Overview of Clean Automotive Thermal Propulsion Options for India to 2030

This paper presents the evaluation of near-future advanced internal combustion engine technologies to reach near zero-emission in vehicles with in the Indian market. Extensive research was carried out to propose the rationalise the most promising, new ICE technologies which can be implemented in the vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions until the year 2030. A total of six technologies were considered that could be implemented in the Indian market. An initial market survey was carried out on the Indian automotive industry and electric vehicles in India, followed by an in-depth analysis and understanding of each technology through literature review. The main aim of the paper was to construct methods for a successful implementation of clean ICE technologies in the near future and to, also, predict a percentage reduction of CO2 tailpipe emissions from the vehicles. To do this, different objectives were laid out with a view to reducing the tailpipe CO2 emissions. Especially with the recent and legitimate focus on climate change in the world, this study aims to provide practical solutions pathway for India. Widespread research was carried out on all six technologies proposed within the automotive market in India and a set of main graphs represent CO2 emission reduction starting from 2020 until 2030. A significant reduction of CO2 was observed in the graph plot at the end of the paper and the technologies were successfully implemented for the Indian market to curb tailpipe CO2 emissions. A methodology based on calculating the vehicle fuel consumption was implemented and a graph was plotted showing the reduction of CO2 emissions until 2030. The starting point of the graph is 2020, when BS-VI comes into effect in India (April 2020). The CO2 limit taken into consideration here has been defined by the Government at 113 CO2 g/km. The paper fulfilled the aim of predicting the effects of implementing the technologies and the subsequent reductions of CO2 emissions for India.

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Evaluation of the Climate Impact Reduction Potential of the Water-Enhanced Turbofan (WET) Concept

Aerospace ◽

10.3390/aerospace8030059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Regina Pouzolz ◽

Oliver Schmitz ◽

Hermann Klingels

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Steam Injection ◽

Climate Impact ◽

Formation Mechanisms ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Impact Reduction ◽

Fuel Burn ◽

Starting Point ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Aviation faces increasing pressure not only to reduce fuel burn, and; therefore, CO2 emissions, but also to provide technical solutions for an overall climate impact minimization. To combine both, a concept for the enhancement of an aircraft engine by steam injection with inflight water recovery is being developed. The so-called Water-Enhanced Turbofan (WET) concept promises a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, and contrail formation. Representative missions for an A320-type aircraft using the proposed new engine were calculated. Applying a first-order one-dimensional climate assessment prospects the reduction of more than half of the Global Warming Potential over one hundred years, compared to an evolutionarily improved aero-engine. If CO2-neutrally produced sustainable aviation fuels are used, climate impact could be reduced by 93% compared to today’s aircraft. The evaluation is a first estimate of effects based on preliminary design studies and should provide a starting point for discussion in the scientific community, implying the need for research, especially on the formation mechanisms and radiation properties of potential contrails from the comparatively cold exhaust gases of the WET engine.

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Governance of the Chinese Super League

Sport Business and Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/sbm-11-2017-0070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 4-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yang Ma ◽

Markus Kurscheidt

Keyword(s):

Empirical Studies ◽

Organisational Change ◽

The Body ◽

Content Type ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Starting Point ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Government ◽

Governance Processes ◽

Super League

Purpose In 2017, the Chinese Super League (CSL), the first professional football division in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), became the highest-spending league in the international players’ transfer market, with a total spending of €377m. Moreover, the government of the PRC is backing the CSL with an ambitious football plan. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the governance of the CSL by questioning the organisational viability of the league. Design/methodology/approach In addition to the relevant international literature, this study is based on 14 recent scholarly articles published in Mandarin from 2013 to 2018 to reflect the national academic debate. Moreover, website research on all CSL clubs has been conducted. The institutional analysis follows the integrative change model of Cunningham (2002) complemented by agency and bureaucracy theory. Findings The CSL still faces substantial governance problems caused by the divergence of goal setting, organisational inefficiencies and compliance issues. The organisational change is notably constrained by internal competitive value commitments and external power dependency. Research limitations/implications The institutional findings on the CSL provide a starting point for empirical studies. The approach contributes to the theory of sport governance processes. Practical implications The material and insights are informative for decision makers to evaluate the competitiveness of the CSL. Originality/value This paper is the first international in-depth analysis of the governance of the CSL using the body of knowledge published in Mandarin.

