scholarly journals Modeling Climate Change Impacts on Rangeland Productivity and Livestock Population Dynamics in Nkayi District, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2330
Author(s):  
Trinity S. Senda ◽  
Gregory A. Kiker ◽  
Patricia Masikati ◽  
Albert Chirima ◽  
Johan van Niekerk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Herbaceous Layer ◽  
Livestock Population ◽  
Co2 Effects ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Smallholder farmers in semi-arid areas depend on both cropping and livestock as the main sources of livelihoods. Rangeland productivity varies on both spatial and temporal scales and provides the major source of feed for livestock. Rangeland productivity is expected to decline with climate change thereby reducing livestock feed availability and consequently livelihoods that depend on livestock. This study was carried out to assess the impacts of climate change on rangeland productivity and consequently livestock population dynamics using a 30-year simulation modeling approach. The climate scenarios used in the simulations are built from the localized predictions by General Circulation Models (GCMs). The primary climate variables under consideration are rainfall (+/−7% change), carbon dioxide (CO2 up to 650 ppm) and temperature (+4 °C change). This was done by applying the SAVANNA ecosystem model which simulates rangeland processes and demographic responses of herbivores on a temporal and spatial scale using a weekly internal time step and monthly spatial and temporal outputs. The results show that rainfall levels of less than 600 mm/year have the largest negative effect on herbaceous biomass production. The amount of biomass from the woody layer does not change much during the year. The carbon dioxide (CO2) effects are more influential on the tree and shrub layers (C3 plants) than the herbaceous layer (C4 grasses). The CO2 effect was more dominant than the effects of rainfall and temperature. In the baseline simulations, the shrub plant layer increased significantly over 30 years while there is a three-fold increase in the woody plant layer (trees and shrubs) where biomass increased from a 1980 production to that of 2010. The biomass of the herbaceous layer was stable over the historical period (1980 to 2010) with values fluctuating between 200 and 400 g/m2. Grass green biomass has a variable distribution where most production occurred in the fields and cleared areas while lower levels of production were found in the forested areas. The spatial distribution of shrub green biomass was less directly linked to yearly rainfall. Shrub biomass was mostly found in forested areas, and it showed a steady increase in production. Cattle, donkey, and goat populations rose slowly from 1980 but the rise was disrupted by a dry period during the late 1980s to the early 1990s causing a decline in all populations primarily due to grass unavailability. The populations of cattle goats and donkeys started to rise again from 1995 onwards due to improvements in rainfall. Cattle and donkey populations were rising faster than that of goats while sheep population was not changing much for most of the simulation period, otherwise they declined significantly during the drought of 2002. Similar changes in simulated grass biomass (g/m2) were observed in almost all climate scenarios, except for the peak and low years. The livestock population simulation showed few variations in livestock population under all scenarios. The main conclusion from the study is that CO2 effects on rangeland productivity are much more dominant than the localized effects of rainfall and temperature. This has implications of favoring the growth of the tree and shrub layers over herbaceous layer, which meant that in the long run, the species that are able to use tree and shrub layers may be kept as a livelihood source as they will have a feed source.

scholarly journals Carbon Costs of Indonesian Forested Land Conversion to Oil Palm Plantations

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Walyoto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Carbon Costs ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Co2 Release

This article analyzes the loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) released in the forest conversion to oil palm plantations. This research data gathered from the relevant secondary data and relate published reports. This research finds that a loss of release of carbon dioxide (CO2) per hectare of US $ 9,800 with a carbon price of USD2 of US $ 14,000 carbon price of USD3 and US $ 19,600 in carbon price of USD4. In addition, this conversion also has a significant impact on global warming (GWP) and global climate change. Keywords: oil palm plantation, CO2 release, GWP, climate change. 

scholarly journals Climate change and agroecosystems: the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nereu Augusto Streck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) of the Earth´s atmosphere is increasing, which has the potential of increasing greenhouse effect and air temperature in the future. Plants respond to environment CO2 and temperature. Therefore, climate change may affect agriculture. The purpose of this paper was to review the literature about the impact of a possible increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on crop growth, development, and yield. Increasing CO2 concentration increases crop yield once the substrate for photosynthesis and the gradient of CO2 concentration between atmosphere and leaf increase. C3 plants will benefit more than C4 plants at elevated CO2. However, if global warming will take place, an increase in temperature may offset the benefits of increasing CO2 on crop yield.

