scholarly journals Analysis of Carbon Tetrachloride-Extractable Species from Daxing Bituminous Coal

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Caixia Jv ◽  
Fenggang Li ◽  
Peng Yan ◽  
Mengmeng Fan ◽  
Linlin Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radical Mechanism ◽  
Free Radical Mechanism ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Extraction Processes

Soxhlet extraction (SE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were carried out on Daxing coal with carbon tetrachloride. The extracted components were analyzed by GC-MS while the residues of the coal after extractions were analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The obtained IR spectra indicated that the functional groups were barely changed in strength for the coal before and after extractions concluding that the macromolecular structures of coal were not destroyed in the extraction processes. XRD diagrams showed the peak around θ = 47 was totally disappeared by all the three extractions, indicating that the graphite-like structural substances in the coal were totally destroyed in the extraction processes. GC/MS analysis showed that: (1) The SE method extracted the least number of substances from the coal; on the other hand, the extracted compounds are largely chlorinated which can be explained by the free radical mechanism. (2) MAE extracted 75 organic compounds of which 53 are oxygen-containing substances. A small portion of non-alkanes (1.19%) was found, which is in contrast to the other two extraction methods. Moreover, a few biomarker compounds were also identified including hexaoxane, 2-methylcholest-3-ene, 6,9,12-tripropylheptadecane, and 17α-21β-28,30-bisnorhopane. (3) The three extraction methods gave totally different extraction patterns for the same coal, highlighting that the extraction method can dominate the outcome of the extracted products. The mechanisms behind these extraction processes are discussed. This study provides a base for the future choice of the extraction methods in terms of outcomes of the extraction products.

Extraction and Quantification of Eugenol from Clove Buds Using HPLC

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Khadiza Fitri Shafira ◽  
Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
Zubair Khalid Labu ◽  
Abul Bashar Mohammed Helal Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Past Study ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Clove Essential Oil

Background: Eugenol is the main constituent of clove essential oil. Past studies have found that clove oil has diverse uses in the pharmaceutical field due to its antioxidant, antibacterial and anesthetic properties. Objective: This work compares the performance of different extraction methods and factors and identifies the effect of the treatments on oil yields and eugenol content. Materials and Methods: Maceration, Hydro distillation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and Soxhlet were performed. The best technique was identified according to yield and content. Further studies were conducted to examine the effects of different factors, such as solvent types (ethanol and methanol) and sample-to-solvent ratio (1:10 and 1:15). HPLC UV-Vis was utilized in the analysis of eugenol concentration. Results and Discussion: Soxhlet extraction provided the highest yield (39.98%) and eugenol content (15.83%), compared to other methods. The results observed from several Soxhlet extraction factors showed that there is no significant difference between the different factors. In the meantime, methanol 1:15 provided the greatest amount of yields (57.83%) and eugenol content (22.21%). In this regard, the higher ratio resulted in higher eugenol content. Conclusion: The results obtained are less comparable because the processing time, the working solvent, and the separation technique were carried out differently for each method. In the meantime, as there is no past study that compared the selected methods and factors, this study’s findings will contribute substantially to fill the gap in this field.

A Comparison of Soxhlet Extraction and Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction for Analysis of Photoinitiators in Printed Cartonboard Food-Packaging Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 561-566
Author(s):  
Chao Ding ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Mei Xia Pang ◽  
Xin Xin Yi ◽  
Feng Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Food Packaging Materials ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Phenyl Ketone

A new method was established for detecting a series of photoinitiators (PIs) in printed cartonboard food-packaging materials, which were benzophenone (BP), 4-methylbenzophenone (MBP), 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (Irgacure184), ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB), 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB) and 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Extraction was carried out with ethyl acetate by ultrasonic solvent extraction. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The results indicated that six kinds of PIs had good linear relations (R2>0.9989) in the range of 10~200 μg/L. Limit of Detections (LODs) and Limit of Quantifications ( LOQs ) of all kinds of PIs were 0.3~2.6 μg /kg and 1~8 μg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of six kinds of PIs at three kinds of concentrations researched (0.30 μg/kg, 0.60 μg/ kg, 1.0 μg/kg) were ranging from 66.7%~89.4%, with the Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 4.2%~10.6% (n=6). The results also suggested that PIs were detected in food packaging materials.

