scholarly journals Relationship between the Somatosensory Cortex Morphology, Cutaneous Allodynia, and Clinical Features of Patients with Migraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11358
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ferreira Carvalho ◽  
Nicoly Machado Maciel ◽  
Eduardo Arruda ◽  
Carina Ferreira Pinheiro ◽  
Natália Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Migraine Frequency ◽  
Cutaneous Allodynia ◽  
Correlation Tests ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Migraine Onset

Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of brain alterations in patients with migraine. Functional and vascular changes in the brain are related to the presence and severity of cutaneous allodynia. However, the association between brain structural changes and cutaneous allodynia has not been yet investigated in patients with migraine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the severity of cutaneous allodynia, migraine features, and the thickness and volume of the somatosensory cortex. Forty-five patients with migraine, with and without aura and chronic migraine, were included. Volunteers filled out the Allodynia Symptom Questionnaire (ASC-12/Brazil) and were evaluated via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The images were inspected by a blinded neuroradiologist and analyzed with Freesurfer software. Correlation tests and a linear regression model were used to evaluate the relationship among the outcomes. The somatosensory cortex thickness and volume were not different among migraine subgroups (p > 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the somatosensory thickness and volume with the ASC-12/Brazil, migraine frequency, intensity, migraine onset or aura frequency. The ASC-12/Brazil score variability cannot be predicted by the somatosensory cortex thickness or volume. The results show that the somatosensory cortex morphology is neither associated with cutaneous allodynia nor with migraine features among migraineurs.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Level of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Metabolites, Brain-Periphery Redox Imbalance, and the Clinical State of Patients with Schizophrenia and Personality Disorders

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Amira Bryll ◽  
Wirginia Krzyściak ◽  
Paulina Karcz ◽  
Natalia Śmierciak ◽  
Tamas Kozicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Redox Imbalance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder whose course varies with periods of deterioration and symptomatic improvement without diagnosis and treatment specific for the disease. So far, it has not been possible to clearly define what kinds of functional and structural changes are responsible for the onset or recurrence of acute psychotic decompensation in the course of schizophrenia, and to what extent personality disorders may precede the appearance of the appropriate symptoms. The work combines magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging with clinical evaluation and laboratory tests to determine the likely pathway of schizophrenia development by identifying peripheral cerebral biomarkers compared to personality disorders. The relationship between the level of metabolites in the brain, the clinical status of patients according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision ICD-10, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), and biochemical indices related to redox balance (malondialdehyde), the efficiency of antioxidant systems (FRAP), and bioenergetic metabolism of mitochondria, were investigated. There was a reduction in the level of brain N-acetyl-aspartate and glutamate in the anterior cingulate gyrus of patients with schisophrenia compared to the other groups that seems more to reflect a biological etiopathological factor of psychosis. Decreased activity of brain metabolites correlated with increased peripheral oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde MDA) associated with decreased efficiency of antioxidant systems (FRAP) and the breakdown of clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia in the course of psychotic decompensation compared to other groups. The period of untreated psychosis correlated negatively with glucose value in the brain of people with schizophrenia, and positively with choline level. The demonstrated differences between two psychiatric units, such as schizophrenia and personality disorders in relation to healthy people, may be used to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia compared to other heterogenous psychopathology in the future. The collapse of clinical symptoms of patients with schizophrenia in the course of psychotic decompensation may be associated with the occurrence of specific schizotypes, the determination of which is possible by determining common relationships between changes in metabolic activity of particular brain structures and peripheral parameters, which may be an important biological etiopathological factor of psychosis. Markers of peripheral redox imbalance associated with disturbed bioenergy metabolism in the brain may provide specific biological factors of psychosis however, they need to be confirmed in further studies.

scholarly journals Amygdala Changes in Chronic Insomnia and Their Association with Sleep and Anxiety Symptoms: Insight from Shape Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Gong ◽  
Tianzhi Liao ◽  
Duan Liu ◽  
Qiuhua Luo ◽  
Ronghua Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Chronic Insomnia ◽  
Insomnia Disorder ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Amygdala Volume ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are common comorbidities associated with chronic insomnia disorder (CID). However, the underlying neural mechanisms of these comorbidities are still not clear. The present study is aimed at investigating structural changes in the amygdala of CID patients using surface-based shape analysis. A total of 65 medication-naive patients with CID and 55 healthy controls (HCs) matched for age, sex, and years of education were enrolled in this study and were subjected to structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) created an Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST) that was employed in this study to assess the volumetric and surface alterations in patients with CID. Shape correlations between the amygdala and clinical features were also analyzed. Atrophic changes in the amygdala were observed at the local level, not for the entire amygdala volume. The left atrophic changes in the amygdala were in the superficial and basolateral nuclei while right atrophic changes were in the basolateral nuclei in CID patients. Insomnia severity was associated with the centromedial right amygdala while anxiety was linked with the basolateral nuclei. These findings indicate localized amygdala atrophy in CID. Separate amygdala regions are associated with insomnia and anxiety in CID. This evidence helps elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the bidirectional relationship between insomnia and anxiety.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Type 2 Diabetes and White Matter Hyperintensity: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan-Qiong Wang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Miao-Miao Wei ◽  
Xiao-Shuang Xia ◽  
Xiao-Lin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensity ◽  
Diabetic Microangiopathy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