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A Study of Potential Electric Motorcycle Use to Support a Low Carbon Society: Case of a Developing Asian City

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.541 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 931-932 ◽

pp. 541-545 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thaned Satiennam ◽

Wichuda Satiennam ◽

Phongphan Tankasem ◽

Piyanat Jantosut ◽

Jessadaporn Thengnamlee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emission ◽

Demand Forecasting ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Co2 Emission Reduction ◽

Vehicle Type ◽

The Future ◽

Demand Forecasting Model ◽

Reduction Of Co2 ◽

Near Future

The objective of this study is to explore the potential for electric motorcycles to support a developing Asian city to be a low carbon society. The study surveyed the attitudes of motorcyclists to determine the proportion of motorcyclists willing to use an electric motorcycle and also estimated the reduction of CO2 emission from the transport sector in Khon Kaen city, Thailand. The approach Bottom-Up2 by road network with the transport demand forecasting model and emission factors by vehicle type were used to calculate CO2 emissions for each road link. 16% of motorcyclists currently using gasoline motorcycles would be willing to use electric motorcycles in the near future. To evaluate CO2 emission reduction, the future condition with introduced electric motorcycles was compared to the future do-nothing condition in the same future year. The evaluation result reveals that the electric motorcycle introduction could reduce 2.4% of CO2 emitted by the transport sector from the future do-nothing condition.

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Biomethane use for automobiles towards a CO2-neutral energy system

Clean Energy ◽

10.1093/ce/zkab001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 124-140

Author(s):

Fabio Orecchini ◽

Adriano Santiangeli ◽

Fabrizio Zuccari

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Energy System ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Sustainable Mobility ◽

Production Distribution ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Abstract To pursue the goal of sustainable mobility, two main paths can be considered: the electrification of vehicles and the use of biofuels, replacing fossil fuels, in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. This paper proposes an analysis of different possible scenarios for automobiles towards a CO2-neutral energy system, in the path of the use of biofuels and the production, distribution and use of biomethane. The study, an update of work presented previously, focuses on different scenarios that take into account numerous parameters that affect the overall efficiency of the production-and-use process. A Well-to-Wheel analysis is used to estimate the primary energy savings and reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions compared both to the use of fossil-based methane and to other fuels and automotive technologies. In particular, the study shows that the Non-Renewable Primary Energy Consumption (NRPEC) for biomethane is slightly higher (+9%) than that of biodiesel, but significantly lower than those of all the other power trains analysed: –69% compared to the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and –55% compared to bioethanol. Compared to the use of fossil natural gas, the NRPEC is reduced to just over a third (2.81). With regard to CO2 emissions, biomethane has the lowest values: –69% compared to BEV, –176% compared to bioethanol and –124% with respect to biodiesel. Compared to the use of fossil natural gas, the CO2 emissions are reduced over a third (3.55). Moreover, the paper shows that biomethane can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles in Italy, proposing two different hypotheses: maximum production and minimum production. It is evident, therefore, that biomethane production can completely cover the consumption of fossil methane for vehicles: this means that the use of biomethane in the car can lead to a reduction in NRPEC equal to 28.9 × 106 GJ/year and a reduction of CO2 emissions equal to 1.9 × 106 t/year.