The Effects of Solvents and Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Activity of P. niruri

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafizah Mohd Hadzri ◽  
Mohd Azizi Che Yunus ◽  
Salman Zhari ◽  
Fahim Rithwan
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Solvent Polarity ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
Total Phenolic

The effects of different types of solvents and extraction method were investigated to determine the presence of antioxidant contents and activity from the P. niruri plant. The aim of this study is to determine which extraction method will give higher natural antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity. The content of natural antioxidant and antioxidant activity were analysed by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity assay. The results showed that extracts from a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method without the addition of modifier showed the highest content of total phenolic (187.66 mg GAE/ g) and flavonoid (1100.93 mg QE/g) in P. niruri compared to the other methods of extraction with different type of solvents. The extract of P. niruri from different extraction methods showed antioxidant activity on DPPH radical scavenging assay. The soxhlet extraction method by methanol showed the lowest IC50 compared to the other methods of extraction. The results revealed that P. niruri extracts had different content of antioxidant and antioxidant activity. The solvent polarity and different methods of extraction play significant roles in determining the most suitable method for production of antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity from P. niruri extracts.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Optimization of Downstream Process Parameters for Extraction of Betulinic Acid from the Bark ofZiziphus jujubaeL.

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashyap Kumar Dubey ◽  
Nitika Goel
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Recovery Percentage ◽  
Percentage Extraction ◽  
Rsm Model

Present work investigated an apposite and efficient method for extraction of betulinic acid (BA) from the bark ofZiziphus jujubae. Various extraction methods like stirring extraction, soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic extraction, and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) were evaluated for increasing recovery percentage of BA. From the raffinate so obtained, BA was isolated. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to analyze the extract and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for quantification. The results revealed that the percentage extraction of BA fromZ. jujubaeby MAE was more proficient. As recovery percentage of BA by MAE technique turned out to be maximum, by using response surface methodology (RSM), three process parameters (pH, temperature, and time) were optimized by MAE and it was observed that the optimum parameters (pH 6.5, temp. 70.23°C, and time 3.5 min) gave the maximum recovery of BA (0.44% w/w). To validate the RSM model, experiments were performed and the highest recovery of BA was found to be 0.4% w/w which is ±0.04% to the predicted value. Henceforth the extraction efficiency and the substantial saving of time by MAE was more capable than the other extraction techniques.

Comparison of Four Different Extraction Methods of Oil from Macadamia integrifolia

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 3382-3386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Qing Zhu ◽  
Li Jing Lin ◽  
Ji Hua Li ◽  
Guo Ti Lv ◽  
Mao Fang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Extraction Rate ◽  
Hexadecenoic Acid ◽  
Macadamia Integrifolia ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Macadamia Nut

Four different extraction methods, solvent extraction, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction and supercritical CO2 extraction, were used to extract oil from Macadamia integrifolia, which also named Macadamia nut oil. Fatty acid compositions of Macadamia nut oil were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the highest extraction rate was 74.63% via Soxhlet extraction, while supercritical CO2 extraction was 70.53%, ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction was 57.19% and Solvent extraction was 50.37%. Six unsaturated fatty acids, including Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, E-9-Octadecenoic acid and 9-eicosenoate, were identified in the oil by GC-MS．The relative extraction rate of unsaturated fatty acids were 36.53%, 44.21%, 60.62%, 56.81%, respectively. Though the extraction rate was the highest via Soxhlet extraction, the relative content of Z-9-Hexadecenoic acid and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid were both higher extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction than Soxhlet extraction, which were 15.38% and 1.55%,. As supercritical CO2 extraction has no solvent residual problem, it would be the trend of the development inSubscript text the future to extract Macadamia nut oil.

scholarly journals Application of Direct Solvent Extraction to the LC Quantification of Vitamin E in Peanuts, Peanut Butter, and Selected Nuts

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
W. O. Landen ◽  
R. D. Phillips ◽  
R. R. Eitenmiller
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Normal Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Solvent Extraction ◽  
Peak Purity

Abstract Direct solvent extraction with hexane:ethyl acetate (90:10, v/v), saponification, and Soxhlet extraction with hexane were evaluated for their usefulness as extraction methods to determine vitamin E in peanuts and peanut butters. The direct solvent extraction procedure yielded higher values for each tocopherol homolog in peanut and peanut butter compared to the other methods. Coupling of the rapid, direct solvent extraction with normal phase chromatography on Si 60 provides a highly reproducible procedure to quantitate vitamin E in peanuts and peanut products. The overall % recoveries (means ± S.D.) of this study for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were 99.9 ± 3.29, 100.4 ± 11.7, 98.9 ± 5.94, and 100.3 ± 4.87, respectively. Limits of detection and limits of quantitation were 0.21, 0.06, 0.11, and 0.08 ng and 0.39, 0.14, 0.23, and 0.13 ng, respectively, for α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. Repeatability, reproducibility, and accuracy of the methods were excellent with % CVs for accuracy of 1.19 (α-T), 1.55 (γ-T), and 2.69 (δ-T). Accuracy was not acceptable for β-T due to its extremely low concentration in the peanut and because peak purity was not obtained for β-T. The method was applied to other seeds with good success. Major homologs were γ-T in peanuts, pecans, cashews, walnuts, and pistachio; α-T in almonds; and α-T3 in macadamia.