White matter (WM) disease is recognized as an important cause of cognitive decline and dementia. White matter lesions (WMLs) appear as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain. Previous studies have shown that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with WMH. In this review, we reviewed the literature on the relationship between T2DM and WMH in PubMed and Cochrane over the past five years and explored the possible links among the presence of T2DM, the course or complications of diabetes, and WMH. We found that: (1) Both from a macro- and micro-scopic point of view, most studies support the relationship of a larger WMH and a decrease in the integrity of WMH in T2DM; (2) From the relationship between brain structural changes and cognition in T2DM, the poor performance in memory, attention, and executive function tests associated with abnormal brain structure is consistent; (3) Diabetic microangiopathy or peripheral neuropathy may be associated with WMH, suggesting that the brain may be a target organ for T2DM microangiopathy; (4) Laboratory markers such as insulin resistance and fasting insulin levels were significantly associated with WMH. High HbA1c and high glucose variability were associated with WMH but not glycemic control.

Electrical and Vascular Concomitants of Spreading Depression

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Van Harreveld ◽  
Sidney Ochs
Keyword(s):  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Potential Change ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Convulsive Activity ◽  
Slow Potential ◽  
Narrow Region ◽  
Transport Of Ions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Spreading depression is accompanied by a slow potential change, a drop in cortical conductivity and by vascular changes. The latter were investigated in histological preparations of cortex frozen while a spreading depression was in progress. In the cat and rabbit a broad wave of vasodilatation was observed. In the rabbit this appeared to be preceded by a narrow region of vasoconstriction. Spreading depression can be changed into spreading convulsive activity by administering CO2 in the respiratory air (7–12%). CO2 markedly decreased the drop in cortical conductivity but affected the magnitude of the slow potential change only moderately. It is postulated that both the conductivity drop during spreading depression and a similar drop observed after asphyxiation of the brain are caused by a transport of ions from the intercellular compartment into cortical cellular elements. The relationship between the slow potential change, conductivity drop, vascular changes and the changes in the electrocorticogram during spreading depression is discussed.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Cognition and Cerebrovascular Reactivity: Implications for Task-Based fMRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Williams ◽  
M. Ethan MacDonald ◽  
Erin L. Mazerolle ◽  
G. Bruce Pike
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Elucidating the brain regions and networks associated with cognitive processes has been the mainstay of task-based fMRI, under the assumption that BOLD signals are uncompromised by vascular function. This is despite the plethora of research highlighting BOLD modulations due to vascular changes induced by disease, drugs, and aging. On the other hand, BOLD fMRI-based assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is often used as an indicator of the brain's vascular health and has been shown to be strongly associated with cognitive function. This review paper considers the relationship between BOLD-based assessments of CVR, cognition and task-based fMRI. How the BOLD response reflects both CVR and neural activity, and how findings of altered CVR in disease and in normal physiology are associated with cognition and BOLD signal changes are discussed. These are pertinent considerations for fMRI applications aiming to understand the biological basis of cognition. Therefore, a discussion of how the acquisition of BOLD-based CVR can enhance our ability to map human brain function, with limitations and potential future directions, is presented.

scholarly journals Localisation in PET Images: Direct Fitting of the Intercommissural (AC—PC) Line

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Friston ◽  
R. E. Passingham ◽  
J. G. Nutt ◽  
J. D. Heather ◽  
G. V. Sawle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Total Brain ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Line Passing ◽  
Occipital Pole ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

A technique is described for estimating the position of the intercommisural line (AC–PC line) directly from landmarks on positron emission tomographic (PET) images, namely the ventral aspects of the anterior and posterior corpus callosum, the thalamus, and occipital pole. The relationship of this estimate to the true AC–PC line, fitted through the centres of the anterior and posterior commissures, showed minimal vertical and angular displacement when measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Using regression analysis, the ease and reliability of fitting to these points was found to be high. This directly derived AC–PC line estimate was validated in terms of the assumptions used in the method of Fox et al. The ratio of distance between the AC–PC line and a line passing through the base of the inion (GI line) to total brain height was 0.21, as predicted. The technique has been further validated by localizing focal activation of the sensorimotor cortex. The technique is discussed in terms of absolute limits to localization of structures in the brain using noninvasive tomographic techniques in general and PET in particular.