scholarly journals Ocean Acidification: An Introduction

EDIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. Patterson ◽  
Lisa S. Krimsky
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Coastal Flooding ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Excess Carbon ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Ocean acidification (OA) generally refers to the ongoing decrease in ocean pH. Ocean acidification is caused primarily by the oceanic uptake of excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Other impacts related to climate change (increased sea level rise, coastal flooding and extreme weather events) often receive more attention than OA, but the acidification of the Earth’s oceans is well documented and is a major concern for the marine science community. This publication is the first in a series that addresses ocean acidification in Florida. It specifically explains the changes that are occurring to the chemistry of our coastal and oceanic waters because of elevated carbon dioxide levels. Additional publications address potential environmental, economic, and social implications for Florida.  

scholarly journals The Environmental Bias of Trade Policy*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph S Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
Nontariff Barriers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract This paper describes a new fact, then analyzes its causes and consequences: in most countries, import tariffs and nontariff barriers are substantially lower on dirty than on clean industries, where an industry’s “dirtiness” is defined as its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per dollar of output. This difference in trade policy creates a global implicit subsidy to CO2 emissions in internationally traded goods and so contributes to climate change. This global implicit subsidy to CO2 emissions totals several hundred billion dollars annually. The greater protection of downstream industries, which are relatively clean, substantially accounts for this pattern. The downstream pattern can be explained by theories where industries lobby for low tariffs on their inputs but final consumers are poorly organized. A quantitative general equilibrium model suggests that if countries applied similar trade policies to clean and dirty goods, global CO2 emissions would decrease and global real income would change little.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Common Greenhouse Gas Emissions by the Cyanobiont of the Azolla–Nostoc Symbiosis and Clues as to Nod Factors in Cyanobacteria

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilantha Gunawardana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Calvin Cycle ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Floating Macrophytes

Azolla is a genus of aquatic ferns that engages in a unique symbiosis with a cyanobiont that is resistant to cultivation. Azolla spp. are earmarked as a possible candidate to mitigate greenhouse gases, in particular, carbon dioxide. That opinion is underlined here in this paper to show the broader impact of Azolla spp. on greenhouse gas mitigation by revealing the enzyme catalogue in the Nostoc cyanobiont to be a poor contributor to climate change. First, regarding carbon assimilation, it was inferred that the carboxylation activity of the Rubisco enzyme of Azolla plants is able to quench carbon dioxide on par with other C3 plants and fellow aquatic free-floating macrophytes, with the cyanobiont contributing on average ~18% of the carboxylation load. Additionally, the author demonstrates here, using bioinformatics and past literature, that the Nostoc cyanobiont of Azolla does not contain nitric oxide reductase, a key enzyme that emanates nitrous oxide. In fact, all Nostoc species, both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic, are deficient in nitric oxide reductases. Furthermore, the Azolla cyanobiont is negative for methanogenic enzymes that use coenzyme conjugates to emit methane. With the absence of nitrous oxide and methane release, and the potential ability to convert ambient nitrous oxide into nitrogen gas, it is safe to say that the Azolla cyanobiont has a myriad of features that are poor contributors to climate change, which on top of carbon dioxide quenching by the Calvin cycle in Azolla plants, makes it an efficient holistic candidate to be developed as a force for climate change mitigation, especially in irrigated urea-fed rice fields. The author also shows that Nostoc cyanobionts are theoretically capable of Nod factor synthesis, similar to Rhizobia and some Frankia species, which is a new horizon to explore in the future.

scholarly journals EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (GRK) KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) KEGIATAN PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH KECAMATAN GENTENG KOTA SURABAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fina Binazir Maziya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Research Area ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Urban Waste ◽  
Urban Waste Management ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

