scholarly journals Drowning Risk Analysis Comparing Surf Bather Subgroups

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12047
Author(s):  
Damian Morgan ◽  
Joan Ozanne-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Rip Currents ◽  
Risk Markers ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Water Exposure ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
Male To Female

The study assessed the utility of risk analysis for advancing knowledge on drowning risk factors. The setting was unintentional drowning of surf bathers in Australia. Bathers reported earlier exposure to selected risk factors (swimming ability, wave height associated with rip currents and surf bathing experience) and were observed for water exposure (in minutes). These data were then assembled in mathematical models. The analysis forecast relative drowning risk pertaining to risk markers representing selected surf bather subgroups (gender, age and water activity). Contextualized through previous study findings, comparison of results with a gold standard obtained from mortality data generated new surf bather drowning hypotheses suitable for future testing by rigorous analytical epidemiologic designs. The hypotheses were: (1) The male to female comparative surf bather drowning rate is explained primarily by differences in crude water exposure; (2) the association of cardio-vascular medical conditions with surf bather drowning is stronger for older surf bathers compared to younger surf bathers; and (3) other risk contributors to surf bather drowning are: Poorly calibrated perception of bathing ability (overconfidence) and use of alcohol. Nonetheless, drowning rates appear generally consistent with time exposure to water. The study findings may also support drowning prevention strategies targeting risk marker subgroups.

scholarly journals Identifying risk factors and implications for beach drowning prevention amongst an Australian multicultural community

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262175
Author(s):  
Mark Woods ◽  
William Koon ◽  
Robert W. Brander
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Swimming Ability ◽  
Rip Currents ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Drowning Prevention ◽  
Beach Safety ◽  
Asian Community ◽  
Safety Interventions

Multicultural communities in Australia are recognised as a priority area for drowning prevention, but no evidence-based study has addressed their knowledge of beach safety. This study used an online survey tool to identify and examine risk factors relating to swimming ability, beach visitation characteristics and behaviour, and beach safety knowledge of the Australian Southern Asian community to assist in the development of future beach safety interventions. Data was obtained through 249 online and in-person surveys of people aged > 18 years. Most respondents reported poor swimming ability (80%), often swam in in the absence of lifeguards (77%), did not understand the rip current hazard (58%), but reported that they entered the water (76%) when visiting beaches. Close to one-quarter (28%) had not heard, or didn’t know the purpose, of the red and yellow beach flags, which identify lifeguard supervised areas on Australian beaches. Length of time living in Australia is an important beach safety consideration for this community, with minimal differences in terms of gender and age. Those who have lived < 10 years in Australia visit beaches more frequently and are less likely to have participated in swimming lessons, be able to swim, heard of the flags or swim between them, understand rip currents, or have participated in a beach safety program. Very few (3%) respondents received beach safety information from within their own community. The importance of beach safety education and swimming lessons within the Southern Asian community should be prioritised for new and recent migrants to Australia.

scholarly journals Cancer incidence and mortality trends in France over 1990–2018 for solid tumors: the sex gap is narrowing

BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Defossez ◽  
Z. Uhry ◽  
P. Delafosse ◽  
E. Dantony ◽  
T. d’Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Penalized Splines ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Rate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Male To Female

Abstract Objective To analyze trends in cancer incidence and mortality (France, 1990–2018), with a focus on men-women disparities. Methods Incidence data stemmed from cancer registries (FRANCIM) and mortality data from national statistics (CépiDc). Incidence and mortality rates were modelled using bidimensional penalized splines of age and year (at diagnosis and at death, respectively). Trends in age-standardized rates were summarized by the average annual percent changes (AAPC) for all-cancers combined, 19 solid tumors, and 8 subsites. Sex gaps were indicated using male-to-female rate ratios (relative difference) and male-to-female rate differences (absolute difference) in 1990 and 2018, for incidence and mortality, respectively. Results For all-cancers, the sex gap narrowed over 1990–2018 in incidence (1.6 to 1.2) and mortality (2.3 to 1.7). The largest decreases of the male-to-female incidence rate ratio were for cancers of the lung (9.5 to 2.2), lip - oral cavity - pharynx (10.9 to 3.1), esophagus (12.6 to 4.5) and larynx (17.1 to 7.1). Mixed trends emerged in lung and oesophageal cancers, probably explained by differing risk factors for the two main histological subtypes. Sex incidence gaps narrowed due to increasing trends in men and women for skin melanoma (0.7 to 1, due to initially higher rates in women), cancers of the liver (7.4 to 4.4) and pancreas (2.0 to 1.4). Sex incidence gaps narrowed for colon-rectum (1.7 to 1.4), urinary bladder (6.9 to 6.1) and stomach (2.7 to 2.4) driven by decreasing trends among men. Other cancers showed similar increasing incidence trends in both sexes leading to stable sex gaps: thyroid gland (0.3 to 0.3), kidney (2.2 to 2.4) and central nervous system (1.4 to 1.5). Conclusion In France in 2018, while men still had higher risks of developing or dying from most cancers, the sex gap was narrowing. Efforts should focus on avoiding risk factors (e.g., smoking) and developing etiological studies to understand currently unexplained increasing trends.