Association between Quantitative MR Markers of Cortical Evolving Organization and Gene Expression during Human Prenatal Brain Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Vasung ◽  
Chenying Zhao ◽  
Matthew Barkovich ◽  
Caitlin K Rollins ◽  
Jennings Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Quantitative Mr ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Abstract The relationship between structural changes of the cerebral cortex revealed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and gene expression in the human fetal brain has not been explored. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that relative regional thickness (a measure of cortical evolving organization) of fetal cortical compartments (cortical plate [CP] and subplate [SP]) is associated with expression levels of genes with known cortical phenotype. Mean regional SP/CP thickness ratios across age measured on in utero MRI of 25 healthy fetuses (20–33 gestational weeks [GWs]) were correlated with publicly available regional gene expression levels (23–24 GW fetuses). Larger SP/CP thickness ratios (more pronounced cortical evolving organization) was found in perisylvian regions. Furthermore, we found a significant association between SP/CP thickness ratio and expression levels of the FLNA gene (mutated in periventricular heterotopia, congenital heart disease, and vascular malformations). Further work is needed to identify early MRI biomarkers of gene expression that lead to abnormal cortical development.

scholarly journals Structural Changes in the Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Corpus Callosum in Migraine Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berin T Demir ◽  
Nezihe A Bayram ◽  
Zübeyde Ayturk ◽  
Hüsamettin Erdamar ◽  
Pelin Seven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Images ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Faculty Department ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the relationship among the cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum in migraine patients. Methods: This work was conducted with cooperation of the Turgut Özal Medical Faculty, Department of Anatomy and Neurology. Migraine patients were divided into four groups: new patients; 1-5 years; 5-10 years; and, more than 10 years. All patients (n=75) and control subjects (n=20) underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and brain images were processed by ONIS and Image J. Data were analyzed using the planimetric method. Results: Cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum volume were calculated for all subjects. The footprints of the callosum were as follows: healthy control subjects, new patients and 1-year patients: 12.8%, 5 years: 11.7% and more than 10 years: 10.7%. The cerebrum volume was as follows: healthy control subjects: 1152 cm3, 5-10 years: 1102 cm3 and more than 10 years: 1002 cm3. Discussion: The results of our study showed atrophy in the cerebrum, cerebellum and corpus callosum of chronic migraine patients. This atrophy was greater in the patients with aura migraines. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that a migraine is an episodic disease that seriously affects the CNS.

scholarly journals OCT STUDIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 769-777
Author(s):  
Ushna Usman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Background: Schizophrenia is a detrimental neurodevelopmental disorder that affects nearly 1 % of the population worldwide. Although schizophrenia ranks among the leading causes of global disease-related disability, definitive investigations do not exist for its diagnosis at present. Since the retina is derived from the same neural layer that the brain develops from, OCT imaging of retina can provide valuable information regarding underlying pathology of schizophrenia. Objectives: This review aims at describing the potential relevance of OCT studies 1) in understanding current insights into retinal structural changes in schizophrenia 2) in understanding the relationship between retinal structural alterations and disease progression and chronicity 3) and to determine the potential role of retinal changes as biomarkers of schizophrenia. Methodology: A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline was conducted using the keywords: schizophrenia, retina, OCT and RNFL changes. Relevant articles were identified and their key findings summarized in this review. Conclusion: OCT studies in schizophrenia patients conducted in recent years continue to provide evidence of retinal structural alterations associated with schizophrenia. However, the findings of these studies vary and there is a need to conduct further studies for clarification regarding the subject. The application of OCT and other neuroimaging techniques to correlate retinal structural alterations with schizophrenia may potentially help establish the role of retinal variables as biomarkers for the disease, and may open a gateway for better diagnostic investigations in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Accelerated cortical thinning correlates with early signs of depression

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

The brain undergoes structural changes as it develops over childhood, but whether abnormal structural changes are associated with emerging depressive symptoms in adolescence is unknown. Now, a longitudinal study that enrolled 205 participants aged 8-25 years without signs of depression has used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to monitor these brain changes over adolescence.

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