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Study on an Implementation Scheme of Synergistic Emission Reduction of CO2 and Air Pollutants in China’s Steel Industry

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11020352 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 352 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hui Li ◽

Xianchun Tan ◽

Jianxin Guo ◽

Kaiwei Zhu ◽

Chen Huang

Keyword(s):

Steel Industry ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Co2 Emission Reduction ◽

Marginal Abatement Costs ◽

Long Run ◽

Reduction Of Co2 ◽

Near Future

China’s steel industry is an energy-intensive sector. Synergistic reduction of emissions of CO2 and air pollutants (SO2, NOx, and PM2.5) in the steel industry has an important practical significance for climate change and air pollution control. According to the CO2 emission reduction intensity targets (CERO) and air pollutant emission targets (PERO) for 2020 and 2030, 28 types of energy-saving and emission reduction technologies (20 types of carbon reduction technology and eight types of air pollution end-of-pipe technology) were selected for examination, and a two-stage dynamic optimization model with collaborative implementation of PERO and CERO was built to assess the near future (2015–2020) and long-term (2020–2030) implementation plans for synergistic emissions reduction of CO2 and air pollutants. The results show that in the near future, the implementation of PERO will have a greater synergistic effect on CO2 emission reduction. CO2 emission reduction under PERO in 2020 will be 97 million tons (Mt) higher than that of CERO, an increase of nearly 26%. However, the effects of implementing CERO are better in the long run. Under CERO, the emission reductions of SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 in 2030 are 2.44 Mt, 1.47 Mt, and 0.86 Mt, respectively, and 7%, 4%, and 5% higher than the implementation of PERO. As far as marginal abatement cost is concerned, in the near future, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and air pollutant equivalents are 1.06 yuan/kgCO2 and 133 yuan/kg pollution equivalent (pe) under PERO, which are 23% and 11% lower than that of CERO, while in the long run, the marginal abatement costs of CO2 and pollutant equivalents under CERO are 0.025 yuan/kgCO2 and 2.73 yuan/kgpe, about 96% and 95% lower than that of PERO.

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A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

10.20944/preprints201705.0090.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fuad Un-Noor ◽

Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban ◽

Lucian Mihet-Popa ◽

Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah ◽

Eklas Hossain

Keyword(s):

Power System ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Optimization Techniques ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Transportation Sector ◽

Mode Of Transport ◽

Future Direction ◽

Near Future

Electric vehicles (EV) are getting more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system can face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration; but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of smart grid. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emission from the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before replacing the ICE vehicles totally. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, energy sources, motors, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector.

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Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao – Bangsamoro Republic

Journal of International Analytics ◽

10.46272/2587-8476-2019-0-1-2-65-73 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 65-73

Author(s):

Daria Panarina ◽

Kirill Petrov

Keyword(s):

The Philippines ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

The Past ◽

Peace Negotiations ◽

The Republic ◽

The Government ◽

Southern Island ◽

Terrorist Acts ◽

Near Future ◽

First Time

Since XV-th century, when first Muslim state has been formed at Mindanao island in the south of the Philippines, practically two very different societies had to co-exist on the territory of the country: Muslims and Filipinos. It created a problem ad numerous conflicts which have not been solved so far. The aggravation between the Filipinos and the inhabitants of the southern island of Mindanao, which occurred in the XX-th century, led to a series of peace negotiations and attempts to reach political consensus. The idea of creating an autonomous territory in Mindanao within the framework of the Republic of the Philippines was framed in the form of a law, repeatedly elaborated, implemented, but without much success. Over the past 22 years, disagreements and a threat to the security of the region preserved, and strong tensions remained between the government of the Philippines and the Islamic leaders of Mindanao. When President Duterte came to power, another attempt was made to resolve this conflict, and for the first time in many years, a law was ratified based on the results of the plebiscite. This law can become the basis for the successful implementation of the idea of autonomy of Mindanao. However, it should be noted that in the near future the likelihood of armed clashes, provocations and serious terrorist acts by the forces of extremist groups in Mindanao is quite high.

