scholarly journals Characterization of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7520
Author(s):  
Silvia Fischer ◽  
Elisabeth Deindl
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Endosomal Pathway

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players in the communication between different kinds of cells by delivering their content, consisting of different types of RNA, proteins, bioactive lipids, or signaling nucleotides, into their target cells. Several types of EVs are distinguished: (1) exosomes with sizes from 30 to 150 nm originate from the endosomal pathway and form intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which fuse to the plasma membrane before their secretion. (2) EVs with sizes ranging from 100 to 1000 nm in diameter are formed during cell surface budding. (3) Apoptotic bodies with diameters from 500 to 2000 nm are released from blebbing of the cell membrane of apoptotic cells. It is well established that various RNA molecules such as coding RNAs and noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, circular RNAs, and rRNAs) are present in different amounts in EVs depending on the type and origin of EV. Here we will give an overview of methods to isolate different types of EVs and to quantify and characterize different RNA species.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Endocrine Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita A. C. Pomatto ◽  
Chiara Gai ◽  
Maria Chiara Deregibus ◽  
Ciro Tetta ◽  
Giovanni Camussi
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Enzyme Degradation ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Complicated Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions

RNA molecules are essential and fine regulators of important biological processes. Their role is well documented also in the endocrine system, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing interest is arising about the function and the importance of noncoding RNAs shuttled by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In fact, EV membrane protects nucleic acids from enzyme degradation. Nowadays, the research on EVs and their cargoes, as well as their biological functions, faces the lack of standardization in EV purification. Here, the main techniques for EV isolation are discussed and compared for their advantages and vulnerabilities. Despite the possible discrepancy due to methodological variability, EVs and their RNA content are reported to be key mediators of intercellular communication in pathologies of main endocrine organs, including the pancreas, thyroid, and reproductive system. In particular, the present work describes the role of RNAs contained in EVs in pathogenesis and progression of several metabolic dysfunctions, including obesity and diabetes, and their related manifestations. Their importance in the establishment and progression of thyroid autoimmunity disorders and complicated pregnancy is also discussed. Preliminary studies highlight the attractive possibility to use RNAs contained in EVs as biomarkers suggesting their exploitation for new diagnostic approaches in endocrinology.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs in Vascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (9) ◽  
pp. 1127-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Jaé ◽  
Stefanie Dimmeler
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Different Types

The advent of deep sequencing technologies led to the identification of a considerable amount of noncoding RNA transcripts, which are increasingly recognized for their functions in controlling cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs have already been studied for a decade, leading to the identification of several vasculoprotective and detrimental species, which might be considered for therapeutic targeting. Other noncoding RNAs such as circular RNAs, YRNAs, or long noncoding RNAs are currently gaining increasing attention, and first studies provide insights into their functions as mediators or antagonists of vascular diseases in vivo. The present review article will provide an overview of the different types of noncoding RNAs controlling the vasculature and focus on the developing field of long noncoding RNAs.

scholarly journals Significance of Sex Differences in ncRNAs Expression and Function in Pregnancy and Related Complications

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Rosaria Varì ◽  
Beatrice Scazzocchio ◽  
Tiziana Filardi ◽  
Anna Citarella ◽  
Maria Bellenghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Fetal Sex ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function ◽  
In Pregnancy

In the era of personalized medicine, fetal sex-specific research is of utmost importance for comprehending the mechanisms governing pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. In recent times, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained increasing attention as critical players in gene regulation and disease pathogenesis, and as candidate biomarkers in human diseases as well. Different types of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), participate in every step of pregnancy progression, although studies taking into consideration fetal sex as a central variable are still limited. To date, most of the available data have been obtained investigating sex-specific placental miRNA expression. Several studies revealed that miRNAs regulate the (patho)-physiological processes in a sexually dimorphic manner, ensuring normal fetal development, successful pregnancy, and susceptibility to diseases. Moreover, the observation that ncRNA profiles differ according to cells, tissues, and developmental stages of pregnancy, along with the complex interactions among different types of ncRNAs in regulating gene expression, strongly indicates that more studies are needed to understand the role of sex-specific ncRNA in pregnancy and associated disorders.

scholarly journals The Past, the Present, and the Future of the Size Exclusion Chromatography in Extracellular Vesicles Separation

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2272
Author(s):  
Hussein Kaddour ◽  
Malik Tranquille ◽  
Chioma M. Okeoma
Keyword(s):  
Size Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Extracellular Milieu ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Single Vesicle

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles secreted by all cell types (including virus infected and uninfected cells) into the extracellular milieu. EVs carry, protect, and transport a wide array of bioactive cargoes to recipient/target cells. EVs regulate physiological and pathophysiological processes in recipient cells and are important in therapeutics/drug delivery. Despite these great attributes of EVs, an efficient protocol for EV separation from biofluids is lacking. Numerous techniques have been adapted for the separation of EVs with size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based methods being the most promising. Here, we review the SEC protocols used for EV separation, and discuss opportunities for significant improvements, such as the development of novel particle purification liquid chromatography (PPLC) system capable of tandem purification and characterization of biological and synthetic particles with near-single vesicle resolution. Finally, we identify future perspectives and current issues to make PPLC a tool capable of providing a unified, automated, adaptable, yet simple and affordable particle separation resource.