ABSTRAKTimbulan sampah menghasilkan berbagai emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK), khususnya parameter karbondioksida (CO2) yang dilepas ke udara. Karbondioksida yang diemisikan dari kegiatan transportasi dan proses operasi pengelolaan sampah perkotaan merupakan komponen penting yang berkontribusi pada fenomena pemanasan global. Kota Surabaya dihuni oleh 3 juta jiwa dan menghasilkan sampah perkotaan sebanyak 1600 ton setiap hari. Hal tersebut menyebabkan tingginya beban Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Benowo dalam menerima input sampah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di beberapaTempat Penampungan Sementara (TPS) dengan metode purposive random sampling berdasarkan kebutuhan data yang mewakili area penelitian. Pengambilan sampel sampah dilakukan berdasarkan  Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 19-3964-1994. Perhitungan emisi dari data timbulan sampah yang telah diperoleh dilakukan dengan metode pendekatan Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC). Emisi GRK ditentukan berdasarkan kondisi eksisting sistem pengelolaan sampah di Kecamatan Genteng  Kota Surabaya. Sampah direduksi di sumber sampah melalui dua upaya, yaitu pengomposan dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam program bank sampah. Selanjutnya sampah juga direduksi di TPS oleh sector informal yang dalam hal ini merupakan pemulung di sekitar wilayah TPS. Hasil perhitungan emisi CO2 sektor persampahan di Kecamatan Genteng sebesar 1270 Ton/tahun. Hasil tersebut dari kegiatan penanganan sampah sebesar 1120 Ton/Tahun untuk sampah di TPA setelah dilakukan upaya minimalisasi. Selain itu juga dari emisi pengangkutan sampah menuju bank sampah (pengolahan) dan TPA sebesar 150 Ton/Tahun. Kata Kunci : Emisi, GRK, karbondioksida,sampah. ABSTRACTThe waste is generates a variety of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), especially carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the air. Carbon dioxide emitted from transportation activities and urban waste management processes is an important component that contributes to the phenomenon of global warming. The city of Surabaya had 3 million people and produces 1600 tons of urban waste every day. It has impact in the high burden of Benowo Final Processing Place (TPA) in receiving waste input. Sampling was conducted in several Temporary Shelter Sites (TPS) with purposive random sampling method based on the data requirement that represented the research area. Waste sampling had been done based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-3964-1994. The emission calculation of waste generation data is using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approach. GHG emission is determined based on the existing condition of waste management system in Kecamatan Genteng Kota Surabaya. Waste is reduced in waste sources through two efforts, composting and community participation in waste bank programs. Furthermore, waste is also reduced in TPS by the informal sector which in this case is a scavenger around the TPS area. The calculation of CO2 emissions from waste sector in Kecamatan Genteng is 1270 Ton / year. The result is from waste handling activity of 1120 Ton / Year for waste in TPA after minimization efforts. In addition, from waste transport emissions to waste banks (processing) and landfill of 150 Ton / Year. Keywords : Carbondioxside, emission, greenhousegases,waste.

scholarly journals Estimation of Biogas Generated in Two Landfills in South-Central Ecuador

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365
Author(s):  
Paulina Poma ◽  
Marco Usca ◽  
María Polanco ◽  
Theofilos Toulkeridis ◽  
Carlos Mestanza-Ramón
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
South Central ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The landfill is a final disposal technique to confine municipal solid waste (MSW), where organic matter is degraded generating leachate and biogas composed of methane gases (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases that contribute to global warming. The objective of the current research was to estimate the amount of biogas generated through the LandGEM 3.03 mathematical model to determine the amount of electrical energy generated and the number of homes that would be supplied with electrical energy from 2021 to 2144. As a result of the application, it was estimated that in the Pichacay landfill, the highest point of biogas generation in 2053 would be 76,982,177 (m3/year) that would generate 81,226,339.36 (kWh/year), and would supply 5083 homes with electricity. Similarly, in the Las Iguanas landfill, the highest point would be 693,975,228 (m3/year) of biogas that produces 73,223,5296.7 (kWh/year) and would supply electricity to 45,825 homes. Of the performed gas analyses in the Pichacay landfill in 2020, an average of 51.49% CH4, 40.35% CO2, 1.75% O2 and 17.8% H2S was presented, while in the Las Iguanas landfill, for 2020 and 2021, we obtained an average of 51.88/CH4, 36.62% CO2, 1.01% O2 and 187.58 ppm H2S. Finally, the biogas generated by being harnessed minimizes the impacts related to global warming and climate change and would contribute electricity to the nearby communities.

scholarly journals CAMBIAMENTI CLIMATICI: EVIDENZE SCIENTIFICHE, RISCHI ED OPPORTUNITÀ DI MITIGAZIONE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Giorgi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
Main Model