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Do Green Finance and Environmental Regulation Play a Crucial Role in the Reduction of CO2 Emissions? An Empirical Analysis of 126 Chinese Cities

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132313014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 13014

Author(s):

Fushuai Wang ◽

Wenxia Cai ◽

Ehsan Elahi

Keyword(s):

Panel Data ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Environmental Regulation ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Dynamic Panel Data ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Co2 Emission Reduction ◽

Green Finance ◽

Environmental Emissions ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Green finance and environmental regulation can reduce CO2 emissions and promote the sustainability of economic development. Based on panel data of 126 resource-based prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2017, the current study used a dynamic panel data model to empirically determine the CO2 emission reduction effects of different green finance instruments under different environmental regulatory intensities. The results showed that green finance tools had significant negative effects on the intensity of CO2 emissions, and green finance can adapt to environmental regulations of different intensities, which cooperated to promote carbon emission reduction. Moreover, in comparison, the debt-based green finance instrument had a stronger effect than the equity-based green finance instrument, and they did not show a coupling relationship. An administrative adjustment in green finance and environmental regulation is required to reduce environmental emissions and to improve sustainable development.

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CoViD-19 in Italy: a mathematical model to analyze the epidemic containment strategy and the economic impacts

10.1101/2020.05.28.20115790 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fabio Verachi ◽

Luca Trussoni ◽

Luciano Lanzi

Keyword(s):

Management Strategy ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Civil Protection ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Government Institutions ◽

Italian Government ◽

Starting Point ◽

Containment Strategy ◽

The Government ◽

Near Future

SummaryThe objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential costs deriving from the adoption of the CoViD-19 epidemic management strategy. For this purpose, we developed a specific methodology that combines an epidemiological model, known in the literature as “SIR” (Susceptible - Infected - Recovered), and a probabilistic state model, also known as “multi-state”. The model thus conceived was then parameterized using the dataset published by the Italian Government through the Civil Protection and the Istituto Superiore di Sanità. We therefore estimated the duration of the disease and the related costs, with reference to the strategy currently under discussion between government institutions and social organizations involved. Given the flexibility of the adopted approach, the tool will also be able to provide useful indications in relation to any alternative strategies that the Government could adopt in the near future, as well as being the starting point of an analysis of the epidemic indirect costs such as losses of GDP fractions.

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CONVERTING THE VEHICLE BY REPLACING THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny ◽

10.33868/0365-8392-2019-4-260-29-35 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 29-35

Author(s):

Oleksandr Gryshchuk ◽

Volodymyr Hladchenko ◽

Uriy Overchenko

Keyword(s):

Internal Combustion Engine ◽

Electric Vehicle ◽

Electric Motor ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Sales Forecasts ◽

Financial Investments ◽

Near Future

This article looks at some comparative statistics on the development and use of electric vehicles (hereinafter referred to as EM) as an example of sales and future sales forecasts for EM in countries that focus on environmental conservation. Examples of financial investments already underway and to be made in the near future by the largest automakers in the development and distribution of EM in the world are given. Steps are taken to improve the environmental situation in countries (for example, the prohibition of entry into the city center), the scientific and applied problem of improving the energy efficiency and environmental safety of the operation of wheeled vehicles (hereinafter referred to as the CTE). The basic and more widespread schemes of conversion of the internal combustion engine car (hereinafter -ICE) to the electric motor car (by replacing the gasoline or diesel electric motor), as well as the main requirements that must be observed for the safe use and operation of the electric vehicle. The problem is solved by justifying the feasibility of re-equipment of the KTZ by replacing the internal combustion engine with an electric motor. On the basis of the statistics collected by the State Automobile Transit Research Institute on the number of issued conclusions of scientific and technical expertise regarding the approval of the possibility of conversion of a car with an internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel) to a car with an electric motor (electric vehicle), the conclusions on the feasibility of such conclusion were made. Keywords: electricvehicles, ecological safety, electricmotor, statistics provided, car, vehicle by replacing.

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