Different Types of Cellular Stress Affect the Proteome Composition of Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Mini Review

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are well-known mediators of the cellular response to different stress factors, yet the exact mechanism of their action remains unclear. Hence, the characterization of their cargo, consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, and different classes of metabolites, helps to elucidate an understanding of their function in stress-related communication. The unexpected diversity and complexity of these vesicles requires the incorporation of multiple technologically advanced approaches in EV-oriented studies. This mini review focuses on the invaluable role of proteomics, especially mass spectrometry-based tools, in the investigation of the role of small EVs in their response to stress. Though relatively few experimental works address this issue to date, the available data indicate that stress conditions would affect the composition of protein cargo of vesicles released by stressed cells, as evidenced by the functional importance of such changes in the context of the response of recipient cells.

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Metabolomics, a Powerful Tool for Understanding Plant Abiotic Stress

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050824 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 824

Author(s):

Fredy P. Carrera ◽

Carlos Noceda ◽

María G. Maridueña-Zavala ◽

Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

High Salinity ◽

Living Organism ◽

Resistance Strategies ◽

Response To Stress ◽

Biochemical State ◽

Plant Abiotic Stress

Metabolomics is a technology that generates large amounts of data and contributes to obtaining wide and integral explanations of the biochemical state of a living organism. Plants are continuously affected by abiotic stresses such as water scarcity, high temperatures and high salinity, and metabolomics has the potential for elucidating the response-to-stress mechanisms and develop resistance strategies in affected cultivars. This review describes the characteristics of each of the stages of metabolomic studies in plants and the role of metabolomics in the characterization of the response of various plant species to abiotic stresses.

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Cellular response and extracellular vesicles characterization of human macrophages exposed to fine atmospheric particulate matter

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 254 ◽

pp. 112933 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Perrine J. Martin ◽

Amélie Héliot ◽

Gauthier Trémolet ◽

Yann Landkocz ◽

Dorothée Dewaele ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽

Atmospheric Particulate ◽

Human Macrophages

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Pain and Headache

10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

E. Lee Murray ◽

Karl E. Misulis

Keyword(s):

Pain Management ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Different Types

Pain can be classified into different types that have anatomic, physiologic, and symptomatic distinctions. Localization and characterization of the pain are essential to diagnosis. The role of the hospital neurologist in pain management is usually twofold: identify the source of the pain and advise on effective treatment.

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The Role of Sumoylation in the Response to Hypoxia: An Overview

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9112359 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 2359 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chrysa Filippopoulou ◽

George Simos ◽

Georgia Chachami

Keyword(s):

Cellular Response ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

Covalent Attachment ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

Different Types ◽

Cancer Tumor ◽

Molecular Therapeutic ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

The Way

Sumoylation is the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to a vast variety of proteins in order to modulate their function. Sumoylation has emerged as an important modification with a regulatory role in the cellular response to different types of stress including osmotic, hypoxic and oxidative stress. Hypoxia can occur under physiological or pathological conditions, such as ischemia and cancer, as a result of an oxygen imbalance caused by low supply and/or increased consumption. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), and the proteins that regulate their fate, are critical molecular mediators of the response to hypoxia and modulate procedures such as glucose and lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and, in the case of cancer, tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the sumoylation-dependent mechanisms that are activated under hypoxia and the way they influence key players of the hypoxic response pathway. As hypoxia is a hallmark of many diseases, understanding the interrelated connections between the SUMO and the hypoxic signaling pathways can open the way for future molecular therapeutic interventions.

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On the Role of Characterization in the Design of Interfaces in Nanoscale Materials Technology

Microscopy and Microanalysis ◽

10.1017/s1431927604040504 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 324-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S.P. Ringer ◽

K.R. Ratinac

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Atom Probe ◽

Turbine Rotor ◽

Clay Nanocomposites ◽

Multimodal Approach ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Different Types ◽

And Control

This work reviews recent research on the design and control of interfaces in engineering nanomaterials. Four case studies are presented that demonstrate the power of a multimodal approach to the characterization of different types of interfaces. We have used a combination of conventional, high resolution, and analytical transmission electron microscopy, microbeam electron diffraction, and three-dimensional atom probe to study polymer–clay nanocomposites, turbine rotor steels used for power generation, multicomponent aluminum alloys, and nanocrystalline magnetic materials.

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(a-)Topics and animacy

Glossa a journal of general linguistics ◽

10.16995/glossa.5711 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adriana Belletti ◽

Claudia Manetti

Keyword(s):