This contribution presents the various pieces of evidence which bring the scientific community to conclude that global warming is happening and it is mostly due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide and methane, deriving from the use of fossil fuels and some intensive agricultural practices. The main climatic changes associated with global warming are then discussed, along with the main model-derived future climate scenarios and the impacts that climate change can have on different socioeconomic sectors. Finally, the response policies to global warming are described, and in particular the concepts of adaptation and mitigaziotn (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions).

scholarly journals Manfaat Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) dalam Penyerapan Karbondioksida (CO2)

Perspektif ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
BUDI SANTOSO ◽  
ARINI HIDAYATI JAMIL ◽  
MOCH. MACHFUD
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

<p>ABSTRAK<br /><br />Kenaf merupakan tanaman penghasil serat alam yang memiliki banyak produk diversifikasi dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi dan ramah lingkungan. Kontribusi kenaf terhadap lingkungan juga dikenal melalui kemampuannya yang tinggi dalam menyerap karbondioksida. Karbondioksida (CO2) adalah gas penyumbang efek rumah kaca utama yang sebagiannya dihasilkan secara antropogenik. Penyimpanan karbon oleh tanaman menjadi salah satu langkah paling penting dalam mitigasi gas rumah kaca. Tingginya absorbsi karbondioksida oleh kenaf dipengaruhi oleh laju fotosintesis yang tinggi, meskipun kenaf termasuk dalam tumbuhan C3. Laju fotosintesis kenaf didukung oleh aktivitas RuBP karboksilase, konduktansi stomata, dan hasil biomasa tanaman yang tinggi. Laju fotosintesis kenaf mencapai 3-8 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan pohon dan tanaman C3 lainnya. Berdasarkan biomasa yang dihasilkan, kenaf siap panen umur 4-5 bulan menyimpan 2,9-12,1 ton C/ha atau menyerap 21-89 ton CO2/ha/tahun tergantung pada manajemen agronomi dan kondisi lingkungannya. Dengan luas lahan kenaf di Indonesia saat ini kurang lebih 3000 ha, maka serapan CO2 per tahun mencapai 63-267 ribu ton. Selain sebagai penyimpan karbon dalam waktu lama, beberapa produk diversifikasi kenaf seperti interior dan komponen mobil, peredam suara, serta pulp dan kertas juga turut berkontribusi mengurangi emisi CO2 melalui penghematan energi, serta mengurangi laju deforestasi dan emisi gas berbahaya lainnya. Pengembangan kenaf diharapkan mampu membantu pemerintah Indonesia dalam upaya menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca serta menyediakan bahan baku serat alam untuk kebutuhan industri yang ramah lingkungan.<br />Kata kunci: Kenaf, absorbsi karbondioksida<br /><br />ABSTRACT</p><p>Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Benefits in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration<br /><br />Kenaf is a natural fiber crop that have a lot of diversified products with high economic value and environmental functions. Kenaf contribution to the environment is also known through a high ability to absorb carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is the main anthropogenic contributor to the greenhouse effect. Carbon sequestration by plants became one of the most important steps to greenhouse gases mitigation. The high absorption of carbon dioxide by kenaf affected by the high photosynthetic rate, although kenaf belongs to the group of C3 plants. Kenaf photosynthetic rate supported by high RuBP carboxilase activity, high stomatal conductance, and high plant biomass production. Kenaf photosynthetic rate reaches 3-8 times higher than trees and other C3 plants. Based on biomass produced, kenaf ready for harvest on 4-5 months plant age saved 2,9-12,1 tonnes C/ha or absorb 21-89 tonnes CO2/ha/year depending on the agronomic management and environmental conditions. Nowadays, land area of kenaf in Indonesia is approximately 3000 ha, therefore the absorption of CO2 reaches about 63-267 million tonnes/year. As well as carbon sink in long time, some kenaf diversified products such as car interior and automobile components, sound absorber, and pulp and paper also contribute to reducing CO2 emissions through savings of energy and decreasing deforestation rate and other harmful gas emissions. Development of kenaf plantation is expected to help the Indonesian government in an effort to reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as providing the raw materials of natural fiber for environmentally friendly industrial raw materials.<br />Keywords : Hibiscus cannabinus L., carbon dioxide sequestration</p>

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