scholarly journals Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Bioactive Compounds by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction from Artichoke Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-666
Author(s):  
Izzet Turker ◽  
Hilal Isleroglu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Extraction Processes ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and classical extraction processes using distilled water as solvent from artichoke leaves which are considered as agricultural wastes. Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content values of the obtained bioactive extracts were determined, and extraction yields and times were evaluated to compare the extraction processes. Also, the optimum extraction conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (extraction time and ultrasonic power) which provide the highest extraction yield were determined using D-optimal design by ‘desirability’ function approach. According to the results, bioactive extracts having high antioxidant capacity were obtained at shorter times and higher extraction yields were achieved by ultrasonic-assisted extraction process than classical extraction. The highest extraction yield was estimated as 98.46% with an application of 20.05 minutes of extraction time and 65.02% of ultrasonic amplitude for the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process.

scholarly journals Optimasi Ekstraksi Berbantu Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Biji Melinjo Kerikil (Gnetum gnemon L., ‘Kerikil’) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Bambang Kunarto ◽  
Sutardi Sutardi ◽  
Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽  
Chairil Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Ultrasonic Bath ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction

Biji melinjo kerikil mengandung senyawa fenolik dan resveratrol sehingga berpotensi sebagai antioksidan, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan ekstraksi. Metoda ekstraksi konvensional (maserasi, perebusan, refluxing) mempunyai kelemahan yaitu terjadinya kerusakan senyawa fenolik akibat reaksi oksidasi, hidrolisis dan ionisasi selama proses ekstraksi. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil dilakukan menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbantu gelombang ultrasonik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk optimasi ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik yang dilakukan pada berbagai waktu ekstraksi, suhu ekstraksi dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol. Surface response methodology digunakan untuk optimasi kondisi ekstraksi. Biji melinjo kerikil diekstrak menggunakan ultrasonic bath pada frekuensi 40 kHz dengan berbagai suhu (25, 30, 35, 40, 45oC), waktu ekstraksi (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 menit) dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol (40, 50, 60, 70 80%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik adalah pada suhu 30,18oC, waktu 33,01 menit dan konsentrasi pelarut etanol 71,04%. Pada kondisi ini, diperoleh yield ekstrak 18,41 ± 0,01%, total fenolik 11,26 ± 0,06 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid 533,70 ± 0,18 mg CE/100g, resveratrol 7,64 ± 0, 03%, IC50 sebesar 59,52 ± 0,04 ppm dan reducing power 76,31 ± 0,08%. Sebagai kesimpulan, optimasi ekstraksi biji melinjo kerikil berbantu gelombang ultrasonik menggunakan response surface methodology ini cukup baik karena nilai respon yang sebenarnya sesuai dengan nilai respon yang diprediksi.Melinjo kerikil seeds contain phenolic and resveratrol compounds so that it has the potential as an antioxidant, therefore extraction needs to be done. Conventional extraction methods (maceration, boiling, refluxing) have the disadvantage of devasting phenolic compounds due to oxidation, hydrolysis and ionization reactions during the extraction process. Therefore, in this study the extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds done by using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The study aims to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds that be done at various extraction times, extraction temperatures and ethanol solvents concentrations. Response surface methodology was used to optimize experimental condition for extraction. Melinjo kerikil seeds were extracted by using ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 40 kHz with various temperatures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45oC), extraction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 minutes) and ethanol solvents concentrations (40, 50, 60, 70 80 %). The results showed that the optimum conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds were at a temperature of 30.18oC, a time of 33.01 minutes and an ethanol solvent concentration of 71.04%. In this condition, obtained the extract yield 18.41 ± 0.01%, total phenolic 11.26 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids 533.70 ± 0.18 mg CE/100g, resveratrol 7.64 ± 0,03%, IC50 in the amount of 59.52 ± 0.04 ppm and reducing power 76.31 ± 0.08%. As a conclusion, the optimization ultrasonic-assisted extraction of melinjo kerikil seeds by using response surface methodology is quite good because the actual response value is in accordance with the predicted response value.

Comparison of Different Extraction Methods for Antioxidant Property of Flavonoids from Pomelo Peel

2013 ◽  
Vol 652-654 ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao Mei Ru ◽  
Ru Fan Cai ◽  
Jin Zhe He
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Antioxidant Ability ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Pomelo Peel ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Different Levels

Antioxidant activity of the flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel obtained by conventional soxhlet extraction (CSE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction were investigated. For measuring antioxidant activities, different methods have been used corresponding to different levels of antioxidant action. The results indicated that the extraction yields of flavonoids by MAE and SC-CO2 extraction were higher than that by CSE method, whereas flavoniods by SC-CO2 extraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities. Our results indicated that SC-CO2 extraction method could effectively reserve the antioxidant ability of pomelo peel flavonoids.

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