Characterization of three different types of extracellular vesicles and their impact on bacterial growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 272 ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siran Yu ◽  
Zhehao Zhao ◽  
Xiaoyan Xu ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Different Types

scholarly journals Different Types of Cellular Stress Affect the Proteome Composition of Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Mini Review

Proteomes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Abramowicz ◽  
Piotr Widłak ◽  
Monika Pietrowska
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Stressed Cells

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are well-known mediators of the cellular response to different stress factors, yet the exact mechanism of their action remains unclear. Hence, the characterization of their cargo, consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, and different classes of metabolites, helps to elucidate an understanding of their function in stress-related communication. The unexpected diversity and complexity of these vesicles requires the incorporation of multiple technologically advanced approaches in EV-oriented studies. This mini review focuses on the invaluable role of proteomics, especially mass spectrometry-based tools, in the investigation of the role of small EVs in their response to stress. Though relatively few experimental works address this issue to date, the available data indicate that stress conditions would affect the composition of protein cargo of vesicles released by stressed cells, as evidenced by the functional importance of such changes in the context of the response of recipient cells.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: A Therapeutic Option for Liver Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4255
Author(s):  
Stefania Bruno ◽  
Giulia Chiabotto ◽  
Giovanni Camussi
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Hepatocyte Proliferation ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Different Types

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of small membrane vesicles released by all types of cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs shuttle different types of molecules and are able to modify the behavior of target cells by various mechanisms of action. In this review, we have summarized the papers present in the literature, to our acknowledge, that reported the EV effects on liver diseases. EVs purified from serum, stem cells, and hepatocytes were investigated in different experimental in vivo models of liver injury and in particular of liver fibrosis. Despite the different EV origin and the different types of injury (toxic, ischemic, diet induced, and so on), EVs showed an anti-fibrotic effect. In particular, EVs had the capacities to inhibit activation of hepatic stellate cells, one of the major players of liver fibrosis development; to reduce inflammation and apoptosis; to counteract the oxidative stress; and to increase hepatocyte proliferation, contributing to reducing fibrosis and ameliorating liver function and morphology.

scholarly journals Micro RNAs are minor constituents of extracellular vesicles and are hardly delivered to target cells

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Albanese ◽  
Yen-Fu Adam Chen ◽  
Corinna Hüls ◽  
Kathrin Gärtner ◽  
Takanobu Tagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Mrna Targets ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Different Types

ABSTRACTMammalian cells release different types of vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) with an apparent potential to deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells to affect the stability of individual mRNAs and the cells’ transcriptome. The extent to which miRNAs are exported via the EV route and whether they contribute to cell-cell communication are controversial. To address these issues, we analyzed the capacity of EVs to deliver packaged miRNAs into target cells and to exert biological functions. We applied well-defined approaches to produce and characterize purified EVs with or without specific viral miRNAs. We found that only a small fraction of EVs carried miRNAs. EVs readily bound to different target cell types, but there was no EV-cell membrane fusion or delivery of cargo. Importantly, the functionality of cells exposed to miRNA-carrying EVs was not affected. These results suggest EV-borne miRNAs do not act as effectors and question their relevancy in paracrine cell-to-cell communication.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe majority of metazoan cells release vesicles of different types and origins, such as exosomes and microvesicles, now collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have gained much attention because they contain microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus could regulate their specific mRNA targets in recipient or acceptor cells that take up EVs. Using a novel fusion assay with superior sensitivity and specificity, we revisited this claim but found no convincing evidence for an efficient functional uptake of EVs in many different cell lines and primary human blood cells. Even EVs engineered to fuse and deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells had no measurable effect on target mRNAs in very carefully controlled, quantitative experiments. Our negative results clearly indicate that EVs do not act as vehicles for miRNA-based cell-to-cell communication.

scholarly journals A perspective on the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from different biofluids

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (32) ◽  
pp. 19598-19615
Author(s):  
Reshma Bano ◽  
Farhan Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Mohsin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Apoptotic Bodies ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Different Types

Isolation and detection methods for the different types of EVs (e.g., exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, oncosomes) from biofluids.

Current Perspectives on Delivery Systems Using Extracellular Vesicles in Neurological Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 764-771
Author(s):  
Phuong H.L. Tran ◽  
Wei Duan ◽  
Beom-Jin Lee ◽  
Thao T.D. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules

: Extracellular vesicles have an excellent ability to transfer their contents to cells. Extracellular vesicles can also be engineered to deliver therapeutic molecules to target cells. Although a number of studies have exploited synthesized nanoparticles in the treatment of neurological disease in the past few years, extracellular vesicles have been investigated and shown tremendous promise for clinical applications because they are safe and have strong targeting specificity. Different types of extracellular vesicles have been studied and modified for delivering therapeutic factors in neurological disease, including extracellular vesicles loaded with natural therapeutic factors and therapeutic molecules. In this review, we discuss delivery systems using extracellular vesicles containing molecules of interest and then focus on main strategies used for EV loading and surface modification. Discussing these important issues will support and facilitate the design and development of promising techniques and products for neurological therapy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document