scholarly journals Energy Consumption Evaluation of Active Tillage Machines Using Dynamic Modelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6240
Author(s):  
Zoltán Forgó ◽  
Ferenc Tolvaly-Roșca ◽  
Judit Pásztor ◽  
Attila Kovari
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Elementary Processes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
General Expectation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Work Done

Soil tillage is a very energy-intensive operation. A general expectation is to reduce energy consumption and reduce soil compaction with as few turns and interventions as possible. Thus, more and more attention is being paid to the use of active tillage machines. The aim of the present work is to test a new approach to optimize PTO-driven tilling machine operations regarding energy consumption. A real, active tillage machine, the MSS-140 type spading machine, was investigated in the Matlab® Simscape™ environment. The solid model of the spading machine was built using actual dimensions. The work done by a single spade is broken down into elementary processes. The acting forces on the implement, in each elementary process for different advancing speeds, were modelled and calculated. The model is suitable for illustrating the dynamics of loads and for calculating the mechanical work. The model was also tested in comparison with real fuel consumption. The consumed fuel quantity was measured and the energy requirement for the model calculated at three advancing speeds. A comparison between the measured and calculated energy consumption values was made: the calculated results are similar to the measured values; the mean difference is 9.91%, with a standard deviation 3.3%.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7865
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mahedi Hasan ◽  
Nikos Avramis ◽  
Mikaela Ranta ◽  
Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra ◽  
Mohamed El Baghdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Eco Features

The paper presents use case simulations of fleets of electric buses in two cities in Europe, one with a warm Mediterranean climate and the other with a Northern European (cool temperate) climate, to compare the different climatic effects of the thermal management strategy and charging management strategy. Two bus routes are selected in each city, and the effects of their speed, elevation, and passenger profiles on the energy and thermal management strategy of vehicles are evaluated. A multi-objective optimization technique, the improved Simple Optimization technique, and a “brute-force” Monte Carlo technique were employed to determine the optimal number of chargers and charging power to minimize the total cost of operation of the fleet and the impact on the grid, while ensuring that all the buses in the fleet are able to realize their trips throughout the day and keeping the battery SoC within the constraints designated by the manufacturer. A mix of four different types of buses with different battery capacities and electric motor specifications constitute the bus fleet, and the effects that they have on charging priority are evaluated. Finally, different energy management strategies, including economy (ECO) features, such as ECO-comfort, ECO-driving, and ECO-charging, and their effects on the overall optimization are investigated. The single bus results indicate that 12 m buses have a significant battery capacity, allowing for multiple trips within their designated routes, while 18 m buses only have the battery capacity to allow for one or two trips. The fleet results for Barcelona city indicate an energy requirement of 4.42 GWh per year for a fleet of 36 buses, while for Gothenburg, the energy requirement is 5 GWh per year for a fleet of 20 buses. The higher energy requirement in Gothenburg can be attributed to the higher average velocities of the bus routes in Gothenburg, compared to those of the bus routes in Barcelona city. However, applying ECO-features can reduce the energy consumption by 15% in Barcelona city and by 40% in Gothenburg. The significant reduction in Gothenburg is due to the more effective application of the ECO-driving and ECO-charging strategies. The application of ECO-charging also reduces the average grid load by more than 10%, while shifting the charging towards non-peak hours. Finally, the optimization process results in a reduction of the total fleet energy consumption of up to 30% in Barcelona city, while in Gothenburg, the total cost of ownership of the fleet is reduced by 9%.

scholarly journals A Fundamental Study on the Development of New Energy Performance Index in Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2064
Author(s):  
Jin-Hee Kim ◽  
Seong-Koo Son ◽  
Gyeong-Seok Choi ◽  
Young-Tag Kim ◽  
Sung-Bum Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