Digital risk analysis of cardiovascular diseases: new opportunities for the patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (15) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Arnold ◽  
Zoltán Englert ◽  
Csaba Szabadhegyi ◽  
Csaba Farsang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Coronary Risk ◽  
Risk Status ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Graphic Presentation

Authors constructed a software helping the prevention programme of coronary and vascular diseases as the classical risk factors are used for graphic presentation of coronary risk as compared to “normal” risk. By repeated estimation alterations in coronary risk status can be compared to previous ones and thereby help evaluating the changes. This programme is highlighted by the presentation of changes in coronary risk of a patient during a 4-year-long period of her medical history. It is also shown how graphic presentation of risk can support the more effective treatment and patient care.

scholarly journals A risk index for COVID-19 severity is associated with COVID-19 mortality in New York City

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wil Lieberman-Cribbin ◽  
Naomi Alpert ◽  
Raja Flores ◽  
Emanuela Taioli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background New York City (NYC) was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, and is home to underserved populations with higher prevalence of chronic conditions that put them in danger of more serious infection. Little is known about how the presence of chronic risk factors correlates with mortality at the population level. Here we determine the relationship between these factors and COVD-19 mortality in NYC. Methods A cross-sectional study of mortality data obtained from the NYC Coronavirus data repository (03/02/2020–07/06/2020) and the prevalence of neighborhood-level risk factors for COVID-19 severity was performed. A risk index was created based on the CDC criteria for risk of severe illness and complications from COVID-19, and stepwise linear regression was implemented to predict the COVID-19 mortality rate across NYC zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) utilizing the risk index, median age, socioeconomic status index, and the racial and Hispanic composition at the ZCTA-level as predictors. Results The COVID-19 death rate per 100,000 persons significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents (βadj = − 0.91, SE = 0.31, p = 0.0037), while the increasing proportion of Hispanic residents (βadj = 0.90, SE = 0.38, p = 0.0200), median age (βadj = 3.45, SE = 1.74, p = 0.0489), and COVID-19 severity risk index (βadj = 5.84, SE = 0.82, p <  0.001) were statistically significantly positively associated with death rates. Conclusions Disparities in COVID-19 mortality exist across NYC and these vulnerable areas require increased attention, including repeated and widespread testing, to minimize the threat of serious illness and mortality.

Injury risk profile of amateur Irish women soccer players and players’ opinions on risk factors and prevention strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahani A. Alahmad ◽  
Audrey C. Tierney ◽  
Roisin M. Cahalan ◽  
Nassr S. Almaflehi ◽  
Amanda M. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Irish Women

scholarly journals Clinical characteristics and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children with obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luting Peng ◽  
Su Wu ◽  
Nan Zhou ◽  
Shanliang Zhu ◽  
Qianqi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Nash Group

Abstract Background With the increasing number of children with obesity worldwide, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disease among children. It is necessary to recognize the risk factors of NAFLD for prevention in childhood since NAFLD is asymptomatic in the early stage. Objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate possible risk factors of NAFLD in children with obesity, providing evidence for monitoring and prevention strategies at an early stage for obese children with NAFLD. Methods Data were collected from 428 children and adolescents aged 6-16 years recruited from the Children’s Hospital at Nanjing Medical University from September 2015 to April 2018 and analyzed. Based on a combination of ultrasound results and alanine transaminase levels, subjects were divided into three groups: simple obesity (SOB), simple steatosis (SS), and nonalcoholic fatty hepatitis (NASH). Blood biochemical examination included glucose, insulin, uric acid, lipid profile and liver enzymes. Results Among 428 children with obesity, 235 (54.9%) had SS and 45 (10.5%) had NASH. Body mass index, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), waist circumference, body fat, liver enzymes, uric acid and HOMA-IR level were significantly higher in the NASH group than in the SS and SOB groups (p < 0.001). 53.3% of the SS group and 49.8% of the NASH group had metabolic syndrome, significantly more than in the SOB group (19.6%, p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, logistic regression models revealed that NASH was associated with BMI-SDS ≥ 3, gender, hyperuricemia and insulin resistance. Conclusions The prevalence of NASH in children with obesity is closely related to high BMI-SDS, gender, insulin resistance and hyperuricemia. These findings provide evidence that monitoring risk factors of childhood obesity can assist in developing prevention strategies for liver disease at an early stage.

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