV genome was detected in the majority of the piglets (14/15) from CT affected litters. Transient infection of gilts was observed. Kinetics of Erns- and E2-specific antibodies and their neutralizing capacity were determined by recently (Erns) and newly (E2) developed antibody ELISAs and virus neutralization assays. Putative maternally derived antibodies (MDA) were detected in most piglets, but displayed only low to moderate neutralizing capacity (ND50 ≤ 112). Horizontal APPV transmission occurred when uninfected and infected piglets were mingled on the flat deck. Horizontally infected piglets were clinically inapparent and showed only transient viremia with subsequently consistently high E2 antibody levels. For piglets from CT affected litters, significantly lower neutralizing antibody titers were observed. Results indicate that E2 represents the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Characterization of the humoral immune response against APPV will help to provide valuable serological diagnosis, to understand the epidemiology of this novel pathogen, and to implement tailored prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Fókuszban a szöveti biomarkerek. Az ösztrogének mint a szövetspecifikus immunválasz és autoimmunitás modulálásának kulcsszereplői

2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (51) ◽  
pp. 2070-2076
Author(s):  
Barna Vásárhelyi ◽  
Katalin Mészáros ◽  
Gellért Karvaly ◽  
Attila Patócs
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Alpha ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

Estrogens modulate the immune response as well as the risk and progression of autoimmune disorders. Their effects are mediated by nuclear receptors (i.e. estrogen receptor alpha and beta), membrane receptors, and are influenced by their interactions with other hormones. Locally produced hormones and cytokines are the main factors in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The response of immune cells to estrogens is related to their developmental stage. The diverse effects of estrogens on various autoimmune disorders are the result of the versatility of their pathomechanism. In general, progression of B-cell mediated disorders is aggravated by estrogens. Their effects on T-cell mediated disorders, on the other hand, are driven by Th1 or Th2 dominance. As estrogens promote the escalation of the Th2 immune response, Th2-dominant disorders are aggravated, while Th1-dominant disorders are ameliorated upon high estrogen levels. Inflammation on its own also modulates the impact of estrogens. Inflammatory cytokines alter the expression of the alpha and beta estrogen receptors as well as the activity of estrogen metabolizing enzymes. Monitoring the local, tissue-wide interaction between hormones and immune cells would provide a better tool for identification and characterization of molecules involved in this system. To date, routinely used laboratory methods have a limited role in monitoring the local effects of estrogens. In this current paper the authors summarize the role of estrogens in immune system and overview those novel methods which are useful in the investigation of local endocrine milieu. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(51), 2070–2076.

scholarly journals Recombinant Enolase of Trypanosoma cruzi as a Novel Vaccine Candidate against Chagas Disease in a Mouse Model of Acute Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minerva Arce-Fonseca ◽  
María Cristina González-Vázquez ◽  
Olivia Rodríguez-Morales ◽  
Verónica Graullera-Rivera ◽  
Alberto Aranda-Fraustro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Th2 Immune Response

Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, which is considered by the World Health Organization to be a neglected tropical disease. Two drugs exist for the treatment of Chagas disease, nifurtimox and benznidazole; they are only effective in the acute phase, and a vaccine is currently not available. In this study, we used the recombinant enolase from T. cruzi H8 strain (MHOM/MX/1992/H8 Yucatán) (rTcENO) and its encoding DNA (pBKTcENO) to immunize mice and evaluate their protective effects in an experimental murine model of acute phase infection. Our results showed that mice vaccinated with rTcENO or its encoding DNA were able to generate typical specific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b), suggesting that a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response was induced. The parasite burden in the blood was reduced to 69.8% and 71% in mice vaccinated with rTcENO and pBKTcENO, respectively. The group vaccinated with rTcENO achieved 75% survival, in contrast to the group vaccinated with pBKTcENO that showed no survival in comparison to the control groups. Moreover, rTcENO immunization elevated the production of IFN-γ and IL-2 after the parasite challenge, suggesting that the Th1-type immune response was polarized. These results indicated that rTcENO could be used as a vaccine against Chagas disease.

scholarly journals Memory immune response: a major challenge in vaccination

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Prisco ◽  
Piergiuseppe De Berardinis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Gene Expression Signatures ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Memory Immune Response ◽  
Protective Threshold

AbstractA crucial challenge for vaccine development is to design vaccines that induce a long-lasting protective immune response, i.e., immune memory. The persistence of antigen-specific antibody titers over a protective threshold, and the ability to exibit a ‘recall response’ to a subsequent encounter with an antigen have long been the only measurable correlates of vaccine take and immune memory development, suffering from the disadvantage of relying on long-term monitoring of the immune response. In the last few years, advances in the technologies for the identification and characterization of the cell subsets and molecular pathways involved in the immune response to vaccination have allowed innovative approaches to the identification of early correlates of immune memory. In this review, we discuss recent data and hypotheses on early correlates of the development of immune memory, with special emphasis on the gene expression signatures that underlie the self-renewal ability of some lymphocyte subsets, and their similarities with gene expression signatures in stem cells.

Characterization of the immune response to Leishmania infantum recombinant antigens

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Pedreira de Carvalho ◽  
Manuel Soto ◽  
Selma Jerônimo ◽  
Blaise Dondji ◽  
Olívia Bacellar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Recombinant Antigens

scholarly journals Characterization of the adaptive immune response of donors receiving live anthrax vaccine

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260202
Author(s):  
Victoria V. Firstova ◽  
Anastasia S. Shakhova ◽  
Alena K. Riabko ◽  
Marina V. Silkina ◽  
Natalia A. Zeninskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Protective Antigen ◽  
Lethal Factor ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Anthrax Vaccine ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Relationship

Live anthrax vaccine containing spores from attenuated strains STI-1 of Bacillus anthracis is used in Russia and former CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) to prevent anthrax. In this paper we studied the duration of circulation of antibodies specific to spore antigens, the protective antigen (PA), the lethal factor (LF) and their domains (D) in donors’ blood at different times after their immunization with live anthrax vaccine. The relationship between the toxin neutralization activity level and the level of antibodies to PA, LF and their domains was tested. The effect of age, gender and number of vaccinations on the level of adaptive post-vaccination immune response has been studied. It was shown that antibodies against PA-D1 circulate in the blood of donors for 1 year or more after immunization with live anthrax vaccine. Antibodies against all domains of LF and PA-D4 were detected in 11 months after vaccination. Antibodies against the spores were detected in 8 months after vaccination. A moderate positive correlation was found between the titers of antibodies to PA, LF, or their domains, and the TNA of the samples of blood serum from the donors.

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