Recently, there have been significant concerns regarding excessive energy use in office buildings with a large window-to-wall ratio (WWR) because of the curtain wall structure. However, prior research has confirmed that the impact of the window area on energy consumption varies depending on building size. A newly proposed window-to-floor ratio (WFR) correlates better with energy consumption in the building. In this paper, we derived the correlation by analyzing a simulation using EnergyPlus, and the results are as follows. In the case of small buildings, the results of this study showed that the WWR and energy requirement increase proportionally, and the smaller the size is, the higher the energy sensitivity will be. However, results also confirmed that this correlation was not established for buildings approximately 3600 m2 or larger. Nevertheless, from analyzing the correlation between the WFR and the energy requirements, it could be deduced that energy required increased proportionally when the WFR was 0.1 or higher. On the other hand, the correlation between WWR, U-value, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and material property values of windows had little effect on energy when the WWR was 20%, and the highest effect was seen at a WWR of 100%. Further, with an SHGC below 0.3, the energy requirement decreased with an increasing WWR, regardless of U-value. In addition, we confirmed the need for in-depth research on the impact of the windows’ U-value, SHGC, and WWR, and this will be verified through future studies. In future studies on window performance, U-value, SHGC, visible light transmittance (VLT), wall U-value as sensitivity variables, and correlation between WFR and building size will be examined.

A new simpler approach to measure the strength of toe plantar flexion requiring no mechanical restraint with a light-weight device

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192110029
Author(s):  
Yuko Komuro ◽  
Yuji Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mechanical Restraint ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
The Mean

Conventionally, the strength of toe plantar flexion (STPF) is measured in a seated position, in which not only the target toe joints but also the knee and particularly ankle joints, are usually restrained. We have developed an approach for the measurement of STPF which does not involve restraint and considers the interactions of adjacent joints of the lower extremities. This study aimed to evaluate this new approach and comparing with the seated approach. A thin, light-weight, rigid plate was attached to the sole of the foot in order to immobilize the toe area. Participants were 13 healthy young women (mean age: 24 ± 4 years). For measurement of STPF with the new approach, participants were instructed to stand, raise the device-wearing leg slightly, plantar flex the ankle, and push the sensor sheet with the toes to exert STPF. The sensor sheet of the F-scan II system was inserted between the foot sole and the plate. For measurement with the seated approach, participants were instructed to sit and push the sensor with the toes. They were required to maintain the hip, knee, and ankle joints at 90°. The mean values of maximum STPF of the 13 participants obtained with each approach were compared. There was no significant difference in mean value of maximum STPF when the two approaches were compared (new: 59 ± 23 N, seated: 47 ± 33 N). The coefficient of variation of maximum STPF was smaller for data obtained with the new approach (new: 39%, seated: 70%). Our simple approach enables measurement of STPF without the need for the restraints that are required for the conventional seated approach. These results suggest that the new approach is a valid method for measurement of STPF.

Energy Consumption in Discrete Part Production

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devi K. Kalla ◽  
Samantha Corcoran ◽  
Janet Twomey ◽  
Michael Overcash
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Energy Data ◽  
Important Improvement ◽  
Drilling Unit ◽  
Cradle To Gate ◽  
Discrete Part ◽  
Manufacturing Machine

It is widely recognized that industrial production inevitably results in an environmental impact. Energy consumption during production is responsible for a part of this impact, but is often not provided in cradle-to-gate life cycles. Transparent description of the transformation of materials, parts, and chemicals into products is described herein as a means to improve the environmental profile of products and manufacturing machine. This paper focuses on manufacturing energy and chemicals/materials required at the machine level and provides a methodology to quantify the energy consumed and mass loss for simple products in a manufacturing setting. That energy data are then used to validate the new approach proposed by (Overcash et.al, 2009a, and 2009b) for drilling unit processes. The approach uses manufacturing unit processes as the basis for evaluating environmental impacts at the manufacturing phase of a product’s life cycle. Examining manufacturing processes at the machine level creates an important improvement in transparency which aids review and improvement analyses.