Left Periphery ◽

Null Subjects ◽

Object A ◽

Syntactic Movement ◽

Relativized Minimality ◽

Production Experiment ◽

Different Types ◽

Mismatch Condition

The aim of this paper is twofold: first, we intend to contribute to the debate on the identification of the features to which syntactic locality expressed in terms of the featural Relativized Minimality/fRM principle appears to be sensitive (Rizzi 2004; Friedmann, Belletti & Rizzi 2009); second, we aim at providing a better characterization of the distributional and interpretive properties of the process of a-marking in the Topic position of the Italian left periphery identified by syntactic cartography, in relation to (in)animacy (Belletti & Manetti 2018). To these aims, we examined the role of animacy in a production experiment eliciting left dislocated topics with 5-year-old children. To the extent that a-marking is related to a kind of affectedness of object topics (Belletti 2018a), we examined whether an inanimate left dislocated object could constitute a felicitous a-Topic. Furthermore, the question whether complexity effects are modulated in the computation of fRM in an animacy mismatch condition (between an inanimate left dislocated object and an intervening (animate) lexical subject) is also addressed within the context of ClLDs. Our results show that, in the tested animacy mismatch condition, children seldom a-marked the pre-posed object. Instead, they appeared to creatively explore other solutions to overcome the production of the hard intervention structure, mainly using null subjects. As children are not ready to compute the intervention configuration with a lexical preverbal subject, but could not naturally adjust it through a-marking of the inanimate topic, they ended up opting for different types of productions in which intervention was eliminated. If the animacy feature seems to be implicated in the process of a-marking to some extent, it is not a feature to which the fRM principle is sensitive in building the object A’-dependency in ClLD: we conclude, in line with previous work, that animacy is not among the features implicated in triggering syntactic movement (in Italian).

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Role of Extracellular Vesicles on Cancer Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.721785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Linlin Wang ◽

Ling Li ◽

Guiquan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Lymph Node Metastasis ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Node Metastasis ◽

Tumor Lymphangiogenesis ◽

Different Types

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) of tumors is an established indicator of poor prognosis in patients. Tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis is a key step in LNM and has gained much attention. However, currently, there is no anti-tumor lymphangiogenesis drug used in clinical practice. Recently, studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown that different types of cells in the tumor microenvironment can release EVs that encapsulate a variety of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. Lymph endothelial cells (LECs) regulate tumor lymphangiogenesis through the uptake of EVs packed with different biologically active contents. In this review, we will discuss the possible mechanisms by which EVs participate in the regulation of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and LNM, summarize the potential value of EVs that can be used as biomarkers for the determination of tumor LNM, and indicate the potential anti-tumor lymphangiogenesis therapy.

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Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2020.604274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua P. Nederveen ◽

Geoffrey Warnier ◽

Alessia Di Carlo ◽

Mats I. Nilsson ◽

Mark A. Tarnopolsky

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Exercise Science ◽

Purification And Characterization ◽

Exercise Response ◽

Response To Exercise

The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or ‘exerkines’). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or ‘mediators’ of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.

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Metabolomic Profile of Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles across the Estrous Cycle in Cattle

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20246339 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (24) ◽

pp. 6339 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Julie Gatien ◽

Pascal Mermillod ◽

Guillaume Tsikis ◽

Ophélie Bernardi ◽

Sarah Janati Idrissi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Estrous Cycle ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Early Embryo ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Metabolomic Profiling ◽

Late Luteal Phase

Oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) have been proposed as key modulators of gamete/embryo maternal interactions. The aim of this study was to examine the metabolite content of oEVs and its regulation across the estrous cycle in cattle. Oviductal EVs were isolated from bovine oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to ovulation at four stages of the estrous cycle (post-ovulatory stage, early and late luteal phases, and pre-ovulatory stage). The metabolomic profiling of EVs was performed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). NMR identified 22 metabolites in oEVs, among which 15 were quantified. Lactate, myoinositol, and glycine were the most abundant metabolites throughout the estrous cycle. The side relative to ovulation had no effect on the oEVs’ metabolite concentrations. However, levels of glucose-1-phosphate and maltose were greatly affected by the cycle stage, showing up to 100-fold higher levels at the luteal phase than at the peri-ovulatory phases. In contrast, levels of methionine were significantly higher at peri-ovulatory phases than at the late-luteal phase. Quantitative enrichment analyses of oEV-metabolites across the cycle evidenced several significantly regulated metabolic pathways related to sucrose, glucose, and lactose metabolism. This study provides the first metabolomic characterization of oEVs, increasing our understanding of the potential role of oEVs in promoting fertilization and early embryo development.

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MicroRNA-Based Combinatorial Cancer Therapy: Effects of MicroRNAs on the Efficacy of Anti-Cancer Therapies

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells9010029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hyun Ah Seo ◽

Sokviseth Moeng ◽

Seokmin Sim ◽

Hyo Jeong Kuh ◽

Soo Young Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Therapeutic Resistance ◽

Cancer Therapies ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Different Types ◽

Therapeutic Responses

The susceptibility of cancer cells to different types of treatments can be restricted by intrinsic and acquired therapeutic resistance, leading to the failure of cancer regression and remission. To overcome this problem, a combination therapy has been proposed as a fundamental strategy to improve therapeutic responses; however, resistance is still unavoidable. MicroRNA (miRNAs) are associated with cancer therapeutic resistance. The modulation of dysregulated miRNA levels through miRNA-based therapy comprising a replacement or inhibition approach has been proposed to sensitize cancer cells to other anti-cancer therapies. The combination of miRNA-based therapy with other anti-cancer therapies (miRNA-based combinatorial cancer therapy) is attractive, due to the ability of miRNAs to target multiple genes associated with the signaling pathways controlling therapeutic resistance. In this article, we present an overview of recent findings on the role of therapeutic resistance-related miRNAs in different types of cancer. We review the feasibility of utilizing dysregulated miRNAs in cancer cells and extracellular vesicles as potential candidates for miRNA-based combinatorial cancer therapy. We also discuss innate properties of miRNAs that need to be considered for more effective combinatorial cancer therapy.

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