A new approach to analyse conditional demand: An application to Australian energy consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 105037
Author(s):  
Saroja Selvanathan ◽  
E.A. Selvanathan ◽  
Maneka Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
New Approach

Familial pseudohyperkalaemia: Inhibition of erythrocyte K+ efflux at 4°C by quinine

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. James ◽  
David Stansbie
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Inappropriate Treatment ◽  
The Mean

1. Mechanisms responsible for increased erythrocyte K+ efflux in vitro have been investigated in a patient with familial pseudohyperkalaemia. Mean net K+ efflux (4°C) was 108 nmol h−1 10−9 erythrocytes, seven times greater than the mean for controls (15.2 nmol h−1 10−9 erythrocytes). Net K+ efflux was not increased at 22°C or 37°C and losses at 4°C were reversed by subsequent incubation at 37°C. 2. Erythrocyte glucose consumption (4°C) was 14 nmol h−1 10−9 erythrocytes, similar to the mean for controls of 16.8 nmol h−1 10−9 erythrocytes. This suggests that the increased net K+ efflux (4°C) was not associated with abnormal energy consumption and was therefore unlikely to be due to an abnormality of the Na+, K+-pump. 3. Incubation of erythrocyte suspensions with ouabain (0.1 mmol/l) or frusemide (1 mmol/l) at 4°C or 37°C resulted in no differences in K+ efflux between patient and controls. Incubation with quinine (2 mmol/l), an inhibitor of the erythrocyte Ca2+-dependent K+ channel, reduced net K+ efflux at 4°C, but the effect persisted in Ca2+-depleted erythrocytes, implying that quinine was acting in a non-specific fashion. 4. Chemical pathologists and clinicians must be aware of this condition if inappropriate treatment of pseudohyperkalaemia is to be avoided.

scholarly journals A New Approach for Analyzing the Reliability of the Repair Facility in a Series System with Vacations

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Renbin Liu ◽  
Yong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Renewal Process ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Series System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Repair Facility

Based on the renewal process theory we develop a decomposition method to analyze the reliability of the repair facility in ann-unit series system with vacations. Using this approach, we study the unavailability and the mean replacement number during(0,t]of the repair facility. The method proposed in this work is novel and concise, which can make us see clearly the structures of the facility indices of a series system with an unreliable repair facility, two convolution relations. Special cases and numerical examples are given to show the validity of our method.

scholarly journals Copper and Lead Ions Removal by Electrocoagulation: Process Performance and Implications for Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-424
Author(s):  
Aji Prasetyaningrum ◽  
Dessy Ariyanti ◽  
Widayat Widayat ◽  
Bakti Jos
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Lead Ions ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Electroplating Wastewater ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process

Electroplating wastewater contains high amount of heavy metals that can cause serious problems to humans and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to remove heavy metals from electroplating wastewater. The aim of this research was to examine the electrocoagulation (EC) process for removing the copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) ions from wastewater using aluminum electrodes. It also analyzes the removal efficiency and energy requirement rate of the EC method for heavy metals removal from wastewater. Regarding this matter, the operational parameters of the EC process were varied, including time (20−40 min), current density (40−80 A/m2), pH (3−11), and initial concentration of heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals ions was analyzed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. The results showed that the concentration of lead and copper ions decreased with the increase in EC time. The current density was observed as a notable parameter. High current density has an effect on increasing energy consumption. On the other hand, the performance of the electrocoagulation process decreased at low pH. The higher initial concentration of heavy metals resulted in higher removal efficiency than the lower concentration. The removal efficiency of copper and lead ions was 89.88% and 98.76%, respectively, at 40 min with electrocoagulation treatment of 80 A/m2 current density and pH 9. At this condition, the specific amounts of dissolved electrodes were 0.2201 kg/m3, and the energy consumption was 21.6 kWh/m3. The kinetic study showed that the removal of the ions follows the first-order model.

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